Period Of Expansion Research Articles

High energetic cost of color change in octopuses

For many animals, color change is a critical adaptive mechanism believed to carry a substantial energetic cost. Yet, no study to date has directly measured the energy expenditure associated with this process. We examined the metabolic cost of color change in octopuses by measuring oxygen consumption in samples of excised octopus skin during periods of chromatophore expansion and contraction and then modeled metabolic demand over the whole octopus as a function of octopus mass. The metabolic demand of the fully activated chromatophore system is nearly as great as an octopus’s resting metabolic rate. This high metabolic cost carries ecological and evolutionary implications, including selective pressures in octopuses that may influence the adoption of nocturnal lifestyles, the use of dens, the reduction of the chromatophore system in deep-sea species, and metabolic trade-offs associated with foraging.

Transition of China’s global energy investment: Decarbonization, dispersion and denationalization

China’s global energy investment (CGEI) plays a role in global energy transition. This paper uses a “3D” (decarbonization, denationalization, and dispersion) framework to analyze CGEI from 2005 to 2020 based on the China Global Investment Tracker (CGIT) database. Results indicate that significant decarbonization of CGEI has occurred, particularly after 2013, with the most pronounced effects observed in middle- and low-income countries. Dispersion is also significant as Chinas investment reached some 97 countries expanding across the globe to Africa and Latin America, led by solar and wind energy. On the other hand, a denationalization trend was less obvious. After a short period of expansion by private enterprises, denationalization stalled as central state-owned enterprises surged ahead in leading CGEI.

Rapid Evolution of Host Repertoire and Geographic Range in a Young and Diverse Genus of Montane Butterflies.

Evolutionary changes in geographic distribution and larval host plants may promote the rapid diversification of montane insects, but this scenario has been rarely investigated. We studied rapid radiation of the butterfly genus Colias, which has diversified in mountain ecosystems in Eurasia, Africa, and the Americas. Based on a dataset of 150 nuclear protein-coding genetic loci and mitochondrial genomes, we constructed a time-calibrated phylogenetic tree of Colias species with broad taxon sampling. We then inferred their ancestral geographic ranges, historical diversification rates, and the evolution of host use. We found that the most recent common ancestor of Colias was likely geographically widespread and originated ~3.5 Ma. The group subsequently diversified in different regions across the world, often in tandem with geographic expansion events. No aspect of elevation was found to have a direct effect on diversification. The genus underwent a burst of diversification soon after the divergence of the Neotropical lineage, followed by an exponential decline in diversification rate toward the present. The ancestral host repertoire included the legume genera Astragalus and Trifolium but later expanded to include a wide range of Fabaceae genera and plants in more distantly related families, punctuated with periods of host range expansion and contraction. We suggest that the widespread distribution of the ancestor of all extant Colias lineages set the stage for diversification by isolation of populations that locally adapted to the various different environments they encountered, including different host plants. In this scenario, elevation is not the main driver but might have accelerated diversification by isolating populations.

Medicaid expansion and medications to treat opioid use disorder in outpatient specialty care from 2010 to 2020

IntroductionMedications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) are considered the first line treatment for opioid use disorder. As states expanded Medicaid beginning in 2014 under the Affordable Care Act, policymakers and public health officials were interested in the potential for expansion to increase access to MOUD. This study examined whether there were changes in MOUD use within outpatient admissions to specialty treatment facilities in Medicaid expansion states beyond the initial expansion period. MethodsAnalyses were conducted using 2010–2020 data from the Treatment Episode Data Set – Admissions. For states that expanded Medicaid prior to 2015, a difference-in-differences analysis was conducted to evaluate whether expansion was associated with an increased proportion of MOUD treatment comparing the initial 2014–2017 period and the 2018–2020 period to 2010–2013. We then conducted a difference-in-differences analysis to examine the overall effect of Medicaid expansion on outpatient MOUD using all states that passed expansion at any point during the study period. ResultsAmong outpatient treatment episodes for OUD in states that expanded Medicaid in 2014, there was a 9.5 percentage point (95 % CI: 0.7–18.2) increase in the probability of receiving MOUD during the initial expansion period from 2014 to 2017 compared to 2010–2013 period, and a 7.5 percentage point (95 % CI: −8.1 –23.1) increase in 2018–2020 (compared to the 2010–2013 period) after adjusting for individual-level covariates. After incorporating states that expanded Medicaid between 2015 and 2020, there was a 6.4 percentage point (95 % CI: −0.01–13.0) increase in the probability of receiving MOUD among individuals receiving care after expansion (compared to the pre-expansion period). During the study period, there was variability among states in the change in probability of receiving MOUD from prior to after Medicaid expansion from an almost 30 percentage point increase in New York to an almost 20 percentage point decrease in Washington, DC. ConclusionsMedicaid expansion increased the probability of receiving MOUD in outpatient settings across states from initial expansion through 2020. However, these results were not statistically significant. Additionally, significant variability between states warrants further study and suggests that improving access to MOUD will require additional state and local strategies.

