Period Of Coexistence Research Articles

Initial Upper Palaeolithic lithic industry at Cueva Millán in the hinterlands of Iberia

The extended period of coexistence between Neanderthals and Homo sapiens in Europe coincided with the emergence of regionally distinctive lithic industries, signalling the onset of the Upper Palaeolithic. The Iberian Peninsula was on the periphery of pioneering Upper Palaeolithic developments, with archaeological remains primarily found in northern territories. We report the discovery of an initial Upper Palaeolithic lithic industry at Cueva Millán in the hinterlands of Iberia. This industry, termed here Arlanzian, not only represents the earliest and southernmost evidence of such industries in Iberia but also lacks a direct counterpart. However, it exhibits chronological and technological parallels with the lithic industries associated with the earliest expansion of Homo sapiens throughout Eurasia. We interpret this as potential evidence of its intrusive nature, but not necessarily associated with a migration event, as more complex scenarios derived from inter-population connectivity must be also considered. The biological identity of the Arlanzian makers remains unknown, but they coexisted with declining Neanderthal groups from neighbouring territories.

Food preference for native and invasive prey in the naive lancehead pitviper

AbstractThe presence of invasive species in the environment can be highly detrimental. The success of these species depends on their interaction with native ones. The prey–predator relationship between invasive and native species can result in biodiversity loss or the introduction of new food items for local predators. Due to its tropical and extensive nature, Brazil is vulnerable to the colonization of invasive species. Snakes are a group of animals that can act as both predators and prey for invasive species. The pitviper Bothrops jararaca is an abundant and widely distributed native species on the Brazilian coast. Based on this, we conducted a study on the feeding preferences of naive B. jararaca juveniles regarding invasive and native prey. We found that this species exhibits a greater preference for native anurans compared to Rana catesbeiana, an invasive amphibian associated with significant environmental impacts. Additionally, the gecko Hemidactylus mabouia, a prey that triggered intense predatory responses from the pitviper, reveals that this species, even with a short period of coexistence with B. jararaca, has established an intense prey–predator relationship. The negative correlation between prey size and feeding interest, guided solely by olfactory cues, adds a layer of complexity to understanding the feeding choices of B. jararaca, providing valuable insights for conservation and environmental management strategies.Abstract in Portuguese is available with online material.

Political Cold and Economic Hot in Sino-Japanese Diplomatic Relations Since the New Century

Japan is Chinas important neighbor and the only developed country among its neighbors. The relations with Japan are Chinas important external relations. Since the normalization of diplomatic relations between China and Japan in 1972, the two countries have benefited from extensive exchanges and cooperation. In the 21st century, with the changes in the international environment and the reversal of the overall strength comparison between the two countries, the two countries have entered a new period of coexistence of competition and cooperation, and intensified strategic game, showing a situation of cold politics and hot economy. For China, it is an important task in the new century to seek advantages and avoid disadvantages in dealing with its diplomacy with Japan under the background of cold politics and hot economy, so as to ensure the sound and stable relations between the two countries.

Weed Coexistence in Eucalyptus Hybrid Stands Decreases Biomass and Nutritional Efficiency Mid-Rotation

Determining the period of weed coexistence with eucalyptus stands assists in the integrated management of weed competition, which reduces the application of herbicides, economic costs, and environmental damage. Therefore, the objectives of the present study were to evaluate the impact of a hybrid stand of Eucalyptus grandis × Eucalyptus urophylla trees on biomass production, the concentration and stock of macro and micronutrients, and the efficiency of nutrient utilization under different periods of coexistence with weeds. Our study is the first to report the impacts of weed management on the biomass and nutrients present in the leaves, branches, stembark, and stemwood at the time of mid-rotation (4.5 years old). The experiment was carried out in southern Brazil in the Pampa biome and followed a randomized block design, with three replications. The treatments consisted of increasing periods of coexistence with or control of weeds. The total biomass in the coexistence up to 378 days treatment was 53.7 Mg ha−1, and in the control treatment up to 168 days, it was 81.4 Mg ha−1, differing statistically. This reduction was in the order of 34%. The continuous presence of weeds led to a significant reduction in the production of wood and total biomass. The highest nutrient utilization efficiency (NUE) was observed for wood. The control of weeds for up to 168 days promoted greater productivity than controlling weeds for 378 days. This recommendation can be adopted by plantation managers for this region, reducing the amount of herbicide applied on the stand.

