Period Of Emigration Research Articles

LIFE HISTORY OF THE STRIPED NEWT AT A NORTH-CENTRAL FLORIDA BREEDING POND

I studied the life history of Striped Newts (Notophthalmus perstriatus) at a breeding pond in north-central Florida. Newts were captured in pitfall traps at a drift-fence as they migrated into and out of the pond basin. During the 2-year study, I recorded 10,290 captures (8,127 individuals) of newts at the drift-fence. Newts were active during each month of the study, but there were four peak activity periods, each of which included immigration and emi- gration events. Immigration events were almost exclusively comprised of adults, whereas emigration events were comprised of adults and recently trans- formed larvae. I documented 5,296 recently transformed, immature larvae (efts) and 435 recently transformed mature larvae (paedomorphs) during four distinct periods of emigration. Efts matured in the uplands before returning to the pond to breed. In the uplands, male efts (n = 16) grew 0.0183 mm/day on average, whereas average female (n = 24) growth was 0.0167 mm/day. Immigrating adults of both sexes were significantly smaller than emigrating adults. Emigrat- ing efts were smallest, followed by emigrating paedomorphs, immigrating adults, then emigrating adults. The overall adult sex ratio was 1:1.25 (m:f). Sex ratio of emigrating paedomorphs was highly skewed towards females, with one male for every 4.43 females. Newts tended to move during wetter periods, and captures were significantly correlated with rainfall, but rainfall was a poor predictor of the magnitude of newt movements.

Relating European emigration and marriage patterns

This article discusses a number of the ways in which marriage and migration interacted in European sending areas for migration in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It also speculates as to some of the ramifications of those changes in marriage and migration patterns. In particular, it uses sources from the Netherlands in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century to illustrate a few patterns, some quantitative ones already well known to scholars of demography and some qualitative ones which have received less attention, and poses some hypotheses which other researchers can pursue for other emigration regions and periods. Unlike international migrants from many sending regions, where single men dominated the migration of this period, those from the Netherlands at the turn of the century tended more often to move in family units. In discussing these issues, this article demonstrates the degree to which marriage in the sending country was affected by migration, offering a variety of insights into the way in which these changes were of a gendered nature.

Rhyming slang world-wide

Rhyming slang (RS) sprang to life in mid-19th century London when it was first recorded by Ducange Anglicus (1857) together with other unusual forms of slang, such as back slang and Polari. In the period of extensive British emigration to the United States, Canada, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand, this special type of lexis was also carried around the world — though in much less regular distribution than might have been expected on the basis of shared socioeconomic colonial histories. Three types of development were possible: 1. individual RS items might survive (and possibly acquire new meanings); 2. they might die out, leaving a historical record of their extraterritorial existence at best; 3. they might prompt local fashions, imitating the pattern but creating new words. The phenomenon of RS has found various references in books on national Englishes (such as those by Baker (1970), but significantly less so in Ramson (1966) and Mencken (1977)); however, it has never been explored on a contrastive level. Such an approach has become more feasible today now that the set of historical dictionaries of English is complete following the publication of the works edited by Silva (1996), Ramson (1988) and Orsman (1997) — even though slang is badly documented, since it was not always considered worthy of inclusion in general dictionaries.

Emigranten und Remigranten in Bildungspolitik und Pädagogik ‐ die Erfahrung Sowjetunion in der ostdeutschen Nachkriegsentwicklung

The article looks into the pedagogical aspects of the Soviet zones and the early G.D.R.’s dependence on the U.S.S.R.. The analysis is primarily aimed at the personal, individual dimensions of this relation. Teachers and educationalists, having returned to the Soviet zone or G.D.R. after a long period of emigration in the U.S.S.R., are given particular attention. The article focuses on their situation of emigration and re‐emigration, and on their opportunities of participation, influence and action in educational policy and pedagogy. This eventually permits a more precise definition of the function and part those people had in the establishment of the Soviet influence and in the constitution of the educational system of the G.D.R..

Ireland: gender, psychological health, and attitudes toward emigration.

