Period Of 1990s Research Articles

Structure, Enzymatic Mechanism of Action, Applications, Advantages, Disadvantages and Modifications of Luciferase Enzyme

North American Firefly, Photinu spyralis, entertainment countless observers, probably because of human arrival mainland. Between the period of 1950s and 1980s, many young biologists spent their money as a firefly collector, first hired by a Professor William D McElroy at Johns Hopkins University, later became a member of the Sigma Firefly Club. In 1985, when Marlene DeLuca and her colleagues cloned cDNA encoding luciferase, a replacement source of the enzyme becomes available and later in labs around the world, many other organisms began to emit unique yellow-green glow as a result of firefly expression Luciferase is in their cells. Now, luciferase and its genes have become very useful for research purposes and also for a variety of commercial purposes. The structure of firefly and bacterial luciferase will be of great value for the development of applications in many processes. There are many firefly luciferase homologues that can catalyze similar reactions with similar amino acid sequences. Several applications are described in different publications on bioluminescence and chemiluminescence. Firefly flicker is always very interesting to observe it. Firefly luciferase emits light but does not generate heat, which also causes curiosity because it solves the enzyme-catalyzed reaction. Here we mainly review the structure, mechanism, application, advantages and disadvantages of luciferase.

The Generation Consciousness in Acceptance of Japanese Literature during the period 1960s and 1970s - Focusing on the Mechanism of Cold War

The Generation Consciousness in Acceptance of Japanese Literature during the period 1960s and 1970s - Focusing on the Mechanism of Cold War

BOOK DESIGN IN UKRAINE IN THE LATE 20TH CENTURY

In Ukraine, the breakthrough of the 1980s and 1990s was characterized by book design development as a multi-faceted and indicative phenomenon, since at all times the art immediately reacted to any historical changes and reflected the socio-cultural processes. The purpose of this article is to define and compare special artistic features of the book design in Ukraine in the period of 1980s and 1990s. The article considers special aspects of book design development in the territory of modern Ukraine at the close of the 20th century, examines isolated and correlated artistic features of the Ukrainian book editions of the 1980s and 1990s as two qualitatively different periods, and describes the main characteristics of the relevant book products. Moreover, the leading book masters, whose work reflected specifics of this period and became trademarks of the abovementioned age, are determined. Consequently, book design development in Ukraine in the late 20th century looks rather ambiguous from an artistic point of view. The radical structural and political state reorganization in the early 1990s divided its history in two separate stages and influenced all art spheres without exclusion, including the book art. One of the main significant changes in the book design sphere was a transition from classical forms, which depended on the outdated production technologies in the Soviet era, to the electronic design and active computerization of all operations in the sphere of book production. This new environment influenced the worldview of artists and book designers. Put in other words, the mentioned circumstances influenced the restructuring and reformatting of the entire industry, and strengthened the role of a designer as a co-author of a book. This ensured access to new printing standards and contributed to the development of book publishing industry in Ukraine.

A study on the dynamic comparison of logistics industry\u2019s correlation effects in China

BackgroundEntering the middle and late period of 1990s, the logistics industry has been keeping high-speed growth along with China’s continuously increasing economic level. As a basic and strategic industry, the logistics industry is closely linked with and influenced by other industries while influencing them. It plays an irreplaceable role in ensuring smooth operation of the national economy and satisfying the demand of consumers. Its development level directly affects that of the national economy.MethodsWith input-output tables from 1997 to 2010, the input-output model was used to measure the association effect between the logistics industry and its related industries and to calculate the dynamic degree of influence logistics industry exerts on relevant industries at the different periods.ResultsAccording to the input-output analysis, we found results as follows. (1) the status of logistics industry remains to be further promoted. (2) The logistics industry turns into one with “low added value and strong leading force.” (3) Industrial logistics is the main trend while logistics of service industry change. (4) The logistics industry is closely linked with the second industry.ConclusionsTo promote the sustained healthy development of logistics industry and give full play to the role of logistics industry in the national economy, the authors then put forward countermeasures and suggestions: (1) Develop third-party logistic in order to promote the socialization and specialization level of logistics distribution. (2) Speed up the development of electronic business logistics, set up reasonable layout of transportation infrastructure, and build entitative logistics network. (3) Accelerate the logistics informatization and standardization and improve management and service levels of logistics enterprises.

