Budding Period Research Articles

Peculiarities of the anatomic structure of vegetable organs and productivity of linseed plants (linum usitatissimum l.) under the application of the growth stimulant

The activity of growth processes in a plant organism is determined not only by the content of individual groups of phytohormones, but is predominantly determined by the balance of biologically active substances. Exogenous applying of compositions with phytohormone analogues or activity regulators influences on the metabolism processes and leads to changes in growth processes.The purpose of the research was to investigate the peculiarities of the anatomical structure of vegetative organs and the formation of the linseed yield under the influence of a complex stimulating drug treptolem.Materials and methods. Oil flax plants of ‘Debut’ variety were once treated with 0.03 ml/l water solution treptolem in the budding phase. Morphological parameters of flax plants were studied every 10 days. The anatomical structure of the vegetative organs of flax was studied on leaves of the same age and fragments of the stem in the middle part.Results. There has been established the effect of the growth stimulator with auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin compounds complex on the features of growth processes, anatomical organization of vegetative organs, productivity of linseed oil plants (Linum usitatissimum L.). The using of treptolem during the budding period leads to an increase in the productivity of linseed oil by the increasing of morphogenesis process of vegetative organs with simultaneous restructuring of anatomical structure of stems and leaves. The increase in the stem diameter due to the better development of bark, xylem, thickening of bast fibres enhances the resistance of linseed oil plants to lodging. Stimulator induces enhanced the development of the photosynthetic apparatus: formation of a larger number of leaves, prolongation of their active functioning, increasing of chlorenchyma cells size and improving of chloroplastogenesis. The enhancement of photosynthetic productivity of oil flax plants leads to an intensification of carpogenesis, an increase in yield and an improvement in the crop structure. The content of the residual amount of morphoregulators in the seeds is much lower, at acceptable concentrations.Conclusions. The use of treptolem on flaxseed plants leads to changes in the formation of the stem and the development of the leaf apparatus that increases the yield of the crop

PENGARUH EKSTRAK TANAMAN SEBAGAI SUMBER ZPT ALAMI TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN SETEK TANAMAN LADA (Piper nigrum L.)

The purpose of research is to view the effect some crop extract as natural growth hormon towards pepper cutting growth, conduted in Bontomanai District of Selayar Island Regeny, during March – May 2018. This experimental research used random group of environmental design by one factor treatment, without Growth hormone submersion, coconut water 50%, red onion extract 75%, moringa leaves extract 30%, sargassum seaweed extract 25%, cow urine 15%, and Growtone 12,5%. The data was analyzed based on the F (ANOVA) test and contrast test. Growth hormone Growtone using is better than compared to coconut water, red onion, moringa leaves, sargassum seaweed and cow urine in responding, peper cutting growth. Red onion extract 75% is better than moringa leaves extract and sargassum seaweed extract towards to components of pepper cuttings growth (budding period, number of buds, bud length, root volume and the percentage of living cuttings) coconut water 50% has effect on budding period of pepper cuttings and cow urine 15% has effect on leaf wide. Sargassum extract 25% has effect on number of leaves and leaf wide.

Change in the content of cannabinoid substances in Cannabis sativa L. inzucht-generations in the plus and minus selections

Aim. To determine the change in the structure of the inzucht-offspring in the content of cannabinoid substances in plants of different varieties of hemp under the influence of directed plus and minus selections. Methods. Taking into account the lability of natural phenol-cannabinoids, their transformation and isomerization under the influence of various factors, the method of thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was used. Plants of varieties YuSO1 and Hlyana at the budding period were labeled and separated. Results. By selecting plants in inzucht offsprings for three years aimed at reducing the content of cannabinoids in the hemp straw YSO 1 and increasing the amount of these substances in the Hlyana variety showed that the increase in the content of cannabinoids was more active than reduction, indicating a dominant feature of cannabinoids. Under the condition of isolation, self-pollination and regardless of the plus and minus selections for the content of cannabinoids, for three generations there was a decrease in plant height and sterility of varieties. Conclusions. The results of chromatographic analyzes of inzucht generations by the content of cannabinoid substances under the influence of minus and plus selections indicate their dominant feature. Regardless of the minus and plus selections by the content of cannabinoids, provided that the isolation and self-pollination were carried out, the plant height declined. Keywords: THC, CBD, CBN, CBDА, THCA.