Ireland is experiencing one of the highest periods of emigration in its history. The current study collected demographic and psychological data on 203 Irish men and women in Ireland and in Northern Ireland, including measures of self-esteem, depression, attitudes toward immigration, and expectancies of emigration. Analysis indicated that approximately 81% of this Irish sample are considering emigration; however, the prospect of emigration is psychologically experienced differently by men and women. While there were no significant differences over-all in scores on self-esteem between Irish men and women, men who contemplated emigration reported higher self-esteem scores, and women contemplating emigration reported lower self-esteem scores (relative to those who had no plan to emigrate). In addition, women who contemplated emigration had higher depression scores than women who did not contemplate emigration. This pattern was not evident for men. These results indicate that psychologically women view the prospect of emigration less positively than men.

Population Dynamics of Rhopalosiphum padi (Homoptera: Aphididae) in Corn in Relation to Barley Yellow Dwarf Epidemiology in Southwestern Idaho

Population dynamics of Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) in seed and silage corn were investigated from 1981 through 1985 in southwestern Idaho. Aphid population development was divided into four phases: an immigration period, a lag period, a period of rapid increase where aphid numbers reached several million per hectare, and an emigration period characterized by an increase in alatoid nymphs and alatae. Just before peak aphid densities occurred, prereproductive development time for apterous R. padi was 9.9 ± 0.9 d ($\bar x$ ± SEM) in seed corn and 9.6 ± 0.5 d in silage corn. The reproductive rate of apterae during this same period was 36.6 ± 11.0 nymphs in seed corn and 9.8 ± 2.9 nymphs in silage corn. Flight activity, as indicated by suction trap data, peaked in July and again from September through October or November. These two peaks corresponded with the immigration and emigration of R. padi detected in corn. Residents on corn were assayed for transmission of barley yellow dwarf virus, and the mean frequencies were 36% in 1983, 4% in 1984, and 2% in 1985. Migrant R. padi collected in a modified suction trap in 1985 showed a mean transmission frequency of 6%. Fall migrant R. padi in corn had a mean life span of ≈14 d and a maximum life span of 41 d, which is sufficient time for fall-planted cereals to become infested with these migrants. Monthly maximum and minimum temperatures for epidemic and nonepidemic years differed most in December, January, and February, suggesting a possible temperature–disease relationship.

Stream Temperatures and Inter-Annual Variability in the Emigration Timing of Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) Smolts and fry and Chum Salmon (O. Keta) Fry from Carnation Creek, British Columbia

Variability in average stream temperatures between peak spawning and fry emergence accounted for 82 and 77% of the variance in the median emigration date of fry of chum (Oncorhynchus keta) and coho salmon (O. kisutch) respectively over a 9 to 10-yr period. The modeled relationships were indistinguishable from laboratory models that predicted time to maximum alevin wet weight. Variability in stream temperatures during the spring accounted for 60% of the variability in the median date of coho smolt emigration. As stream temperatures increased, the predicted thermal summations required for emigration were nearly constant for coho salmon fry, increased moderately for chum salmon fry and increased strongly for coho salmon smolts The duration of the emigration period also differed between the groups: 50% of the chum salmon fry emigrated over a 1-wk period compared with a 2- to 3-wk period for coho salmon fry and smolts. We speculate that the emigration timing —temperature relationships and timing of adult spawning represent adaptations for synchronizing emigration with "windows of opportunity" in the ocean or stream. The windows are of different widths and levels of predictability for coho and chum salmon fry and coho salmon smolts.