Globalisation and the Size of the Public Sector in the Context of the Regime Change Approach: The Case of Türkiye

The size of the public sector in the economy is closely related to globalization. It aims to maximize welfare. There are two main hypotheses (efficiency and compensation) discussed in the literature on this relationship. Both hypotheses discuss the relationship between globalization and government size in terms of (i) the impact of globalization on public employment, (ii) the impact of globalization on public revenues, and (iii) the impact of globalization on public expenditure. Global and national economies are not static and periodically expand or contract. The main hypothesis of this study is that the validity of the efficiency and compensation hypothesis in economies varies according to expansion and contraction periods. In terms of financial and commercial globalization, this change is also differentiated. The results of this study, which is specific to Turkey, show that trade globalization has a positive effect on public employment and public expenditures within the scope of the compensation hypothesis, while the efficiency hypothesis is confirmed in the relationship between tax revenues and financial globalization. These results are exemplary for transition and developing countries in particular.

Converging mothers' employment trajectories between East and West Germany? A focus on the 2008‐childcare‐reform

AbstractObjectiveAiming to generate evidence on how contextual conditions shape individuals' opportunities and constraints and, ultimately, life courses, we focus on a period of childcare expansion in reunified Germany. We investigate differences in employment trajectories around mothers' first childbirths to identify potential East–West convergence.BackgroundDuring Germany's division (1949–1990), universal public childcare and female full‐time employment were the norm in East Germany, while the male breadwinner model was dominant in the West. These differences, although declining, persisted even decades after reunification. In 2008, a reform aimed at expanding childcare availability to facilitate mothers' employment throughout the country.MethodsWe measure East–West differences in employment trajectories around childbirth pre‐ (1990–2007) and post‐reform (2008–2021) in terms of timing, order, and duration of events over time. We use data on 359 East and 986 West German first‐time‐mothers from the German Socio‐Economic Panel and sequence analysis tools.ResultsBefore the reform, employment trajectories between East and West German mothers differed both in timing and duration of employment states. After the reform, these differences decreased, showing a general convergence in the prevalence of post‐birth part‐time employment. Nonetheless, longer maternity leave is still more prevalent among West German mothers, while East German mothers are more likely to maintain full‐time jobs.ConclusionOur findings show how policy settings and reforms shape life courses in a context‐dependent fashion. They illustrate the importance of a methodological approach that focuses on process outcomes and supports a theoretical perspective that highlights how historical time and place shape life courses.

CONTEXTUAL REANALYSIS OF THE ARCHITECTURAL FORM AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF THE PANAGIA HOUSES AT MYCENAE

The Panagia Houses, one of the building complexes at Mycenae, located to the south-west of the Citadel, were interpreted by the excavators as a group of three independent units. They were constructed and occupied during the Late Helladic (LH) IIIB phase, with two main phases distinguishable in the archaeological record, followed by a reoccupation phase. Careful analysis of the archaeological data published by Mylonas-Shear, which focused on the arrangement of individual units, formality of layout, access and movement patterns, and visibility, suggests that the group should be interpreted rather as a single complex, developed during the period of the maximum expansion of the settlement. The building was gradually expanded to form an extended household, with primary living space surrounded by a number of additional rooms for storage, work and habitation. It was composed of a rectangular main unit, surrounded by an extension formed around a small inner courtyard. The movement between the two levels was organised through a system of connected rooftops, with trapdoors and staircases ensuring access to the various rooms of the complex. During the LH IIIB2 Early phase, Mycenae was hit by a devastating earthquake. Much of the town was left in ruin, but the Panagia Houses were rebuilt, although in a smaller form, with the main unit abandoned and the courtyard inside the extension transformed into the main room of the complex. The status of the complex probably changed, but it was still inhabited by a middle-class family, who possessed a number of valuables and took part in the palatial mobilisation system. The household probably suffered in a widespread fire which destroyed Mycenae at the end of LH IIIB. Its remains were then used as two small dwellings by the survivors of the catastrophe. The history of the complex reflects the changing vicissitudes of the Lower Town of Mycenae.