IDENTITY CRISIS, CONTESTATION, AND CONFLICT WITHIN THE HADRAMI COMMUNITY OF AL-IRSYAD 1990-2007

At reformation era the identity crisis amongst the members of Al-Irsyad became manifest which directed to split in 20027. This article aims to analyze the Hadrami, the community of Arab descendent, at dealing the issues of Islam and the state at the period of 1990s – 2007. This research find out that at Reformation era, some members of Al-Irsyad suffered from disorientation manifested in the form of internal conflict, contestation, and then split in 2007. It started from the infiltration of the contemporary Salafi which causes its members diverted from the early goals of Al-Irsyad. These disorientated members, based on the Salafi ideology, made movement claimed as a kind of khittah, that is to restore the organization in line with the early goals of Al-Irsyad. This movement, then, created conflict and contestation within Al-Irsyad which 1n 2007 resulted in the split of organization into Al-Irsyad al-Islamiyah and Perhimpunan Al-Irsyad.Key words: Al-Irsyad, Hadrami community, identity crisis, Split, Salafi.

ТРИ ОПОРЫ РОССИЙСКО-ПОРТУГАЛЬСКИХ ОТНОШЕНИЙ

Russia and Portugal established diplomatic relations in the last quarter of the 18th century. Since that time, they experienced natural periods of rise and fall. Russia and Portugal are not comparable on many parameters: size of territory, population and workforce, the volume of economy, etc. In its turn, the Portuguese nation also can boast of considerable achievements. Political or ideological considerations have always dominated in bilateral relations, which for a long time have prevented building cooperation in accordance with strategic interests. The membership of Portugal in NATO and accession to the European Communities in 1986 obliged Lisbon to form its relations with Moscow in line with overall negotiation processes of these international associations and with an eye on the partners’ position. In certain periods, this fact made it difficult to engage in a constructive dialogue, forcing both sides to see each other through the prism of global confrontation between two hostile social and political systems. At the same time, there has never been acute, intractable disagreements or open conflicts between the two countries. High-level visits and the ruling elites’ interest degree were of great importance for the development of the bilateral relations. In this respect, the period of 1990s and 2000s belonged to the most fruitful. The legal base of cooperation was expanded, important treaties were signed, an exchange of the heads of state visits took place during this time. However, in the following years of the global financial and economic crisis, the Russia–Portugal political relations stalled, later hampered by the consequences of the Ukrainian crisis and the sanctions war. Largely due to the change of political power in Portugal in 2015, contacts between Moscow and Lisbon have a chance to restart. The current government and the President hold a more flexible position towards Russia, seek new opportunities for development of a mutually beneficial dialogue. However, even the years of political difficulties did not stop cooperation in trade, tourism and culture. These areas have become the three pillars for resumption of the dialogue today.

EFFECT OF UNIVERSITY SUPPORT, SOCIETAL VALUES AND PROPENSITY TO ACT ON ENTREPRENEURIAL INTENTIONS AMONG STUDENTS FROM TWO KENYAN UNIVERSITIES