Activities of Taizo Masaki When He Was the Consul General of Hawaii

Taizo Masaki is most prominently mentioned in “Yoshida Torajiro”, a short story by Robert Louis Stevenson. After the Meiji Restoration, he was dispatched to Great Britain twice from 1871 to 1881, and became the first president of Tokyo Shokko Gakko (now Tokyo Institute of Technology). He worked earnestly for industrial education for nearly twenty years in the early years of Meiji Era. In 1890, Masaki was transferred to the Foreign Office, and went to Honolulu as consul in Hawaii. After one year, he was promoted to consul general. He stayed in Honolulu for 2 years and a half, however, his activities in Hawaii were not made clear yet. In this article, various kinds of documents between Japanese Foreign Office and Consul Masaki were studied, and the present writers tried to learn from them how he acted as Hawaiian consul.The diplomatic relation between Japan and Hawaii Kingdom began in 1860. It continued only 40 years, because of the Hawaiian revolution in 1893 and the annexation by the U.S.A. The largest pending problem of both countries was the immigration for the sugar beet farms from Japan. As sugar was the main product of Hawaii, the sugar beet farms needed a large number of workers. On the other hand, Japanese agricultural villages were in a long depression after the Meiji Restoration. After short preliminary negotiations, both governments arrived at an agreement that Japan would supply round numbers of immigrants for Hawaiian sugar farms periodically. In 1884, the Japanese consulate was opened at Honolulu, and the first ship “the City of Tokyo” carried 948 emigrants to Hawaii in 1885. This emigration organized by the Japanese government continued for ten years, and 29, 139 Japanese emigrants voyaged to Hawaii as often as 26 times. As the government-sponsored emigration brought about many conflicts, various kinds of troubles occurred.Taizo Masaki made a voyage to Honolulu as the fourth consul in May, 1890. It was the peak period of governmental emigration, and more than twelve thousand emigrants voyaged.There are many documents, and correspondance archives referring to Hawaii in the Diplomatic Record Office. We can infer the activities of Taizo Masaki in Hawaii as consul. The most important business of the Hawaiian consulate was the remittance of immigrants to their family in Japan. Because there was no branch of a Japanese bank in those early years, it was very difficult. Masaki invited a new branch of Yokohama Shokin Bank to Honolulu for Japanese immigrants. The remittance to Japan became easier.Masaki sent many formal annd informal reports which included important information. One of them referred to the suffrage of immigrants. The Hawaiian constitution amended in 1887, approved the right to vote of those other than American or European immigrants. Masaki gave a report on the historical situation and pointed out those problems. The other important reports were referring to the political change of the Hawaiian Government. In those days, the political situation in Hawaii was very unstable; therefore, coups d'etat and reorganizations of the cabinet were done frequently. Masaki's reports described the circumstances of the changes of Hawaiian government and his opinions about them. His final report was dated Nov. 9, 1892, because he returned to Japan in December. It was only one month before the Hawaiian Kingdom collapsed and transferred to the republic form of government.The analysis in this article is not enough; a more detailed examination will be reported in the following articles. The other documents of Taizo Masaki referring to many other items will be introduced, too.In the meantime, Robert Louis Stevenson was making a tour of the islands in the Pacific Ocean, and visited Hawaii at least twice. We have much interest in the question whether the two old friends could meet again or not.

Emigration and Production of Hatchery Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) Stocked in Streams Draining an Old-growth and a Clear-cut Watershed

Downstream movement of coho salmon fry (Oncorhynchus kisutch) stocked in old-growth and clear-cut watersheds occurred in three phases: (1) a brief period of heavy emigration immediately after stocking, (2) relatively little movement throughout most of the summer, and (3) intermittent heavy emigration during early autumn freshets. Coho emigrated whenever a streamflow change ≥ 3%∙d−1occurred, but movement nearly ceased at flows above a certain level. Temperature changes were less important than discharge in triggering movement. When high densities were stocked, emigrant fry were smaller than residents. When low densities were stocked, emigration after the initial pulse of downstream movement was generally lower and there were no size differences between emigrants and residents. Production in the clear-cut was greater than in the old-growth watershed. Proportionately fewer fish emigrated from the old-growth stream, but when population densities were high, mortality in the old-growth exceeded the clear-cut. Greater emigration from the clear-cut site was possibly related to a scarcity of pools. Although the old-growth stream possessed better rearing habitat, less food may have been available, as suggested by gross photosynthesis rates 50% lower than in the clear-cut stream. Coho production therefore appeared to be most strongly influenced by trophic conditions, while volitional residency was most strongly influenced by habitat quality.

Doffing "Mankurt's Cap": Chingiz Aitmatov's The Day Lasts More Than a Hundred Years and the Turkic National Heritage

The appearance of Chingiz Aitmatov's I dol' she veka dl itsia den' (The Day Lasts More than a Hundred Years) in December 1980 created a major literary sensation in Moscow. There was something in the novel for everyone, and reviews in the Soviet Union. the Western press. and in emigre periodicals were overwhelmingly positive. Soviet critics especially welcomed the novel for its timely appearance after a serious discussion about the crisis of the genre "novel" in contemporary Soviet letters. As such Aitmatov's novel was singled out as the work pointing the way Soviet literature should go in the 1980s.

Problems confronting migrants and members of their families when they return to their country of origin.

