Liberation Period Research Articles

Employment effects of immigration to Germany in the period of migration policy liberalization, 2005–2018

Germany has undergone a significant migration policy shift since the early 2000s. This paper examines the total employment effect of immigration during the liberalization of migration policies from 2005 to 2018 using a regional approach. A set of methods, along with static and dynamic macro-econometric models, were applied on a balanced panel formed by a unique and first-hand-collected data for 156 statistical regions based on the definition of the German Federal Employment Agency. We find suggestive evidence that there has been a significant adverse impact of new immigrants on the overall employment rate, and this negative effect is substantially larger than those reported in previous studies on the employment effect of immigration in the German labor market. In a further step, we divide our sample into two subsamples to capture the employment effect of the massive humanitarian inflows that began in 2015. Our results indicate that, in addition to the new immigrants' lower rate of integration into the local labor markets, a sudden influx of asylum seekers may possibly lead to a substantial fall in the employment rates, because asylum seekers are not immediately allowed to work in the country.

Sustainable Development of LPG Policies of India

Prof. Irma Glicman Adelman, an Irish Economist working in California University at Berkely, in her research work on ‘Development Over Two Centuries’, which is published in the Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 1995, has identified and concluded that India, along with China, would be one of the largest economies in this 21st Century. She has stated that the period 1700-1820 is the period of Netherlands (Holland), the period 1820-1890 is the period of England, the period 1890-2000 is the period of America and this 21st Century is the century of China and India. World Bank has also identified that India would be a one the leading players of this century after China and USA. India is the third largest economy in terms of Purchasing Power Parity with $7.277 trillion. India ($ 2. 936 trillion in nominal) will challenge the Global Economic Order in the next 15 years. India already overtook Italian economy ($ 2.078 trillion) this year (2019), and will overtake England economy ($ 3.002 trillion at present) in the year 2020, Japanese economy ($5.154 trillion, 2019) by 2025 and USA economy ($21. 239 trillion in 2019) in 2050. China with $14.140 trillion already overtook Japan economy and will overtake USA economy in 2024. India has the following advantages compared with other economies. India is 3th largest GDP in the world in terms of Purchasing Power Parity Criteria ($11.326 trillion in 2019). India is third fastest growing economy in the world after China and Vietnam. In this paper an attempt is made to bring out the major achievements and failures of economic reforms in India during the liberalisation period. It is mainly base on secondary information I read through government publications and reports and generally descriptive in nature. This paper has been divided into two sections (1) dealt with achievements of LPG policies and (2) dealt with the reasons for delay in achieving the proposed targets within the stipulated period.

Saudi Arabia. The time of troubles: Both repression and “liberalization”

In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, the task to separate itself from extremist and terrorist activities became urgent for the Saudi government and the Wahhabi corporation. The period of liberalization started: freedom of the media was declared, national dialogues were promoted, some academic and school programs were changed. Pro-government “liberals” started a discussion about the establishment of “a state of institutions” (i.e., a constitutional monarchy). “Liberalization” was short-lived and new repressions began. The Arab Spring practically did not come to Saudi Arabia. The government could calm down possible unrest by generous multi-billion social measures and concessions in the sphere of women’s rights. But at the same time the suppression of organized opposition continued. The “Muslim Brothers” were officially designated as a terrorist organization. A coup d’état in Egypt against the rule of the “Muslim Brothers” was welcomed by Riyadh, and the new military government in Cairo received financial and political support from the kingdom. A temporary strengthening of Al-Qaeda in Iraq and Syria shifted the terrorist activity across the border. On the regional level, Sunni-Shiah contradictions engendered a cold war between Iran and Saudi Arabia. At the end of King Abdullah’s rule, the country already was an important international actor in the field of oil, petrochemicals, and finances. But its archaic socio-political system became a danger to internal stability and economic development. The situation demanded serious reforms.