Influence of gibberellin on the mesostructural organization of the leaf, accumulation and redistribution of assimilates and feeding elements of the gooseberry plants (Grossularia reclinat) in connection with the productivity of culture

The effect of gibberellic acid on morphogenesis, mesostructural leaf organization, accumulation and redistribution of various forms of carbohydrates, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium between the organs of gooseberry plants of the Mashenka variety in relation to the productivity of the culture has been established. The aim of the study was to find out the peculiarities of morphogenesis, the formation of the leaf apparatus, the accumulation and redistribution of assimilates and nitrogen-containing compounds between the organs of gooseberry plants for the actions of gibberellic acid in connection with the productivity of the culture. Materials and methods. Plants were treated once during the budding period with a 0.05 % m gibireleic acid solution during the budding phase. The carbohydrate content was determined by the iodometric method, nitrogen - by Keldahl, phosphorus - by the intensity of the formation of the phosphorus-molifbdenovogo complex, potassium - by flame-photometric, the content of chlorophylls - spectrophotometrically. Results . Under the influence of the drug, a more powerful donor sphere was formed due to the growth of chlorenchyma due to an increase in the volume and linear dimensions of the cells of the columnar and spongy assimilation tissue. This led to enhanced assimilation, an increase in the content of non-structural carbohydrates (sugar + starch) in the shoots. Processing gibberellin contributed to the optimization of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the leaves and shoots. A significant deponuvalous capacity of the stems in the temporary redundancy of an aksimilit and gooseberry plant nutrients with the subsequent reutilization of them to the processes of carpogenesis has been established. Changes in the nature of donor-acceptor relations in gooseberry plants under the influence of gibberellic acid caused the redistribution of assimilate and nutrient fluxes from vegetative organs to fruits, and had a positive effect on the crop productivity. Findings. The use of gibberellic acid led to the formation of a more powerful donor sphere, the accumulation and temporary deposit of the part of carbohydrates and mineral nutrients in the vegetative organs of gooseberry plants, followed by their remobilization on the need for fruit formation and growth, led to a significant increase in yield and improved the product quality

An Analysis On The Sincization of Apsaras Art In Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes

Buddhist art is an important way to illustrate Buddhist thoughts. Among Buddhist art, Apsaras Art is an extremely significant part of it. Simultaneously, it is the essence of Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes art as well as. As it known to all, Apsaras Art, as an artistic expression of religious thoughts, its artistic style is bound to be influenced by different social consciousness in different times with little doubts. At the same time, this influence will inevitably let creators make performance style of Apsaras increasingly close to the mundane life, which is more and more in line with the aesthetic standard of them as a consequence. To go a step further, it is essential to learn the origin of Apsaras. This paper will analyze the artistic characteristics of Apsaras in Mogao Grottoes from three stages of budding period, exploring period and mature period according to the context of the chronicle to generalize about the sinicization of Apsaras Art.

Influence of chlormequat chloride on the formation of a photosynthetic apparatus and productivity of linseed

Application of retardants as anti-gibberelline substances leads to changes in the functioning of donor-acceptor relations in the plant organism and inhibition of the growth processes. Reducing of the assimilates demand for the growth of vegetative organs leads to the accumulation of plastic substances with their redistribution to the formation of seeds and fruits.The purpose of the research was establishing the effect of chlormequat chloride as a retardant permitted in Ukraine on the formation of the leaf apparatus and the productivity of oil flax plants (Linum usitatissimum L.).Materials and methods. Oil flax plants of Debut and Orpheus varieties were once treated with 0.5% water solution chlormequat chloride in the budding phase. Morphological parameters of flax plants were studied every 10 days. The mesostructural organization was determined for leaves of the same age. The total amount of oil in flax seeds was determined by extraction.Result. It was found that chlormequat chloride application led to enhance the thickening of stems of plants. Chlormequat chloride treatment resulted the formation of powerful photosynthetic apparatus. The application of retardant increased the number of leaves per plant and decreased the area of a single leaf. It was found that the application of plant growth regulators led to increase the cells size and volume of palisade chlorenchyma, the chloroplast number and size in palisade and spongy parenchyma. Such changes in the mesostructure measurement of leaves caused increase the net photosynthetic productivity that was the important prerequisite for enhancement of crop production. The flow of assimilates was directed to the development of generative organs – fruits, the number of which increased by the retardant as a result of intensive branching of the stem. It was also noted that the number of seeds per fruit and the weight of a single seed increased under the influence of growth regulator. It was established that the application of retardant stimulated a more intense synthesis of reserve compounds in the seeds and oil content in seeds increased. It was necessary to note that the amount of residual drugs substance in the seeds was significantly lower than the permissible concentrations.Conclusions. So the chlormequat chloride treatment on the linseed during the budding period leads to improve the development of leaf apparatus and formation of fruits, which result the improvement of crop production