Role of Cosmological Models in Organic Evolution in Space

Using the dynamic Friedman-Robertson-Walker Cosmological Model of the universe, the possibility of organic evolution in Space in the early universe is explored. According to this model, the universe is expected to perform simple harmonic motion between expansion and contraction. At the end of contraction, the universe assumes the smallest possible finite size with no boundary, while the entire mass of the universe gathers together as gravity particles, or gravity waves, at the center of gravity of universe. As soon as the density of the gravity particles is extremely high and the temperature reaches the flame temperature, a sudden violent explosion hurls the entire material into space uniformly in all directions when the expansion starts. It is in this period of expansion where the precursors of DNA/RNA, such as water, oxides of phosphorus, sugars, heterocyclic bases, compounds of nitrogen, etc. are formed.

Corporate ESG performance and credit misallocation: Evidence from China

Using data from Chinese-listed companies from 2010 to 2020, this paper investigates the impact of corporate environmental, social, and governance (ESG) performance on credit misallocation. We find that ESG performance significantly reduces credit misallocation, which remains robust to various sensitivity tests. Mechanism analysis reveals that ESG reduces credit misallocation by alleviating information asymmetry. This “information supplementary effect” is primarily evident at the firm rather than the macro level. Further discussion reveals a more pronounced impact of ESG in firms with lower profitability and higher market competition, as well as those located in less financially developed regions. However, this impact becomes less salient during periods of credit expansion. Our research highlights the importance of corporate ESG performance in deterring information asymmetry, and provides insights into improving the resource allocation efficiency in the credit market.

The rise of the Kaanuˀl kingdom and the city of Dzibanche

Abstract The Kaanuˀl dynasty ruled a hegemonic state with political influence over much of the Classic Maya Lowlands between a.d. 520 and 751. The present article introduces the subject for a special section of the journal, which refocuses attention on the archaeological zone of Dzibanche in southern Quintana Roo, Mexico, where new data are emerging about the origins of the Kaanuˀl dynasty, its urban organization, and its connections to neighboring centers. In this article, we present new data from a recent lidar survey as well as from previous work by Enrique Nalda's Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia (INAH) project to reevaluate Dzibanche's characteristics vis-à-vis its rise as a kingdom with far-reaching political influence. We complement these archaeological data with epigraphic information from new monuments and reanalysis of existing ones based on 3D scanning to update the list of Dzibanche rulers. We then revisit the chronology of Dzibanche's royal burials proposing correlations with known Early Classic Kaanuˀl rulers. Overall, the contributions to this special section present new perspectives on the Kaanuˀl's rise to power and its relationship with distant vassals in the crucial period of expansion into northern Peten, leading to the defeat of Tikal and eventually to its transition to a new dynastic seat at Calakmul in the a.d. 630s.

Social inequalities shape climate change adaptation among Indian farmers

Abstract Agricultural technologies are vital for farmers adapting to climate change. However, while efforts have focused on improving access and initial adoption, little attention has been given to social disparities in rates of adoption and the benefits derived from these technologies. Our study investigates the adoption of groundwater irrigation technology in India, a transformative innovation that has historically enhanced productivity and food security, and helped agricultural households adapt to a changing climate. We use a nationwide household survey sample that spans nearly a decade, capturing a key period of groundwater expansion in India. Our analysis reveals that members of highly marginalized social groups are less likely to adopt groundwater irrigation technologies, and less likely to sustain their use of the technologies for long periods of time. Furthermore, the household-level benefits of the technologies–operationalized through the relationship between technology adoption and income–appear lower for households belonging to historically marginalized groups compared to the historically advantaged. Our study underscores the importance of addressing social inequalities in both adoption as well as the sustained utilization of agricultural technologies and other climate adaptation tools. Disparities in the utilization of these technologies can hinder farmers’ ability to access new innovations and adapt to increasing threats from climate change. Targeted policies and interventions are essential to not only provide historically marginalized groups access to technological innovations, but also facilitate their effective utilization.