From Incineration to Sterilisation of Solid Hospital Waste in Low-income Contexts: a Gradual Sustainable Transition.

Open burning and incineration are the two most common treatments for hospital solid waste in low-income countries. Due to the absence of limits on emissions and the lack of technical capacity or funding, obsolete incinerators do not guarantee neither a low environmental and economic impact nor people health. The SIRSU Project, co-financed by the Italian Agency for Sustainable Development and Newster Group, aims to substitute the incinerator in Beira Central Hospital (Mozambique) with an electric sterilizer, an environmentally friendly machine that is also safe for workers. However, it is not sufficient to import this new technology and train the staff. First, an assessment of the quantities and types of biomedical waste produced in the different hospitals is necessary, as well as a careful analysis of the waste management system of all hospitals in the city. If the technology is suitable for the context, then, after the training of technicians for maintenance and operation, a period of accompaniment and monitoring is necessary to optimise performances. The transition cannot be immediate, and a period of coexistence of the two plants (steriliser and incinerator) is necessary. To facilitate the gradual transition, the SIRSU project foresees the foundation of a local start-up to manage the steriliser and offer a waste full transport service for smaller hospitals to the Central Hospital where the machine is installed. This experience could be an opportunity to set guidelines comprehensive of the concepts of safety and security during all the steps of the transition. This aspect can be an important element for defining 1) the most appropriate technical solutions, evaluating the implementations on the control and regulation systems in order to minimize the risks associated with the process, 2) management and above all operational methods in order to guarantee not only compliance with the most precautionary technical legislations, but also modern and advanced operating standards.

Manichaeism and Buddhism in Contact: The Significance of the Uyghur History and Its Literary Tradition

The exchanges between Manichaeism and Buddhism are one of the most-discussed topics in the religious study of Central Asia. Old Uyghur materials are often used in these discussions because the Uyghurs experienced the religious shift from Manichaeism to Buddhism. The sources attest that Manichaean and Buddhist communities co-existed under Uyghur rule, although the period of co-existence was limited. Thus, the texts produced in that period could show traces of exchange between these two religious communities. Previous studies, however, concentrate on the religious exchanges and do not consider the Uyghurs’ literary tradition, their historical background, and the language development in Old Uyghur. This paper re-examines the materials cited in previous studies, reconsiders exchanges between the two religious communities under Uyghur rule, and addresses the results of this survey.

Civilizational Self-Identification as a Response to the Neoliberal Crisis

The article discusses issues related to overcoming the crisis situation of non-Western countries, including Russia, caused by the uncritical acceptance of the neoliberal universalistic paradigm of development at the turn of the century. The intellectual response to the crisis led the initiative of civilizational self-identification of these countries based on the formation of a new principle of supranational organization in the form of a “civilizationstate,” which is perceived by Western analysts as a fundamental global challenge of modernity requiring a comprehensive theoretical understanding. As of the present time, in their opinion, China, India, and Russia can be classified as “civilization states.” It is asserted that the civilizational turn emerged as a result of the opposition of the “core” states (in the terminology of S. Huntington) of unipolar hegemony, which initiates the conflict potential for the development of the world community, threatening the integrity of the existing Euro-American order. Russian researchers, for their part, note the negative consequences of the universalistic aspiration to spread the model of the “nation-state” to the whole world, which occurs within the logic of limited sovereignty and is destructive for Russia. Actions to overcome the internal crisis discussed in the article include a transition to a national-civilizational form of identity and the implementation of the idea of a “Russian-centric world.” This corresponds to the global trend of forming macro-regional “civilization-worlds” based on common cultural and social values developed during a long period of coexistence. The article demonstrates that the revival of “civilizationalism” is taking place against the background of the worldwide trend of the split of modernity. There is an actualization of the project of the “East-Westphalian system,” called the “Eastphalian” world order, which rejects European universalism and opens the way to a new multipolar world order.