Monitoring flower bud dormancy breaking in almond through gene expression analysis

Dormancy is a period in fruit trees lifecycle of great interest in almond (Prunus dulcis Miller D.A. Webb) breeding. Chill requirements for overcoming this stage are cultivar-specific and they are determinant for adaptation of cultivars to the climatic conditions of each zone. It is known that dormancy release for flowering is regulated by transcriptional control mechanisms as epigenetic modifications. Recently, candidate genes involved in bud dormancy and flowering date were mapped in two progenies of sweet cherry (Prunus avium). Some of these genes, EMF2, ARP4, and PIE1 co-localize with the QTL for flowering date and PIE1 are also located within the QTL for chilling requirements. These genes, together with LDL2 were mapped in the Linkage Group 4. The aim of this work was to characterize EMF2, ARP4, PIE1 and LDL2, described as epigenetic regulators, in almond cultivars with different chilling requirements and flowering time. For that purpose, gene expression was analyzed over the dormancy period of flower buds in 'Desmayo Largueta' (early flowering) and 'Penta' (extra-late flowering) cultivars. Results suggested that expression of candidate genes varied during the period of study, but that change pattern is gene-specific. Finally, comparison between expression dynamics observed in the early flowering cultivar versus the extra-late cultivar has been discussed.

A genome-wide association study of early-maturation traits in upland cotton based on the CottonSNP80K array.

Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) efficiently identify genetic loci controlling traits at a relatively high resolution. In this study, variations in major early-maturation traits, including seedling period (SP), bud period (BP), flower and boll period (FBP), and growth period (GP), of 169 upland cotton accessions were investigated, and a GWAS of early maturation was performed based on a CottonSNP80K array. A total of 49,650 high-quality single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were screened, and 29 significant SNPs located on chromosomes A6, A7, A8, D1, D2, and D9, were repeatedly identified as associated with early-maturation traits, in at least two environments or two algorithms. Of these 29 significant SNPs, 1, 12, 11, and 5 were related to SP, BP, FBP, and GP, respectively. Six peak SNPs, TM47967, TM13732, TM20937, TM28428, TM50283, and TM72552, exhibited phenotypic contributions of approximately 10%, which could allow them to be used for marker-assisted selection. One of these, TM72552, as well as four other SNPs, TM72554, TM72555, TM72558, and TM72559, corresponded to the quantitative trait loci previously reported. In total, 274 candidate genes were identified from the genome sequences of upland cotton and were categorized based on their functional annotations. Finally, our studies identified Gh_D01G0340 and Gh_D01G0341 as potential candidate genes for improving cotton early maturity.

Особливості анатомічної будови і функціонування листкового апарату та продуктивність рослин льону олійного за дії хлормекватхлориду