The Combined Relationship of Prescription Drug Monitoring Program Enactment and Medical Cannabis Laws with Chronic Pain-Related Healthcare Visits.

U.S. state electronic prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMPs) are associated with reduced opioid dispensing among people with chronic pain and may impact use of other chronic pain treatments. In states with medical cannabis laws (MCLs), patients can use cannabis for chronic pain management, reducing their need for chronic-pain related treatment visits and moderating effects of PDMP laws. Given high rates of chronic pain among Medicaid enrollees, we examined associations between PDMP enactment in the presence or absence of MCL on chronic pain-related outpatient and emergency department (ED) visits. We created annual cohorts of Medicaid enrollees with chronic pain diagnoses using national Medicaid claims data from 2002-2013 and 2016. Negative binomial hurdle models produced adjusted odds ratios (aOR) for the likelihood of any chronic pain-related outpatient or ED visit and incident rate ratios (IRR) for the rate of visits among patients with ≥ 1 visit. Medicaid enrollees aged 18-64years with chronic pain (N = 4,878,462). A 3-level state-year variable with the following categories: 1) no PDMP, 2) PDMP enactment in the absence of MCL, or 3) PDMP enactment in the presence of MCL. Healthcare codes for chronic pain-related outpatient and ED visits each year. The sample was primarily female (67.2%), non-Hispanic White (51.2%), and ages 40-55years (37.2%). Compared to no-PDMP states, PDMP enactment in the absence of MCL was not associated with chronic pain-related outpatient visits but PDMP enactment in the presence of MCL was associated with lower odds of chronic pain-related outpatient visits (aOR = 0.81, 95% CI:0.71-0.92). PDMP enactment was not associated with ED visits, irrespective of MCL. During a period of PDMP and MCL expansion, our findings suggest treatment shifts for persons with chronic pain away from outpatient settings, potentially related to increased use of cannabis for chronic pain management.

Study of the Weddell Sea Anomaly Using Novel Satellite Altimeter TEC Maps

AbstractThe Weddell Sea Anomaly (WSA) is a phenomenon of unique intensity and geographic extent that occurs in December (Southern Hemisphere summer) over the southeastern Pacific and southwestern Atlantic oceans regions. Historically, the classic definition of the WSA refers to a situation in which the midnight NmF2 (or TEC) values are greater than the noon NmF2 (or TEC) values. However, several articles published in the last decades have shown that the WSA is a much more complex phenomenon, and its definition might need to be reformulated. This paper presents a phenomenological description of the WSA using a novel type of vertical Total Electron Content (TEC) maps, obtained from altimeter satellite TEC data. The focus of this study is on the possible connection between the WSA and the unexpected expansion and contraction periods observed on the Equatorial Ionospheric Anomaly (EIA) throughout the Southern Hemisphere. The data analysis revealed that the WSA is only one of a number of observed anomalies. Furthermore, we show a significant correlation between the behavior of the EIA and the Y component of the geomagnetic field, which maximizes in the WSA region. We then present a possible hypothesis for interpreting these results.

Exploring gender stereotypes in financial reporting: An aspect-level sentiment analysis using big data and deep learning

This study delves into the intricate interplay between gender stereotypes and financial reporting through an aspect-level sentiment analysis approach. Leveraging Big Data comprising 129,251 human face images extracted from 2085 financial reports in Chile, and employing Deep Learning techniques, we uncover the underlying factors influencing the representation of women in financial reports. Our findings reveal that gender stereotypes, combined with external economic factors, significantly shape the portrayal of women in financial reports, overshadowing intentional efforts by companies to influence stakeholder perceptions of financial performance. Notably, economic expansion periods correlate with a decline in women's representation, while economic instability amplifies their portrayal. Furthermore, the financial inclusion of women positively correlates with their presence in financial report images. Our results underscore a bias in image selection within financial reports, diverging from the neutrality principles advocated by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). This pioneering study, combining Big Data and Deep Learning, contributes to gender stereotype literature, financial report soft information research, and business impression management research.