Períodos de interferência de plantas daninhas na cultura da alface

ABSTRACT The knowledge of the adequate period for the beginning of weed management in lettuce crop can increase the efficiency of production, reducing the costs with management. The aim of this study was to determine the pre-interference period (PIP), the critical time for weed removal (CTWR) and the critical period of weed control (CPWC) in three lettuce cultivars, Elisa, Lucy Brown and Solaris. Coexistence and the absence of weeds were evaluated for each cultivar. The design was in randomized blocks with seven treatments (0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 days after transplanting - DAT) of coexistence and the same seven periods of weed absence with four replicates in each experiment. The highest infestation densities were with the species Oxalis latifolia, Coronopus didymus and Amaranthus hybridus. The leaf area and number of leaves per plant were reduced by up to 50% and 66%, respectively, in relation to the longest period of coexistence with weeds and yield reduced by 48% (Elisa), 40% (Lucy Brown) and 33% (Solaris). The cultivar Solaris showed greater tolerance to weed interference. Based on yield, PIP was 1, 3 and 3 DAT and CTWR was 37, 37 and 35 DAT, and CPWC was 2 to 37, 3 to 37 and 3 to 35 for the cultivars Elisa, Lucy Brown and Solaris, respectively.

Восточный вектор трансформации мировой валютной системы

The article discusses the crisis-prone nature of the functioning of the modern monetary system, which is manifested by the low efficiency of large-scale financial measures aimed at stabilizing international economic and financial relations. Based on the analysis of the historical and modern role of the countries of the East in the world economy, the objective reasons for the transformation of the world monetary system are revealed. It is shown that the potential dominance of the countries of the East in the world economy is largely determined by the dependence on the previous development. The significant size of wealth, territory and population allowed the eastern monarchies until the middle of the 19th century to develop their economies in a relatively isolated mode from the outside world. However, the voluntary rejection of the introduction of their own technological achievements and neglect to conduct foreign trade has made the countries of the East chronically dependent on the countries of the West. The inability of Great Britain (as the outgoing hegemonic country) to abandon in the first quarter of the 20th century the use of its national currency as world money and to transfer this privilege to the United States (as the new leader of the world economy) led to the destruction of the world economic order. The subsequent period of coexistence of two parallel monetary systems, independently serving alternative socio-economic models in the conditions of a bipolar world order, once again proved the possibility of making a high-quality scientific, technological and economic breakthrough without large-scale direct interaction between West and East in the international economic and financial arena. On the contrary, the return to the unipolar model of economic and financial globalization has led to another destruction of the rule-based world economic order. At present time, in order to stabilize international economic and financial relations, it is objectively necessary to form a new international monetary standard, taking into account the enduring world significance and global interests of the most dynamically developing countries of the East. The inclusion of the countries of the East in the management of global economic and financial processes seems quite natural, given the growing size of their GDP, exports and financial assets. The problem, however, is that, despite their undeniable economic power, the countries of the East are not yet able to offer the world a unique (different from the Western) development model shared by most other countries of the world. This increases the risks of their joint drift towards the adoption of a universal Western (Anglo-Saxon) economic model as a simulacrum of their institutional interaction.

Weed interference in caupi beans (Vigna unguiculata) grown in Januária, north of Minas Gerais, Brazil

The degree of weed interference in an agricultural crop is influenced by edaphoclimatic characteristics, the management used in the environment and the period of coexistence between the weeds and the crop of interest. This study aimed to determine periods of weed interference in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata - Fabaceae) var. BRS Potengi in the semiarid of northern Minas Gerais, Brazil. Treatments consisted of periods of control and coexistence of cowpea with weeds under irrigated cultivation (0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, 56, 63, and 77 days after crop emergence). At the end of each period of coexistence and harvest time, weeds were quantified and identified, and dry matter was determined. Stem diameter, number of pods per plant, and grain yield were obtained for cowpea. The main weeds found were Cenchrus echinatus, Panicum maximum, Eleusine indica (Poaceae), and Amaranthus retroflexus (Amaranthaceae). The period before interference (PBI) occurred up to 9 days after emergence, the total period of interference prevention (TPIP) occurred up to 23 days after emergence, and critical period of interference prevention (CPIP) was observed between 9 and 23 days after emergence. Weed interference during the entire cowpea cycle reduced yield by 37% when compared to the control treatment.