INTRODUCTION:Entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial culture are getting increased amount of attention in both academic research and general practice. Entrepreneurship is linked with adding value and as such, it has an impetus on economic growth, business growth, and employment creation globally. Empirical research supports positive links between entrepreneurial activity, economic growth and innovation. This explains why there is an increased focus in designing educational programmes to encourage entrepreneurship and to provide a fertile ground for business start-ups (Kuratko, 2005). However, the role of entrepreneurship and innovation has not been adequately addressed in the field of university education especially in developing nations (Knudson, Wysocki, Champagne, & Peterson, 2004).Academic institutions such as universities have become incubation avenues where entrepreneurial culture is inculcated among students (Nastiti, Indarti, & Rostiani, 2010). Furthermore, universities play a crucial role in fostering entrepreneurship education with a view to propel the students toward moving into self-employment once they are through with their university education. According to (Sahban, Ramalu, & Syhputra, 2016), universities are supposed to nurture youth as 'active job creators'. The large number of candidates entering the labour market from universities make 'entrepreneurship' a subject of research in universities.According to (Nastiti, Indarti, & Rostiani, 2010) the decision to start a new firm is assumed to be planned for a period of time and thus preceded by an intention to do so. However, this intention may or may not lead to an actual business start-up. Thus, entrepreneurial intentions predict, although not very accurately, individuals' choice to initiate their own business ventures. Thus, entrepreneurial intention is seen as the first move in the evolution of long term process of venture creation (Lee & Wong, 2004) (Fayolle, Gailly, & Lassas-Clerc, 2006) observed that the intention to start a business, then would be a preceding element toward performing entrepreneurial behaviour of venture creation. (Ajzen, 2002) Ajzen's Theory of Planned Behaviour posits that intentions toward a given behaviour would be the single best predictor of that behaviour (Linan & Chen, 2006). According to (Lee & Wong, 2004) and Bird (1988), the intention of carrying out a given behaviour may be affected by several factors such as needs, values, wants, habits, and beliefs. They have identified specific situational factors such as time constraints, task difficulty and the influence of other people through social pressure and societal values as influential factors to entrepreneurial intentions. For this study, the factors considered to influence entrepreneurial intentions among university students were societal values, university educational support and propensity to act.OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:The specific objectives of the study were:1. To examine the extent to which university support influences university students' entrepreneurial intentions.2. To determine the effect of societal values on university students' entrepreneurial intentions.3. To establish the effect of propensity to act on students' entrepreneurial intentions.LITERATURE REVIEW:Entrepreneurial intentions:During the period 1990s to 2010s, economic policies and academic research have associated entrepreneurial activity to economic growth (Audretsch, Keilbach, 2004; (Van Praag & Versloot, 2007); (Linan, Rodriguez-Cohard, & Rueda-Cantuche, 2011). Entrepreneurship is also associated with the development of technical innovations and lead to the growth of employment and competitiveness in business undertakings (Van Praag & Versloot, 2007); (Nystrom, 2008). As such, interest for supporting entrepreneurship, particularly by universities as well as by governments is evident, through development of entrepreneurial infrastructure; to subsidized financing and entrepreneurship education (Otuya, Kibas, Gichira, & Martin, 2013). …

PERSPECTIVES ON THE EVOLUTION OF FEMINISM THROUGH MODERNIZATION AND ISLAM IN TURKEY

This article aims to give a different perspective to the most crucial theoretical elements for feminist movements in Turkey. The history of feminist movements is divided into three periods: the late Ottoman, which began in the 1920s as a state project; the long silence period, which started in the first period of 1930s and spread throughout society until 1980 military coup; and the second wave period starting in the 1980s which was a very complex period where women had a chance to increase the impact of their actions and voices. Although women gained chances to vote, education and property rights during 1930s, they began the movement to call attention to their rights and freedoms. While there is already an impressive collection of research regarding the status of women in Turkey, this article aims to give an overview of feminist movements dealing with reproduction focused on a combination of judicial, social, and political concepts.