Американская модель капитализма: преимущества и вызовы ХХI века

The article aims to show the evolution of the American model of capitalism and its opportunities to adapt to new challenges of the 21st century. The author reviews the basic characteristics of this model and its destinction from other market economy models. It is demonstrated that in the USA, the leading role in economic development is played by private sector, and the government occupies much more modest positions. The ideas of independence, self-reliance and individual success definitely prevail both in ideology and in economic practices. It is noted that the American model has underwent several stages in its evolution – from the 17th century until recently, and only the last 50–60 years may be regarded as a liberal period of economic development. The author demonstrates that due to the liberal model the country has reached significant economic and social results, including high economic growth and high living standards. The driving force of the American model is definitely a private sector, which generates about 90% of GDP and most investments into the economy. The liberal model is undoubtedly advantageous for the competitive part of society, for efficient workers. At the same time it is not good for a social state focused on a general welfare. However, in total, the advantages of the American model are quite obvious: commitment to high economic efficiency, development of science and innovations, economic growth and high living standards. The shortcomings of the American model are also quite evident. Among them there are: a problem of social and income inequality, the emergence of new economic challenges, including those connected with pandemics and climate change, which test the American model for its sustainability and effectiveness. Another issue is new emerging markets that are not liberal at all. Especially we can talk about China which became the real rival to the American economy. The modern stage of globalization puts several new problems before the American capitalism, such as the is exacerbation of contradictions between old industrial countries and emerging economies, between strengthened multinational corporations and the governments of the countries they came from. The author makes a conclusion that despite both internal and external challenges the existing potential of the American economic model is still not exhausted. At the same time, it is evident that the question of its adaption to all existing issues is quite real and demands solution.

CHANGES IN LEVELS OF MAIZE PRODUCTIVITY IN HIMACHAL PRADESH:1990-91 TO 2014-15

The chief objective of the present study is to reveal spatial patterns of maize productivity and Changes in Himachal Pradesh during 1990-91 to 2014-15. For achieving this purpose, the study is divided into three parts. First part deals with spatial patterns of maize productivity. It is found that the index value of maize productivity varied from minimum of 47.55 percent in Spiti tehsil to 155.90 percent in Churah tehsil in 1990-91. While in 2002-03, it varied from 47.45 percent in Lahaul tehsil to 143.14 percent in Churah tehsil. Whereas in 2014-15, it is lowest of 47.97 percent in Spiti tehsil and highest of 141.51 percent in Churah tehsil. It is also observed that in all time periods, magnitude of maize productivity starts declining from west to east. In second part, it is found that in Himachal Pradesh, the highest index value of maize productivity has declined from 150.90 percent to 141.15 percent during 1990-91 to 2014-15 and registered overall negative change of 8.39 percent index value. Whereas the lowest index value of maize productivity has increased from 47.55 percent in 1990-91 to 47.97 percent in 2014-15 and experience 0.42 percent increase in lowest index value of maize productivity during study period, thus the gap between high and low magnitude of maize productivity has minimized which shows that sign of healthy maize cultivation. In third part, major problems are identified and suggestions are made to solve these problems for increasing the maize productivity in the state. The present study is empirical in nature and based on secondary sources of data. Three time periods are taken and averages are derived for each time period, because 1990-91 is the year of liberalization era and 2002-03 and 2014-15 are post liberalization period. Singh (1976), technique is used for deriving the results and choropleth method is applied for mapping the results.

Securitization of Muslims in Myanmar’s Early Transition (2010–15)

Between 2010 and 2015, as Myanmar transitioned from authoritarian rule to a more liberal and democratic state, its Muslim population increasingly faced hate speech and violence. This article goes beyond analyses that regard the growing anti-Muslim sentiment as a consequence of a liberalized media environment, enabling people to voice long-standing grievances and prejudice. Rather, the notion of a “Muslim threat” to Myanmar’s Buddhist population is approached as the outcome of a dynamic process of securitization in which an alliance of political and religious elites was forged whose discourse changed the rules of the political field, forcing the reform-oriented opposition into strategic silence. It is argued that in the early period of liberalization, anti-Muslim frames were normalized and thus shaped the securitization of Muslims.

Simon Szántó, Nineteenth Century Viennese Writer and Educator: A Study on Integration, Particularism, and the Ideal of Bildung

Abstract Simon Szántó is known as one of the founders of the Jewish press in Vienna, the editor and main author of the Jewish periodical Die Neuzeit, and an influential educator during the high point of Austrian liberalism between the 1860s and the early 1880s. His enormously rich literary legacy covers issues such as the integration of Jews into the Austrian-Hungarian society, religious reform, gender roles, and particularly education. Szántó’s writings offer a unique opportunity to look at the Viennese liberal period of the second half of the nineteenth century and its challenges through the eyes of a mostly overlooked, but highly significant and influential actor of the time. This article will first introduce Simon Szántó’s cultural and educational background that impacted his ideals and his activities, and go on to discuss one of his main concerns, namely Jewish education. Religious education, confessional schooling, and Jewish upbringing at home bore the burden of responsibility for shaping Austrian Jewish women and men. These Jews were to be integrated in an Austrian culture, while at the same time taught to retain a strong Jewish particularity. Szántó aimed to unite this dichotomous reality through the realization of his ideals of Jewish Bildung.