Intercropping collard plants with coriander modulates behavioral interactions among aphidophagous predators by altering microhabitat structure

Intercrops increase microhabitat structural complexity and may affect the strength of intraguild predation, facilitating the coexistence of species in aphidophagous guilds that share similar resources. Microhabitat structure may also influence the outcome of intraguild predation among larval stages by influencing the selection of oviposition sites. We investigated how intercrops affect intraguild predation, consumption, and behavioral interactions among various life stages of aphidophagous predators. We examined interactions among conspecific and heterospecific pairs of Cycloneda sanguinea (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and Chrysoperla externa (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) in collards planted in monoculture (simple microhabitat) or intercropped with coriander (complex microhabitat). Heterospecific pairs had reduced impact on their shared prey, especially in monocultures. Chrysoperla externa larvae acted as intraguild predators more often than C. sanguinea larvae and changed the foraging behavior of the intraguild prey. Microhabitat complexity in the intercrop did not extend the period of larval coexistence when intraguild predation was strong. Cycloneda sanguinea avoided laying eggs in the presence of C. externa in the monoculture, and tended to lay more eggs in sheltered locations in the intercrop. Conversely, C. externa laid more eggs in the presence of C. sanguinea, especially in the monoculture. Our findings suggest that the increased microhabitat complexity of the intercrop reduced both the encounter rate between intraguild prey and intraguild predator during larval stages, and the overlap in oviposition site selection by adult females. Our findings highlight the relevance of plant diversity and microhabitat architecture in promoting the coexistence of aphidophagous predators throughout their life cycle, and their potential to increase the efficiency of conservation biological control.

홍산문화와 동북아시아 신석기시대 매장관습 비교

The Hongshan culture, which represents the Neolithic culture of the northeast region of China, has distinct characteristics that the tombs and their burials represent this culture. This characteristic was more clearly revealed when compared with the Neolithic culture of coexisting Northeast Asia including Korea. A stone tomb called Jeokseokchong was also discovered in the Xiaozhushan upper-class culture, which is adjacent to the Hongsan culture. In Primorsky and Korea, earthen graves are found in tomb groups. However, in Korea, in addition to earthen graves, there are various types of coffin graves and mass burial tombs compared to those of Primorsky Krai. In the tomb of the Hongsan culture, not only the representative stamping earthenware of this culture, but also colored earthenware and jade instruments of various shapes were excavated. On the other hand, from the Xiaozhushan Upper Culture, not only earthenware such as feet, high plates, and cup-shaped earthenware, but also earthenware from the Shandong Longshan culture were excavated. It is different from the Hongshan culture. Not only earthenware, but also various ornaments and hunting implements were excavated from the Boisman Cultural Tomb in Primorsky Krai. The custom of deliberately deforming skulls in male and female human bones is also found. In Korea, during the period of coexistence with Hongsan culture, earthen graves were identified as groups in Janghang and Yeondaedo in Gadeokdo. Round-bottomed earthenware is mainly excavated, and it is a raised gate. In addition to earthenware, there are ornaments and hunting tools such as anklets, shell bracelets, crown jewels, and jade earrings. In Primorye and Korea, in addition to earthenware and ornaments, hunting tools are also stored, but it was not found in the Hongsan culture using stone graves and in the upper culture of Xiaozhushan. It was also found that among the burials of Northeast Asian tombs, Hongsan culture, Boisman culture, and Gadeok also differ according to gender in Janghang ruins. Among burial items, jade earrings are commonly identified, and they are classified and compared with the period of coexistence with the Hongsan culture. As a result, the relics of Hongsan culture are different in size and shape from those of Korea and Primorsky Krai. Rather, in Korea, there has been a tradition of making jade earrings since earlier than the Yoseo region.

Interference of weeds in ruziziensis grass pastures

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of increasing periods of coexistence of weed plants with Urochloa ruziziensis on the canopy structure and productivity of a pasture already established with this forage species. The experiment was a randomized blocks design with four replications, and treatments consisted of seven increasing periods of coexistence of forage grass with weed plants: 0 (control), 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 days after regrowth (DAR). The main morpho-structural and productive characteristics of the forage plants were determined at the end of the experimental period (90 DAR). The ratio of the first green leaf height to the tiller height increases, while the leaf to stem ratio diminishes as the period of interaction with the infesting community increases. The number of green leaves per tiller and the tiller height diminishes as the period of coexistence with weed plants increases. The presence of weed plants interferes negatively with all parameters of the grass canopy structure and productivity of a grazing land already established with Urochloa ruziziensis, suggesting that measures of control of the infesting community should be adopted up to 17 days of regrowth of the forage plant.