The association of Medicaid expansion and parathyroidectomy for benign disease: Insurance status remains an important factor in access to high-volume centers

BackgroundMedicaid expansion has been associated with improved access to surgical care at high-volume centers. Its impact on parathyroidectomy, however, is unclear. We evaluated the association between Medicaid expansion and parathyroidectomy at high- and low-volume centers. MethodsThe Vizient Clinical Data Base was queried for parathyroidectomies. Patients were grouped by insurance status and pre- and post-Medicaid expansion periods. Hospitals were stratified into tertiles (T1-T3) by operative volume (T1 = highest-volume centers). Odds of parathyroidectomy and a difference-in-differences analysis were conducted. ResultsIn total, 31,983 patients were identified. Patients were predominantly privately insured (49.9%). Uninsured and Medicaid patients had increasing odds of operation at lower-tertile centers (odds ratio: T1 = ref; uninsured: T2 = 10.0, T3 = 15.8; Medicaid: T2 = 6.2, T3 = 13.5; P < .001). Medicare patients, however, were less likely to undergo operation at lower-volume centers (odds ratio: T2 = 0.89, P < .001; T3 = 0.92, P = .002). Privately insured patients were the least likely to receive care at low-volume centers (odds ratio: T3 = 0.7, P < .001).Medicaid patients in nonexpansion states had 12–16 times higher odds of parathyroidectomy at lower-volume hospitals than their counterparts in expansion states (expansion/nonexpansion states: pre-expansion T3 = 2.3/28.0; postexpansion T3 = 1.3/21.4). Expansion was associated with an increase in the proportion of parathyroidectomy for Medicaid patients, with larger gains seen at higher-volume centers (T1 = 5.0%, P = .01; T2 = 3.1%, P = .001; T3 = 2.7%, P = .03). Expansion was not associated with changes in payor distribution for uninsured, Medicare, or privately insured patients. ConclusionsMedicaid expansion was associated with an increase in parathyroidectomy for Medicaid patients at high-volume centers. However, in nonexpansion states, access to surgical treatment at high-volume centers remains limited for uninsured and underinsured patients.

Phylodynamic Insights into Global Emergence and Diversification of the Tomato Pathogen Xanthomonas hortorum pv. gardneri.

The emergence of plant pathogens is often associated with waves of unique evolutionary and epidemiological events. Xanthomonas hortorum pv. gardneri is one of the major pathogens causing bacterial spot disease of tomatoes. After its first report in the 1950s, there were no formal reports on this pathogen until the 1990s, despite active global research on the pathogens that cause tomato and pepper bacterial spot disease. Given the recently documented global distribution of X. hortorum pv. gardneri, our objective was to examine genomic diversification associated with its emergence. We sequenced the genomes of X. hortorum pv. gardneri strains collected in eight countries to examine global population structure and pathways of emergence using phylodynamic analysis. We found that strains isolated post-1990 group by region of collection and show minimal impact of recombination on genetic variation. A period of rapid geographic expansion in X. hortorum pv. gardneri is associated with acquisition of a large plasmid conferring copper tolerance by horizontal transfer and coincides with the burgeoning hybrid tomato seed industry through the 1980s. The ancestry of X. hortorum pv. gardneri is consistent with introduction to hybrid tomato seed production and dissemination during the rapid increase in trade of hybrid seeds. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.

New ecological knowledge of the bubblegum coral Paragorgia arborea (L. 1758) using computer vision

IntroductionModern stationary observatories, equipped with cameras and other sensors, make it possible to observe and study cold-water corals in situ over increasingly long periods of time. In this study we investigate data collected for a bubblegum coral (Paragorgia arborea) with the LoVe (Lofoten Vesteralen) observatory for a period of 117 days, including time series of images, current, water depth and temperature. This kind of multimodal time series data represent a new methodological challenge for marine technology and bioinformatics.MethodsIn this work, we continue on the path to computer-aided ocean data analysis and show how, in addition to polyp activity, morphological parameters can be extracted from image data with a new deep learning-based approach. Using customized visualizations we show how this image-derived data together with the environmental data can be analysed and new interpretations are supported.ResultsOur results indicate that the polyp activity and branch diameter variation followed a semi-cyclic pattern, with the polyps changing from fully retracted to fully expanded faster than the image sampling rate, resulting in an almost binary time series that showed positive correlation with the current strength, which may be related to food supply. The periods of full polyp expansion ranged from 1 to 4 h, with the majority around 1 h. The variation in branch diameter and volume of intra-skeletal channels probably relates to the intra-colonial transport of nutrients and waste products. During a 16 day period in March 2019, the polyps remained retracted for an extended period accompanied by little variation in branch diameter. This behaviour was not related to any of the measured environmental conditions. Further studies are required to determine if this could be linked to biological processes, such as reproduction.