Ethnological aspects of the history of the legislation of the Russian Empire regarding Jews (1762–1818)

The article for the first time in Romanian examines the Jewish ethnological aspect of the history of law in the Russian Empire. The authors, using specific primary material of legislative acts, as well as other historical sources, investigate the history of the appearance of Jews within the borders of the Russian Empire, the history of the creation and functioning of the Jewish Pale of Settlement and the evolution of the official attitude towards them. The authors reveal three fundamental positions on which the entire policy of the Russian Empire regarding the Jews was built: Jews within the Russian Empire have the right to settle only in certain regions; they are attached to the kahals (later – Jewish societies), which are collectively responsible to the state; taxes from Jews are higher than from other citizens of the empire, regardless of their economic status. The particular study is devoted to the short period of liberalization in the first years of the reign of Alexander I, whose "Polojenie o evreiah" at the declarative level gave Jews almost equal rights with the rest of the citizens of the Empire and encouraged them to cultural and economic integration.. The research focuses as well on the regional aspect: history, population, territories of the modern Republic of Moldova and Romania. The chronological framework of this article is from the beginning of the reign of Catherine the Great (1762) to the creation of the Bessarabian region (1818). In the future the study will continue historically, until the collapse of the Russian Empire and the abolition of the Pale of Settlement

The economics of religious communities

The religious club model is central to the economics of religion. To expand its scope for application, we develop the first model to combine (i) increasing returns to membership, (ii) discrimination, and (iii) religious competition. Any degree of non-rivalry in religious club goods introduces scale effects which require new analytical techniques. Due to increasing returns, a religious leader faces a trade-off between forming a large inclusive club and screening out less committed types to form a small strict club. Endogenous screening makes religious strictness a non-monotonic function of economic development, which is consistent with the emergence of strict sects following periods of liberalization and economic growth. Blanket discrimination against all community members makes the religious community stricter and more cohesive, explaining the survival of religious sects and minorities under persecution. Stigmatizing actively religious members promotes social integration on the whole, but can create an extreme isolationist sect. Contrary to prior work on religious markets, we uncover a mechanism by which religious competition reduces religious participation and boosts social integration. Thus, attempts to moderate religion by stigmatizing participation and restricting competition could backfire. Finally, our model provides guidance for empirical work on religious discrimination and further extensions of the religious club model.

Electricity Markets during the Liberalization: The Case of a European Union Country

This paper analyzes electricity markets in Slovenia during the specific period of market deregulation and price liberalization. The drivers of electricity prices and electricity consumption are investigated. The Slovenian electricity markets are analyzed in relation with the European Energy Exchange (EEX) market. Associations between electricity prices on the one hand, and primary energy prices, variation in air temperature, daily maximum electricity power, and cross-border grid prices on the other hand, are analyzed separately for industrial and household consumers. Monthly data are used in a regression analysis during the period of Slovenia’s electricity market deregulation and price liberalization. Empirical results show that electricity prices achieved in the EEX market were significantly associated with primary energy prices. In Slovenia, the prices for daily maximum electricity power were significantly associated with electricity prices achieved on the EEX market. The increases in electricity prices for households, however, cannot be explained with developments in electricity prices on the EEX market. As the period analyzed is the stage of market deregulation and price liberalization, this can have important policy implications for the countries that still have regulated and monopolized electricity markets. Opening the electricity markets is expected to increase competition and reduce pressures for electricity price increases. However, the experiences and lessons learned among the countries following market deregulation and price liberalization are mixed. For industry, electricity prices affect cost competitiveness, while for households, electricity prices, through expenses, affect their welfare. A competitive and efficient electricity market should balance between suppliers’ and consumers’ market interests. With greening the energy markets and the development of the CO2 emission trading market, it is also important to encourage use of renewable energy sources.