The problems which migrants and their families face when they return to their own country arise from the personal circumstances of the individuals themselves as well as the characteristics of both the country of origin and the host country. A great variety of conflicts can arise during reintegration and the interrelation between them is complex. Nevertheless, some problems occur more frequently than others; a number of the most common include the following: 1) reintegrating the return migrant into the labor force is very difficult, particularly when unemployment is a problem in his homeland. 2) Degrees earned abroad often do not transfer from one high school or university to another at the same academic level. 3) Most returning migrant workers lose their retirement benefits acquired during the period of emigration because of no social security convention between the countries concerned. 4) Patriotic feelings and ties to family and friends lead the migrant to gloss over the real problems he faces. 5) Migrant children commonly face problems related to education because of differences between languages, teaching contents, and educational methods practiced in the two countries. Recommendations to relieve these and other problems migrants face upon reintegration include: 1) efforts should be made to orient return migration when jobs are available; 2) cultural agreements allowing recognition of studies and accreditation of degrees and diplomas should be promoted; 3) social security conventions between countries should be extended to include the transfer of benefits and recognition of years of work; 4) priority should be given to educational problems faced by migrant children with a dual sociocultural identity; and 5) assistance should be given to countries in carrying out empirical studies on reintegration problems and measures to solve them.

The ecology of the Common tree shrew, Tupaia glis in peninsular Malaysia

The Common tree shrew was studied over three and half years in tropical rainforest habitats in West Malaysia, using various trapping methods. It was more terrestrial than arboreal and the overall sex ratio remained close to unity. The main reproductive period was between February and June and the litter size invariably two. Some females bred more than once a season and the age at first pregnancy was seven months. Growth rate was measured from weaning to adult weight. Density varied from about two to five animals per hectare. The monthly survival rate was 0·75–0·93, and the maximum age recorded was over 4 years. The main period of emigration or mortality was during the breeding period or the North East Monsoon. The main food was invertebrates with some vegetable matter.These results support captive studies that T. glis are territorial with about two pairs per hectare prior to breeding. Predation did not seem to be important. Although survival resembled that of temperate insectivores, the litter size was more like lower primates. The annual breeding coincided with the abundance of invertebrates after the dry season, also shown by insectivorous birds. The low production of young was compensated for by the relatively high longevity of adults.

R.E.C.A.M. Notes and Studies No. 5 A Roman Family in Phrygia

The history of Roman and Italian businessmen in the eastern provinces of the Roman Empire, and especially in Asia, during the first century B.C. is a familiar one. There is ample evidence of many kinds for their emigration and activities after the formation of the province of Asia, interrupted by the hegemony of Mithridates, but resumed on a larger scale after he had been driven back from Asia into Pontus. This evidence can be placed into two broad categories. First, there are allusions in the contemporary literature, inscriptions and historical accounts of the period which provide direct information about individuals and families active in the province. Then there is the evidence of inscriptions of the Imperial period, especially the second and third centuries AD., which reveal both established settlements of resident Romans in the cities and an extraordinary number of families with Roman and Italian names, which could clearly trace their origins back to the Republican period of emigration and settlement. Opportunities to study particular families or groups of emigrants at both periods are unfortunately rare, since usually one or the other category of evidence is lacking. Although the record is far from complete, and it is necessary to rely more on conjecture than one would wish, the object of this study is to investigate one such emigrant family, the Sestullii, whose presence in Asia is attested both in Republican literary sources and in Imperial inscriptions. It is clearly impossible to write a continuous history of thegens, or even to reconstruct itsstemmain outline, especially since there is a notably large gap in our knowledge betweenca50 B.C. and A.D. 150, a two hundred year span from which only a single relevant inscription survives, but the family name is so rare that it can reasonably be assumed that all its bearers are related to one another in some way. It must be stressed that this assumption underlies the whole reconstruction offered here.