<p><span lang="EN-US">We studied the influence of antigibberellin compound </span><span lang="EN-US">chlormequatchloride<span> on the morphogenesis, functioning of “source-sink” relation system, yield and quality of linseed oil.</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> It was found that </span><span lang="EN-US">chlormequat chloride application led to enhance the </span><span lang="EN-US">thickening</span><span lang="EN-US"> of stems </span><span lang="EN-US">which based on the changes in the anatomical structure: the thickness of bark, the diameter of bastfibres and the number of xylem elements in the row were increased. Formation of the more powerful stem significantly increased the lodging resistance of retardant treated linseed and created the technological advantages of mechanical harvesting. Chlormequat chloride treatment resulted<span> </span>the formation of powerful photosynthetic apparatus. The application of retardant increased the number of leaves per plant, as well as the period of their active functioning was prolonged. We also noted that </span><span lang="EN-US">the application of plant growth regulators led</span><span lang="EN-US"> to</span><span lang="EN-US"> increase the</span><span lang="EN-US"> cells size and volume of palisade chlorenchyma, the chloroplast number and size in palisade and spongy parenchyma. Such changes in the mesostructure measurement of leaves lead to increase the net photosynthetic productivity and more intense accretation of linseed dry weight matter.Consequantly, retardant treatment improved the gross photosynthetic productivity of linseed, that was the important prerequisite for enhancement of crop production. Application of chlormequat chloride resulted on the formation of higher amount of carbohydrates in the leaves, which formed a significant reserve of assimilates for the strong stem growth, formation of fruits and seeds ripening. At the period of fruit formation, the processes of morphogenesis and vegetative growth slowed down so carpogenesis was a powerful acceptor of organic compounds. The flow of assimilates was directed to the development of generative organs – fruits, the number of which increased by the drug as a result of intensive branching of the stem. </span><span lang="EN-US">The number of seeds per fruit, the weight of a single seed and seed weight of linseed increased under the influence of growth regulator. </span><span lang="EN-GB">Application of retardant stimulated a more intense synthesis of reserve compounds in the seeds that increased the yield of linseed oil. </span><span lang="EN-US">T</span><span lang="EN-GB">he analysis of iodine number, qualitative composition and quantitative content of fatty acids indicates that the growth regulator improved the qualitative parameters and degree of unsaturation of linseed oil. </span><span lang="EN-US">It was established that </span><span lang="EN-US">chlormequat chloride did n<span>ot accumulated in excessive amounts in linseed plants. The amount of residual drugs substance in the seeds was significantly lower than the permissible concentrations</span>, <span>which made it possible to use seeds and linseed oil in the food and pharmaceutical industries. We concluded that the application of </span>chlormequat chloride <span>on the linseed during the budding period with standard cultivation technology leads to morphological restructuring of plants, improve the development of leaf apparatus and formation of fruits, which contributed to the improvement of crop production.</span></span></p>

QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF FLAVONOIDS IN LAVATERA THURINGIACA L., GROWING IN ALTAI KRAI TERRITORY

Aim. To determine the quantitative content of flavonoids in Lavatera thuringiaca L., the grass, growing in Altai Krai. Materials and methods. The object of the study: Lavatera thuringiaca L. grass, stored at different phases of vegetation in Altai Krai territory. Quantitative determination of flavonoids in the investigated raw material was fulfilled, using differential spectrophotometry method. Results. Maximum accumulation of flavonoids in Lavatera thuringiaca L. grass was found to occur in the period of budding (1.14 %) and blossoming (1.02 %). The sum of flavonoids in terms of rutin, extracted with 70 % ethanol from raw material, stored in different regions, is changed insignificantly and makes 1.00-1.23 %. Conclusions. The results of this work testify expediency of studying Lavatera thuringiaca L. as a source of flavonoids.

Особливості функціонування донорно-акцепторної системи маку олійного за дії трептолему в зв’язку з продуктивністю культури