Changing Scenario of Indian Labour and New Labour Codes: A Critical Analysis

The penetrating debate on Indian labour laws obstructing the flexibility of the labour market has taken centre stage in the last two decades, post the period of liberalisation of the economy. With the purpose of rationalizing and simplifying labour laws to facilitate `ease of doing business’, the Indian government has formulated new labour codes, which is considered the most important step towards reforming labour laws in the past three decades. On the other hand, it is emphatically stressed by the labour unions that the Indian labour market continues to be `flexible’ to the advantage of employers, despite the presence of allegedly `constricting labour laws’ and any further dilution of extant labour law framework will adversely affect the working class. In this context, this paper discusses the implications of the current shift in the labour-law paradigm in India, brought out by the new labour codes. The paper also highlights the need for duly addressing the most recent insecurities in the labour market, in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, while moving towards a new framework of labour governance, as envisaged by the labour codes.

Musical Ccharacteristics of Art Songs Composed by Lee Kun-woo during the Period of Liberation: Focusing on the Collections “Kum-jan-di” and “San-gil”

Musical Ccharacteristics of Art Songs Composed by Lee Kun-woo during the Period of Liberation: Focusing on the Collections “Kum-jan-di” and “San-gil”

The Impacts of Sectoral Value Added to Economic Growth in Turkey

The origins of economics are based on the balance between unlimited needs and scarce resources. This constraint has prompted economists to consider how to increase their production capacity and how much they will produce which good. In this historical process, it has become inevitable for economies to increase their production capacities and to realize structural transformations. At this point, the question arises in which sector the productivity and added value in production contribute more to economic growth. Agriculture is an important component of economic growth in developing countries and constitutes a large part of employment. Manufacturing has played a key role in rapid economic growth since the industrial revolution. On the other hand, with the liberalization period after 1980, it was understood that the share of manufacturing in production decreased and there was a tendency towards the services sector in developing countries. In this context, it is important to research the added values in agriculture, manufacturing, and services sectors and to reveal sectoral productivity. The aim of this paper is to research the impacts of agriculture, manufacture, and services value-added on economic growth in Turkey using econometric analysis methods. For this purpose, the relationship between variables was analyzed using regression and Granger causality methods for the period 1969-2019. According to the results of the regression analysis, it was seen that the value added that contributed the most to economic growth was the services sector with 0.47. Next, came manufacturing with 0.32 and finally the agricultural sector with a coefficient of 0.19. Granger causality test results showed that there is a mutual causality relationship between economic growth and manufacturing value added. In addition, it appeared that there is a one-sided causality from economic growth to agricultural value added. Analysis results reveal that the value added in the agriculture and manufacturing industry does not support sufficiently economic growth. In this context, it should be encouraged by policymakers to increase the added value in agriculture and manufacturing industry.

AGRICULTURE TRANSITION AND WOMEN’S DECISION-MAKING POWER IN COFFEE-FARMING HOUSEHOLDS IN LAO PDR

The Lao government introduced a new period of economic liberalisation with the New Economic Mechanism (NEM) in 1986. The present study examines whether market liberalisation and women’s participation translated into changes in women’s decision-making power in the coffee growing region of the Bolaven Plateau in southern Lao PDR. While women have always been involved in coffee farming, their participation increased when the more labour-intensive arabica coffee plants were introduced to replace the less popular robusta variety in the region. Drawing on quantitative and qualitative data, the study examines gender decision-making within coffee-farming households. The findings show an increase in women’s participation in decision-making with the introduction of the arabica coffee plants; however, men still hold higher decision-making power in farming households. While the NEM has brought about economic growth and provided better livelihoods for coffee farmers, this has not necessarily translated into women’s empowerment. Economic growth is not enough to bring about gender equality, and there is still a need for specific policy interventions.

Историческая __________правда о Великой Отечественной войне — императив духовной жизни российского общества (социально-философский анализ)

On the basis of the principle of unity of the historical and logical, the decisive contribution of the Soviet Union in the defeat of the Nazi invaders during the Great Patriotic War is comprehensively justified. The role of the material and technical base of the USSR in ensuring the Great Victory is proved. The advantage of the military-strategic operations carried out by the Red Army command in comparison with the operations carried out by the Allies during the war is comprehensively justified. The courage and heroism of the Red Army soldiers at all stages of the Great Patriotic War is described in detail; their humanitarian mission during the period of liberation of European countries from fascism is revealed. Argumentatively, the author reveals the failure of attempts to falsify the historical truth about the victory of the Soviet people in the Great Patriotic War.