Ecology - "world through a small window"

The relationship between nature and society is inconceivable without the contradictions that inevitably arise and exist during the period of coexistence between them. The history of their common existence is the unity of two tendencies. First, with the development of society and its fertile forces, man's domination of nature is constantly and rapidly expanding and expanding, which is already evident today on a planetary scale. And secondly, contradictions and unscrupulous attitudes towards human nature are constantly deepening. Nature, in spite of the innumerable diversity of its components, is one whole. That is why the influence of a person on certain parts of an outwardly submissive and peaceful nature is simultaneous (against the will of man), on all its components. The consequences of this relationship are sometimes unpredictable. Deficiencies at the general level of culture, and the neglect of the laws and characteristics of the living world by generations, are unfortunately a harsh reality today. Bitter evidence of how stubbornly unwilling a person is to learn from their mistakes can be: misuse of forests, areas of land that have become unsuitable for agricultural use as a result of improper irrigation; Air - which is particularly dangerous to human health as a result of pollution - damages vital organs and so on. There are many examples to prove all this …

The phenomenon of secondary nomination in the term system of fashion and beauty

The factors of formation and tendencies of secondary nominations` existence are considered in the article on the material of the terms of fashion and beauty in the modern Ukrainian language. It has been found that the secondary nomination is based on the associative nature of human thinking. The words reflect the processes of living contemplation of the human environment, there is a semantic rethinking of known names and their gradual codification. The formation and creation of a new concept or a new perception of the subject is carried out on the basis of existing language material. The phenomenon of secondary nomination is also inherent in the term systems. A feature of modern terminology is the desire of professionals to «build» motivated terms with predictable semantics. Information about a fragment of reality, the real, objective world enters the term system indirectly as a flow of information. Terms of broad semantics are words used in many term systems, which, in contrast to general scientific and general technical terms, change semantics depending on the term system and retain only the general, non-terminological meaning. Therefore, they can not always be included in the terms, at the same time without them it is impossible to build a terminological system as a language entity.
 The development of fashion requires categorizing words for certain concepts and objects belonging to this field. It is established that the terminosphere of fashion and beauty is actively replenished due to borrowings, semantic innovations, transition of terms from one terminological system to another, by transtermination. Particular attention is paid to the development of ambiguity and homonymy, which is primarily due to the migration of tokens from one functional style to another. In this way there is a formation / increase of special meanings of words. Under the condition of complete changes, the meaning that is the starting point of evolution disappears, and the word is fixed in the secondary function. Partial changes involve stabilization of the derived shade, which does not weaken the viability of the original content; usually there is a period of coexistence of meanings and thus the word becomes ambiguous.
 In the field of fashion industry, metaphorical transfers of meaning based on the principle of analogy are quite common. The more components of meaning coincide with the term concept, the greater probability of the word to become a verbal expression of this concept (in the case of associative-semantic metaphor).
 It was found that the variability of the semantic potential of the word is only one of the expressive illustrations to the transformation of worldview constructs of cognition of the world, reflected in the language of society.

The discovery of an in situ Neanderthal remain in the Bawa Yawan Rockshelter, West-Central Zagros Mountains, Kermanshah.

Neanderthal extinction has been a matter of debate for many years. New discoveries, better chronologies and genomic evidence have done much to clarify some of the issues. This evidence suggests that Neanderthals became extinct around 40,000-37,000 years before present (BP), after a period of coexistence with Homo sapiens of several millennia, involving biological and cultural interactions between the two groups. However, the bulk of this evidence relates to Western Eurasia, and recent work in Central Asia and Siberia has shown that there is considerable local variation. Southwestern Asia, despite having a number of significant Neanderthal remains, has not played a major part in the debate over extinction. Here we report a Neanderthal deciduous canine from the site of Bawa Yawan in the West-Central Zagros Mountains of Iran. The tooth is associated with Zagros Mousterian lithics, and its context is preliminary dated to between ~43,600 and ~41,500 years ago.

Year-round at-sea distribution and trophic resources partitioning between two sympatric Sulids in the tropical Atlantic.