Quaker Experiences in International Conciliation (review)

BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES117 Of importance is the fact that the growing population after 1814 in Norway constituted a continual pressure on the resources. All in all, the distribution of property and wealth had become more skewed during the half century after this year, especially in the good agricultural districts of eastern Norway and Trondelag. Later, during the period of mass emigration (1865-1915), the changes in the social economic pattern gradually resulted in a reduction in the need for manpower. On die other side of the Atlantic, though, hands were in demand. The author comes to the conclusion that the demographic factor is a decisively significant component in the mass emigration. Ingrid Semmingsen covers several aspects: Did ship-owners and skippers, by offering transportation, stimulate emigration? Or was it the other way around? Trials and triumphs in the emigrant's everyday life, glimpses from the settler's life in the land of freedom and opportunity are vividly described. In further chapters, among other fascinating items, we find such headings as "Encountering Americans," "Norway in America," "Politics and Organizations," and "The Immigrants Become Americans." After having read die book, one is left with a sense of having been in the living company of the people referred to in the text. The present publication supplies facts about the emigration. These facts certainly \vill enlarge our knowledge about the forces behind the mass movement, "Norway to America." Reference notes, as well as an interesting selected bibliography are provided . The bibliography contains mainly English titles, and there is an index. Twelve pages of illustrations (maps and old photographs) make an interesting addition to the text. When reading periods of Quaker history, one might realize the want of supplementary background information. Here the present publication will be very useful, even though Friends did not constitute a large contingency among the total number of emigrants. How many were the Norwegian Friends that left for America? This question will be rather difficult to answer, if at all possible. Compared to the total number of Quakers in Norway, it seems that a fairly high percentage found new homes on the other side of the ocean. This book is a valuable addition to other works covering our subject. It is recommended as an excellent introduction for anyone interested in the topic. It is hoped, also, that the younger generation with a Norwegian ancestry will find its study worthwhile. Oslo, NorwayBernt Heid Quaker Experiences in International Conciliation. By C. H. Mike Yarrow. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1978. 308 pages. $10.00. "Geschichte" is the German word indicating "history," "story," or "concern ." "Geschichte" describes this book very nicely. It is good history; it is a story well told. It is clearly rooted in the Quakerly concerns of the author and the story's principal actors. What distinguishes this study from earlier accounts of Quaker experiences in international conciliation found in the journals and the general and specialized histories is the dimension of analysis. Mike Yarrow is a trained political scientist as well as a long-time participant in Quaker service activities , formally concluding that career in 1972 as Secretary of the Inter- 118QUAKER HISTORY national Affairs Division of the American Friends Service Committee. His story concerns British, American and sometimes Canadian and Australian Friends' service organizations in their conciliation efforts in Germany from 1962 to 1973, in India and Pakistan in 1965 and in Nigeria from 1967 to 1970. While not a direct participant in these sometimes dramatic experiences (though he was directly involved in similar efforts in Northern Ireland after his retirement), the letters, memoranda and reports of the participating personnel flowed across his desk in Philadelphia on a day-today basis. He, thus, was a trained observer-participant in these events, as well as in a position to make full use of the documentary sources in London and Philadelphia and to interview the participants themselves. One concern of Mike Yarrow's is to make a clear record of the three programs he studies here; another is to analyze the conciliation process into its various facets and to determine the circumstances under which the different types of effort are apt to be useful. He is clear that missions...

Distributional Relationship and Migration of Leeches (Hirudinea) in the Exposed Littoral of Lake Esrom, Denmark

The leech fauna living in the shallow, stony exposed littoral in Lake Esrom, Denmark, was investigated in 1975 and 1976. Total numbers of individuals varied between 2900 and 400 m-2. Five species were found in such numbers that it was possible to estimate production. One species, Glossiphonia complanata L., occurred in two distinct subspecies i.e. G. comply. typica L. and G. comply. concolor Apathy. Erpobdella octoculata L. and Helobdella stagnalis L. constituted 45.4 and 36.0% of the leeches, respectively. Fortnightly sampling showed periodical increases of E. octoculata and H. stagnalis during autumn and spring, and increased numbers of Erpobdella testacea Sav., Glossiphonia heteroclita L., G. comply. typica, and G. comply. concolor in early spring. These variations, which were not caused by reproduction, indicated immigration from deeper water to the shallow zone lacking macrophytic vegetation. The mean individual weight of immigrating leeches was in several cases either higher or lower than the mean weight of the resident leeches. Mortality rates did not indicate any periods of emigration. The total immigration was estimated to be at least 2500 individuals m-2 in autumn and 1000 m72 during spring.

Adaptive radiation and behaviour of the Malagasy lemurs.

Adaptive radiation and behaviour of the Malagasy lemurs.