Solar power promotion plans, energy market liberalization, and farmland prices – Empirical evidence from Taiwan

Since solar panels are typically built on the roofs of residential housing or large factories, most of the existing studies focus on the relationship between solar panels and residential housing prices. Research on the effects of solar panel policies and farmland prices is rare. This paper provides the first empirical evaluation of solar power promotion plans on farmland prices before and after the liberalization of the energy market using the unique case of Taiwan. Using administrative data on farmland market transactions, we estimate the difference-in-differences model to identify the causal effect of solar power promotion plans on farmland prices. The solar power promotion plan lowers farmland prices by 15.8% and 36.6% before and after the liberalization of the energy market. Moreover, these effects vary based on farmland quality. The negative effect of the solar power promotion plan on farmland prices is more pronounced for low-quality farmland during the post-energy market liberalization period.

Frontier Markets, Liberalization and Informational Efficiency: Evidence from Vietnam

This paper examines the equity market opening in Vietnam, a frontier market that has taken gradual steps of relaxing capital control, by analysing whether liberalization policies in the period 2009–15 have had an impact on informational efficiency. We applied time-varying Hurst exponent during the liberalization period and tested Adaptive Market Hypothesis. The results confirm the role of foreign investors in improving the local market’s efficiency, however, the findings show that the liberalization does not always result in the increase of foreign participation, which then has a limited impact on the efficiency. The study also indicates the importance of governance policies, along with liberalization policies, in completing market structure and market dynamics, that promote equity price reflects truly firm’s intrinsic value.

Trade and Convergence: Empirical Evidence from BRICS Countries

The present article attempts to analyse trade and per capita income convergence for the BRICS countries. The effects of economic bloc formation on their trade and income distribution or convergence (divergence) among the countries have been analysed. To observe the effect of trade on convergence rates, intra-trade group, single difference approach and panel unit roots tests have been used. The convergence measure is estimated between BRICS countries and their major trading partners from post-trade liberalization period. The study revealed that BRICS countries converged over the study period. However, the evidence on post-BRICS economic bloc formation shows an insignificant relationship. The results of the analysis of post-trade liberalization of BRICS countries vary among the BRICS countries. Further, panel unit roots test results confirm that conditional convergence is taking place within BRICS bloc and all export-based groups except for Indian economy and import-based groups. Besides, absolute convergence has been confirmed for all the groups. Thus, the study suggests the need of BRICS countries to actively engage in trade and investment activities.

The Economics of Religious Communities

The religious club model is central to the economics of religion. To expand its scope for application, we develop the first model to combine (i) increasing returns to membership, (ii) discrimination, and (iii) religious competition. Any degree of non-rivalry in religious club goods introduces scale effects which require new analytical techniques. Due to increasing returns, a religious leader faces a trade-off between forming a large inclusive club and screening out less committed types to form a small strict club. Endogenous screening makes religious strictness a non-monotonic function of economic development, which is consistent with the emergence of strict sects following periods of liberalization and economic growth. Blanket discrimination against all community members makes the religious community stricter and more cohesive, explaining the survival of religious sects and minorities under persecution. Stigmatizing actively religious members promotes social integration on the whole, but can create an extreme isolationist sect. Contrary to prior work on religious markets, we uncover a mechanism by which religious competition reduces religious participation and boosts social integration. Thus, attempts to moderate religion by stigmatizing participation and restricting competition could backfire. Finally, our model provides guidance for empirical work on religious discrimination and further extensions of the religious club model.

Cointegration and spatial price transmission among rice markets in Tanzania: implications for price stabilisation policies

ABSTRACT In an effort to increase agricultural production, promote regional specialization and stabilize domestic food prices, the Tanzanian government has implemented several market-enhancing policies. The success of these measures depends, among other factors, on the cointegration and degree of price transmission across spatial markets. This study uses the vector autoregressive procedure of the Toda-Yamamoto causality test, dynamic ordinary least squares cointegration tests, and the asymmetric error correction model to examine the performance of Tanzania's domestic wholesale rice markets (lead-lag price relationship and long-run price adjustment process) during the post-agricultural market liberalization period. In response to changes in the marketing-enhancing policies during the investigation period, the presence of multiple structural breaks in the long-run equation is allowed. The results show that the Dar es Salaam market influences prices in all the rice markets examined, thus acting as a price leader. Furthermore, the price adjustment process results demonstrated the absence of asymmetric price adjustment between the central and regional wholesale rice markets, suggesting improved integration and efficiency of inter-regional rice markets. On the other hand, a central market's presence implies that interventions aimed at the central market can buffer regional markets to withstand adverse price shocks caused by food price spikes and volatility.