In the oligotrophic tropical marine environment resources are usually more patchily distributed and less abundant to top predators. Thus, spatial and trophic competition can emerge, especially between related seabird species belonging to the same ecological guild. Here we studied the foraging ecology of two sympatric species–brown booby (BRBO) Sula leucogaster (breeding) and red-footed boobies (RFBO) Sula sula (non-breeding)–at Raso islet (Cabo Verde), across different seasons. Sexual segregation was only observed during Jun-Oct, when RFBO were present, with larger females BRBO remaining closer to the colonies, while males and RFBO travelled further and exploited different habitats. Overall, species appeared to prefer areas with specific oceanic features, particularly those related with oceanic currents and responsible for enhancing primary productivity in tropical oceanic areas (e.g. Sea Surface Height and Ocean Mixed Layer Thickness). Female BRBOs showed high foraging-site fidelity during the period of sympatry, while exploiting the same prey species as the other birds. However, during the months of co-existence (Jun.-Oct.), isotopic mixing models suggested that female BRBO would consume a higher proportion of epipelagic fish, whereas female RFBO would consume more squid compared to the other birds, possibly due to habitat-specific prey availability and breeding energy-constraints for BRBO. We conclude that divergent parental roles, environmental conditions, habitat preference and competition could be mechanisms simultaneously underlying sexual segregation for BRBO during a period of co-existence, while inter-specific foraging differences appear to be more affected by habitat preference and different breeding stages. These results support previous statements that BRBO can adapt their foraging ecology to different circumstances of environmental conditions and competition, and that marine physical features play an important role in foraging decisions of boobies.

An Impetus for Change: How COVID-19 Will Transform the Delivery of GI Health Care

An Impetus for Change: How COVID-19 Will Transform the Delivery of GI Health Care

The Late Neolithic of Trans-Urals: Poludenka issues

The paper examines the Poludenka discourse in the context of historiography and modern research practices. It analyzes changes in attributive characteristics and essential interpretation of Poludenka ceramics (culture, traditions) and the associated empirical and theoretical difficulties. It is noted that the problem of typological criteria is associated with the periodization paradigm the use of three- or two-stage periodization, which includes or excludes a transitional stage in the material culture of the Trans-Urals Neolithic between the early and late stages of development. The issue of the genesis of the Poludenka tradition and foreign cultural influence, as well as its local isolation on the southern periphery of culture, is also considered. It is assumed that the ornamental originality of the Poludenka pottery in the forest-steppe Pre-Tobol Region is associated with the interaction of the Trans-Urals population at the end of the Early Neolithic with the bearers of the Makhanjar tradition; emphasizes the participation of the Koshkino component in the Poludenka tradition creation at the previous stage. As a solution, it is proposed to return to the notion of a transitional stage between the Early and Late Neolithic, probably at the interval that coincides with the period of coexistence of all traditions, using the established term Kozlovo-Poludenka; the author also notes the perspective of material complexes analysis taking into account the geographical factor.

Influence of periods of coexistence of weeds on organic okra production

Weed management in okra grown in organic system minimizes crop yield losses. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the period prior to weed interference in okra grown in organic system during the rainy and dry seasons in the state of Maranhão, northeastern Brazil. Experiments were conducted in the rainy and dry seasons in randomized block design with seven treatments and four replications. The treatments were T1 = weeds coexistence with okra for 7 days; T2 = coexistence for 14 days; T3 = coexistence for 21 days; T4 = coexistence for 28 days; T5 = coexistence for 35 days; T6 = coexistence for 42 days and, T7 = coexistence for 74 days). In addition to these treatments, we kept a control treatment with weed free until harvest to obtain maximum yield. At the end of each period of weed coexistence with the crop, three weed samples were collected in 0.25 m² to evaluate density, dry mass and to analise phytosociological parameters. The main weeds in both seasons were Commelina benghalensis, Cynodon dactylon, Eleusine indica, Alternanthera tenella and Amaranthus spinosus. The coexistence of weeds with the crop until harvest caused losses of 51% in the rainy season and 67% in the dry season compared to weed free control. In the rainy season, the period before weed interference (PBI) on okra crop of organic system was 12 days after emergence (DAE). In the dry season, 5% yield loss was observed 4 days after transplanting (DAT). Weed management in organic okra should be carried out earlier in the dry season than in the rainy season to avoid high yield losses