Cellular emigration from packed cell layers derived from chick embryo donors of different ages

Packed cell layers obtained by dissociation of 9 and 19 day chick embryo heart ventricles have been explanted in tissue culture after an incubation period in vitro of from 1 hour to 8 days. Establishment of the LP 50 values, as a measure of the latent period of emigration, shows that the age difference in the onset of cellular emigration shown by primary tissue explants is still present after 1 h of incubation before explantation of the packed cell layers, but is eliminated by an incubation period of 21 h or longer. No significant age difference in the latent period of emigration was shown by packed cell layers prepared from cultured cells, derived from primary tissue cultures of 9 and 19 day chick embryo heart ventricles.

Italian Emigration: Basic Characteristic and Trends with Special Reference to the Last Twenty Years

Italy's external migration has been the most considerable in Europe because of the largest quantity and the longest residence abroad. From the standpoint of statistics, this movement can be studied from the time of the political unification of the country, even though we may come up with some uncertain figures. The 1861 Census presents the first data regarding Italians abroad: about one hundred thousand in the American continent. Since then no fewer than 26 million Italians emigrated abroad. It is more difficult, however, to know the number of returns (that in the first decade were not regularly recorded). In any event, from the year 1900 more than 10 million Italians left their country permanently. Considering the natural demographic increase, the median age, and the distribution of emigrants, some have projected a total of 40 million persons as the number of the descendants of Italian migrants. It is, however, a projection based on personal estimates and theoretical considerations that we mention just to give an idea of the entity of the phenomenon, even from a relative point of view. In fact, Italian emigration made up at least half of the total interEuropean population movement, and it was in the first place of Euro? pean emigration overseas since the beginning of the XX century, with the occasional exception of British emigration. The first period of Italian emigration reaches to the year 1900. The gross total emigration was about 7 million persons. It was mostly individual emigration, 2/3 of which originated from Northern Italy and 3/5 of which was directed toward European countries. The second period span from the beginning of the century to the outbreak of World War I (1915) and involved about 9 million migrants. Three characteristics distinguish this period

Italian Emigration: Basic Characteristic and Trends with Special Reference to the Last Twenty Years

Italy's external migration has been the most considerable in Europe because of the largest quantity and the longest residence abroad. From the standpoint of statistics, this movement can be studied from the time of the political unification of the country, even though we may come up with some uncertain figures. The 1861 Census presents the first data regarding Italians abroad: about one hundred thousand in the American continent. Since then no fewer than 26 million Italians emigrated abroad. It is more difficult, however, to know the number of returns (that in the first decade were not regularly recorded). In any event, from the year 1900 more than 10 million Italians left their country permanently. Considering the natural demographic increase, the median age, and the distribution of emigrants, some have projected a total of 40 million persons as the number of the descendants of Italian migrants. It is, however, a projection based on personal estimates and theoretical considerations that we mention just to give an idea of the entity of the phenomenon, even from a relative point of view. In fact, Italian emigration made up at least half of the total interEuropean population movement, and it was in the first place of Euro? pean emigration overseas since the beginning of the XX century, with the occasional exception of British emigration. The first period of Italian emigration reaches to the year 1900. The gross total emigration was about 7 million persons. It was mostly individual emigration, 2/3 of which originated from Northern Italy and 3/5 of which was directed toward European countries. The second period span from the beginning of the century to the outbreak of World War I (1915) and involved about 9 million migrants. Three characteristics distinguish this period

Pretreatment with enzymes on explant outgrowth in vitro

Observations have been made on the initiation of cellular (fibroblastic) outgrowth from adult and embryonic fowl tissue after treatment of the explants with crude trypsin (Difco 1:250), crystalline trypsin, collagenase, elastase and testicular hyaluronidase. Treatment of adult fowl aortic tissue with crude trypsin, collagenase and elastase resulted in the earlier initiation of cellular emigration, i.e. a reduction in the latent period of emigration. Crystalline trypsin and hyaluronidase did not affect the onset of explant outgrowth. Pretreatment with tryptic enzymes of embryonic skeletal muscle explants, taken from chick donors of 14 to 21 days of incubation, delayed the onset of cellular outgrowth. Collagenase had no significant effect. The interpretation of these findings and their significance in relation to the factors controlling cell movement are discussed.