<p>We studied the action of synthetic growth stimulator (treptolem) on the morphogenesis, leaf mesostructure, redistribution of assimilates, and nutrients between organs of oil poppy (<em>Papaver somniferum</em> <em>L.</em>) in ontogenesis, productivity and structure of crop. Optimization of production process of oil poppy under the influence of growth stimulator is realized through the source-sink relation system of the plant. Obtained results testify the essential role of morphological and mesostructural components in regulation of source-sink relation system of oil poppy. Appplcation of treptolem’s growth stimulating contributed the formation of more powerful donor sphere and increased the number and mass of leaves, the area of leaf surface and the leaf index. It was found that the reason of such morphological changes caused significant increase in branching of the stem by the action of treatment. The intensification of donor function poppy plants by treptolem also occurred as a result of mesostructural changes in the leaves. Treptolem application induced formation of a more powerful layer of chlorenchymes - the main photosynthetic tissues of plant, linear sizes of chlorenchymal cells and chlorophylls content increased in them. In that case, the intensification of growth processes at the beginning of vegetation under the influence of preparation led to forme a more powerful donor potential of the plant per unit of cenosis area, which created prerequisites to increase the productivity of culture. It was found that the consequence of such changes was an increase of the content of nonstructural carbohydrates (sugar + starch) in vegetative organs of treated variant in compared with the control of intense growth. Treatment showed apparent branching of the stems, that induced a larger number of flowers and fruitcases were laid an increase of acceptor capacity of plant. The result of these changes was determined by more intensive flow of nonstructural carbohydrates on the formation and growth of fruits in the variant with treptolem. In the flowering phase in the roots and leaves of plants, it was observed the highest content of nitrogen that during the formation and growth of the fruit was remobilized on the carpogenesis process. At the same time, the more intensively use of nitrogen by the vegetative organs of the poppy plants to form the fruitcases was in the variant with treptolem. It was noted the lower levels of phosphorus in the leaves and potassium in the vegetative organs of oil poppy in the variant of treptolem treated plant. It testifies that preparation treatment contributed to the more intensive reutilisation of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium compounds in fruit formation. The intensified flow of assimilates and nitrogen-containing compounds together with nutrients to a greater number of implanted fruits provided the growth of crop yields (by increase in the number of cases, the mass of seeds in case, and the mass of a single seed). It is confirmed that there is negative correlation between accumulation of oil and content of nitrogen. It was established that application of treptolem increased the content of unsaturated higher fatty acids in oil poppy. An important practical result of the research should be considered that treptolem treatment increased the content of alkaloids in the seeds of poppy plants, which could e useful in pharmacological industry. We proved that treptolem application during the budding period on the poppy seed leads to increase the yield of crop due to optimized morphological structure of plant, the mesosurface structure of leaf; it is also increased the potential trapping due to the laying and formation of a greater number of fruits.</p>

Analyses of asiatic hybrids resistance at introduction in northern forest steppe of west Siberia

The contents of main pigments of photosynthetic apparatus (chlorophyll a, b and carotinoid) in the leaves of Asiatic hybrids varieties during different stage of vegetation was first determined In conditions of northern forest steppe. It was established that 19 varieties of Asiatic hybrids had maximum level of accumulation of chlorophyll pigments (a and b) during the budding period, 4 – during the flowering period, 2 – during the fructification period; the most important value a/b was proper to 8 varieties in the budding period, 6 – in the fructification period and 11 in the flowering period, the maximum accumulation of carotinoind contained in the budding period that was expressed in the adaptive reaction of plants aimed to increase of photosynthetic apparatus resistance during the most dry season period. Analyses of photosynthetic pigment contents in the leaves of Asiatic hybrids varieties showed that the flowing changes in the contents of pigment complex may be considered as indicators of a mechanism of adaptation of lily varieties to the complex of climatic and natural conditions of northern forest steppe of West Siberia.

The Period of Leaf Level and the Conflict in Efforts to Get the Ordinary Siam Plant

The aim of this research to get a picture of the prolific bud leaves, flowering in the framework of the formation of harvest fruit Siam. Shoots are produced from cultured vegetative vegetation, I e without going through a marriage process because it comes from one parent. The critical point of the formation of the fruit is largely determined by the flowering formation process. Environmental factors and nutritional and hormonal activity in the plant and environmental factors that influence flowering are a mineral nutrient balance, temperature, sunlight intensity and photoperiod. The study was conducted from March to November 2017, in Seming Village, Kerta District, Gianyar Regency of Bali Province. The research is descriptive so there is no special treatment given to the samples. The research is done by the descriptive method that is continuous research so that there is a thorough knowledge about the horticultural cultivation problem of tropical fruit, especially the citrus fruit so that the physiology science of flowering and flowering is obtained in relation get the fruit of the harvest. The citrus varieties used in this research are Siamese orange varieties that have been 6 years old. The number of samples observed as many as 10 plants with the observation of the shoot formation period with the observation once every two days, the percentage of leaf buds, the period of leaf buds, the number of buds that developed. The results showed that the cultivation of Siam plant experienced shoot growth period during one phase of growth 3 times in one period of growth. There are 4 stages of a period of replanting that is 1). Early budgets, 2), full repayment, 3) adult mating and 4) dormancy repayment. Description of flowering development process until the formation of blossom flowers there are 5 important stages traversed by citrus plants are: 1) flower induction, 2) initiation of flowers, 3) development of flower buds towards an thesis, 4) blooming flowers 5) pollination and conception. Siam citrus plants reach the stage of reproductive development, with some or all apical meristem shoots on the branches stop producing leaves and start forming the flower parts according to the typical sequence in the formation of broad flowers apical meristem gradually decreases as the flower parts are formed in sequence. The order of the formation of the flower parts on the citrus plant lasts from the inside out, starting from sepals. Petals, stamens, and pistils. Citrus plant reaches the development stage of reproductive development with a mark of some or all of the apex buds on the branches stop producing leaves and begin to forming parts of the flower according to the typical order. In the formation of broad flowering apical meristem gradually diminishes when the flower is formed in sequence. The sequence of the formations of the flowers on the planting of Siam citrus plant from outside to inside that is ranging from sepal, petal, stamens, and pistils. In contrast to vegetative growth such as the formation of leaves that meristem apex widened again during a period of development.