Association between temperature and occupational injuries in Spain: The role of contextual factors in workers’ adaptation

BackgroundExtensive evidence links both cold and hot temperatures to an increased incidence of occupational injuries. Contextual modifiers of the temperature-injury association have been scarcely researched. The present study addresses temporal and spatial variations to identify factors associated with (mal)adaptation to heat and cold among Spanish workers. MethodsWe assessed the association between daily mean temperature and work injuries using quasi-Poisson time-series regression models in 48 Spanish provinces over the period 1988–2019, with comparative analyses with census and economic data for the sub-periods 1989–1993, 1999–2003, 2009–2013 and 2015–2019. We explored the spatial and spatiotemporal modification of the association by demographic and socioeconomic variables via cross-sectional and longitudinal meta-regressions. Findings:We found an increased risk of work-injuries by 4 % [95 % CI: 3 %-6 %] and 12 % [95 % CI: 10 %-13 %], for the 1st and 99th percentiles of temperature, respectively, for period 1988–2019. Heat had a greater overall impact than cold, and the groups more vulnerable to heat were male workers, under 35 years, and working in agriculture, construction and hostelry. Vulnerability to heat was highest in the earliest sub-period, while vulnerability to cold rose during periods of both economic expansion and recession. High educational attainment emerged as a protective factor during the warm months in the cross-sectional meta-regressions. ConclusionsOur findings suggest an adaptation of Spanish workers to high temperatures over time. However, preventive measures are needed for traditionally exposed workers (agriculture and construction), non-traditionally vulnerable sectors (hostelry), and young, male, and less educated workers during warm months. For cold vulnerability, targeted measures should focus on women, the elderly, and tertiary service workers, especially in colder regions. Addressing temperature vulnerability would enhance worker safety, reduce injuries, and yield economic benefits.

Crop Growth Analysis Using Automatic Annotations and Transfer Learning in Multi-Date Aerial Images and Ortho-Mosaics

Growth monitoring of crops is a crucial aspect of precision agriculture, essential for optimal yield prediction and resource allocation. Traditional crop growth monitoring methods are labor-intensive and prone to errors. This study introduces an automated segmentation pipeline utilizing multi-date aerial images and ortho-mosaics to monitor the growth of cauliflower crops (Brassica Oleracea var. Botrytis) using an object-based image analysis approach. The methodology employs YOLOv8, a Grounding Detection Transformer with Improved Denoising Anchor Boxes (DINO), and the Segment Anything Model (SAM) for automatic annotation and segmentation. The YOLOv8 model was trained using aerial image datasets, which then facilitated the training of the Grounded Segment Anything Model framework. This approach generated automatic annotations and segmentation masks, classifying crop rows for temporal monitoring and growth estimation. The study’s findings utilized a multi-modal monitoring approach to highlight the efficiency of this automated system in providing accurate crop growth analysis, promoting informed decision-making in crop management and sustainable agricultural practices. The results indicate consistent and comparable growth patterns between aerial images and ortho-mosaics, with significant periods of rapid expansion and minor fluctuations over time. The results also indicated a correlation between the time and method of observation which paves a future possibility of integration of such techniques aimed at increasing the accuracy in crop growth monitoring based on automatically derived temporal crop row segmentation masks.

Navigating Energy Market Cycles: Insights from a Comprehensive Analysis

In this article, we investigate the dynamics the intricacies of fluctuations during periods of economic expansion and contraction, and examining the connections between the length of energy cycles and the influential factors could affect them. Utilizing the extended BBQ algorithm, we firstly identify turning points and, then apply the Cox hazard Model to analyze factors that affect the cycle phases, including geopolitical conflict and economic situations over the period from January 1990 to July 2022. The results reveal the presence of asymmetry in growth phases, highlighting the need for policymakers to understand the factors driving these phases. Market expansion is driven by positive interest rate and US dollar shocks, while stability relies on competent management. During economic contractions, energy costs are influenced by economic growth. Geopolitical risks and economic uncertainty require effective risk mitigation, and policy changes significantly impact the energy market during expansion phases. The study also suggests that Conferences of Parties (COP) meetings have a nuanced influence on the energy market, warranting further research.