PERBEDAAN BATANG BAWAH DAN MASA PENYIMPANAN ENTRES TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN OKULASI BIBIT JERUK SIAM MADU (Citrus nobilis)

ABSTRACTThis research had been conducted from December to March 2015 at Horticultural Seed Center, Marpoyan, Pekanbaru. The study aimed to determine the effect of the type of rootstock and the storage period of buds as well as the interaction between both of them towards its growth. This study was conducted experimentally by using completely randomized factorial design (CRFD) consisting of two factors and seven replications. The first factor was type of rootstock (B1: Japanese Citroen, B2: Rough Lemon) and the second factor was storage period of buds (M0: directly grafted, M1: 1-day storage period, M2: 2-day storage period, M3: 3-day storage period). Parameters measured were growth percentage of buds, bud burst time, length of buds, number of leaves and diameter of buds. The results showed that the Rough Lemon rootstock had a significant effect on the number of leaves, length of buds, bud burst time, diameter of buds and equally effect on the growth percentage of buds. Storage period of the buds did not significantly affect the growth of the grafted Siam Madu citrus seedlings.. The interaction between the type of rootstock and the storage period of buds only occurred in the bud burst time only.

A Novel Role for Banana MaASR in the Regulation of Flowering Time in Transgenic Arabidopsis.

The abscisic acid (ABA)-, stress-, and ripening-induced (ASR) protein is a plant-specific hydrophilic transcriptional factor involved in fruit ripening and the abiotic stress response. To date, there have been no studies on the role of ASR genes in delayed flowering time. Here, we found that the ASR from banana, designated as MaASR, was preferentially expressed in the banana female flowers from the eighth, fourth, and first cluster of the inflorescence. MaASR transgenic lines (L14 and L38) had a clear delayed-flowering phenotype. The number of rosette leaves, sepals, and pedicel trichomes in L14 and L38 was greater than in the wild type (WT) under long day (LD) conditions. The period of buds, mid-flowers, and full bloom of L14 and L38 appeared later than the WT. cDNA microarray and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analyses revealed that overexpression of MaASR delays flowering through reduced expression of several genes, including photoperiod pathway genes, vernalization pathway genes, gibberellic acid pathway genes, and floral integrator genes, under short days (SD) for 28 d (from vegetative to reproductive transition stage); however, the expression of the autonomous pathway genes was not affected. This study provides the first evidence of a role for ASR genes in delayed flowering time in plants.

Determination of degradation in the rumen for dry matter, organic matter and crude protein of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) harvested at differentmaturity stages using the in situ nylon bag method

The aim of this study was to determine the degradation in the rumen for the dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and crude protein (CP) of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) harvested at different maturity stages by using an in situ nylon bag method. Maturity and harvesting effects were observed in ruminally degradable DM, OM and CP. High correlations between in situ degradability and maturity were determined. Alfalfa harvested in the bud period exhibited more extensive ruminal DM, OM and CP degradation than that harvested at other maturity stages. The alfalfa hay’s DM, OM and CP degradability were lowest (62.18%, 59.52% and 76.31%, respectively) in its most mature period of seed setting; its degradability decreased with maturity (17%, 14% and 13%, respectively).

Association mapping identifies markers related to major early‐maturating traits in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

AbstractAssociation mapping is a promising tool to identify genes for quantitative traits. A total of 172 upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) accessions were assessed. The panel was phenotyped for four major early‐maturating traits across multiple environments and genotyped using 331 polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. The gene diversity of the 331 markers averaged 0.40 (range: 0.04–0.78), and the polymorphism information content (PIC) averaged 0.34 (range: 0.04–0.75). Thirty‐nine significant markers related to early‐maturating traits were simultaneously detected in at least two environments. Among the 39 markers, 11 for seed period (SP), seven for bud period (BP), six for flower and boll period (FBP), and 15 for growth period (GP). These markers were stable and could be used for marker‐assisted selection (MAS). Favourable alleles for SP, BP, FBP and GP were explored. These alleles can be directly used in MAS to improve cotton early maturity. This study lays the foundation for analysing the genetic mechanisms underlying early maturity, as well as the use of MAS to target traits in cotton.

Investigation of feed value of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) harvested at different maturity stages

The aim of this study was to determine the green herbage and dry herbage yield, chemical and nutritional values and RFV of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) at different stages of maturity under Isparta ecological conditions in 2012. To achieve this goal random sampling plots was created according to an experimentation pattern, and the number of harvests was determined according to regional conditions. In chemical analysis, the following samples were analyzed for Dry Matter (DM), Crude Protein (CP), Ether Extract (EE), Ash, Crude Fiber (CF), Nitrogen Free Extract (NFE), Notral Detergent Fiber (NDF) and Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF), as well as macro and micro minerals. The highest total green herbage yield was 9609.33 kg/da during the budding period, which decreased by 28% with maturity. The highest total dry matter yield, which depends on hay yield, was determined as 1742.63 kg/da at the beginning of the flowering period. The highest CP was determined during the budding period and decreased with maturity. DM, CS, NDF and ADF content increased while ash, Digestible Dry Matter (DDM), Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN), Dry Matter Intake (DMI), Metabolisable Energy (ME), Net Energy Lactation (NEL), and Digestible Energy (DE) content decreased with maturity. The highest RFV was determined during budding and the beginning of the flowering periods. Taking both yield and feed value results into consideration based on Isparta’s conditions, the best harvesting period of alfalfa was determined to be at the beginning of the flowering period.

Morphology, secretion composition, and ecological aspects of stipular colleters in Rubiaceae species from tropical forest and savanna.

Colleters are secretory structures that produce and release mucilage or a mucilage-resin mixture protecting meristems and young structures against desiccation, herbivores, and pathogens. The secretions may vary in colleters of same or different types, indicating that the functionality of colleters may be more specific than previously thought. In this study, we compared 17 Rubiaceae species from savanna and forest environment focusing on colleter secretions and its ecological role. First, we evaluated the morphology, distribution, and histochemistry of stipular colleters using light and scanning electron microscopy. Additionally, we investigated the phenology, microclimate, and the proportion of damaged apices in the savanna and forest species. We recorded standard-type colleters, variable in distribution and size, in 14 of the 17 studied species. The secretion varied from predominantly hydrophilic, mixed to predominantly lipophilic. During the budding period, secretion covered the vegetative apices. Savanna species had a prevalence of lipid secretion in habitats with higher luminosity, which had a lower proportion of damaged apices. In contrast, forest species occurred in habitats with lower luminosity and had a higher proportion of damaged apices, in general with the absence of lipids in the colleters. These results highlight that colleters with similar morphology clearly differed in secretions among species, especially between species from savanna and forest, in which the colleters appear potentially associated with protection against irradiation in savanna, but not in the forest environment.

UNIDADES DE FRIO PARA MACIEIRAS NA REGIÃO DE VACARIA – RS, BRASIL

As macieiras necessitam de um período de acumulação de frio para a quebra da dormência das gemas. Neste estudo, as unidades de frioforam quantificadas por diferentes métodos de cálculo para a região de Vacaria-RS, Brasil, a fim de compará-las com as necessidades de macieiras ‘Gala’ e ‘Fuji’. As unidades de frio foram calculadas para o período de2000/2009, através dos seguintes métodos: Horas de Frio Ponderadas, Utah, Carolina do Norte, Utah Modificado e Carolina do Norte Modificado. Na região estudada, o número de unidades de frio apresenta altavariabilidade entre os anos, independentemente dos métodos de cálculo. Mesmo em anos com alta disponibilidade de horas de frio, o número de unidades de frio necessárias para a quebra de dormência em macieiras ‘Gala’ e ‘Fuji’ não é alcançado, naturalmente. Maio, junho e julho é o principal trimestre para acumular unidades de frio, durante o período de dormência de gemas de macieira.