Structural Distress Index: Structural Break Analysis of the Czech and Polish Stock Markets

The estimation of multiple structural break models is usually associated with identification of spurious break points, which are identified by universal algorithms. This leads to overvaluation of structural distress in financial markets represented by data series. The paper is focused on an estimation of the new index, which incorporates results of Student, Bartlett, GLR, Mann-Whitney, Mood, Lepage, Kolmogorov-Smirnov and finally Cramer-von-Mises tests statistics together. The new measure is named Structural Distress Index and evaluates a probability of structural break occurrence based on estimations of proposed models. SDI values show that Czech and Polish stock markets went through more instable period in 1990s than at the beginning of the global financial crisis in 2007. SDI measure is straightforward and can be easily explained, the highest values of SDI can identify the most important break points of the research period, which starts in year 1993 and ends in year 2014. Universality of SDI offers its further extension and application to further research of financial markets.

Assessment of Water Harvesting System for a Smart Building Considering Climate Change

With climate change now a reality rather than speculated possibility, the future change of rainfall pattern will affect the demand for potable water. Forth coming regulatory changes will mean that over 90% of UK homes will have their water usage metered, making consumers more and more aware of how expensive the commodity of common or garden water has become. In this paper the design of different rainwater harvesting systems (RWH) is evaluated for three residential properties of different roof areas. The design considered climate change effect and change in future rainfall for three periods 2020s, 2050s and 2080s under the high (AIFI) and low (B1) SRES scenarios in NW of England. The RWH systems were shown to fulfill between 25% and 85% of WC, washing machine and outdoor use demand making the system more valuable as a sustainable solution.

Diplomatic War: Inter-Korean Relations in the 1970s

The period of the 1970s was a turning point in relations between North and South Korea. This was the time of the first peaceful negotiations between the two governments but also the time of one of the worst security crises since the Korean War. Despite the importance of examining this period to understand the dynamics of inter-Korean relations in general and of the effect of Sino-American rapprochement in particular, the relations between North and South Korea in the 1970s have rarely become an object of academic inquiry. The existing studies mostly cover only the period of the early 1970s and are limited in focus to either a particular actor(s) or to certain aspects of foreign relations of the two regimes that they investigate. This analysis demonstrates that the transformation from bilateral dialogue to crisis on the Korean Peninsula in the mid-1970s developed through the gradual escalation of tensions and was the consequence of both the diplomatic and the military policies pursued by the two regimes. As such, the security crisis was closely connected to the diplomatic competition that the two Koreas engaged in on a global scale, and, particularly, at the United Nations (UN), where the security and legitimacy interests of North and South Korea overlapped and collided. I suggest the concept of a “diplomatic war” to highlight the unique characteristics of inter-Korean relations in the early to mid-1970s—the intensity of the competition and the coordination and interrelatedness between the security and legitimacy agendas of the two regimes.

RUSŲ KNYGOTYROS MOKYKLA PIRMAISIAIS XX AMŽIAUS DEŠIMTMEČIAIS

The period of 1920s appears as the most fruitfull phase of book science in Russia, involving a series of bibliological systems by N.M. Lisovsky, A.M. Loviagin, M.N. Kufaev, A.A. Sidorov, M. I. Shelkunov, A.G. Fomin, N.M. Somov, etc. The three first decades in Russia offered conceptual research emphasizing the historical and sociological values of Book; evolutionary nature both of the Book as a whole and its various elements was postulated. However, with book science in the USSR reformed along the principles of Marxist ideology in the 1930s, methodological and theoretical investigations of Russian scientists gave way to routine ideological focuses on class character of Book. It was not until late 1950s when book science was re-established in Russia.

View on the history of electromagnetics of metamaterials: Evolution of the congress series of complex media

This article describes some of the paths through which electromagnetics research of complex media and metamaterials has reached the present active state. In particular, events of a period in 1990s will be illuminated during which new scientific contacts between Former Soviet Union and the West were established. The series of chiral and bianisotropic meetings between 1993 and 2006 appear as a precursor to today's series of metamaterials congresses.

1979~2011년, 북극진동지수 측면에서의 겨울철 남한지역 신적설과 최저 온도 특성

A characteristic of snowfall and minimum temperature variability in South Korea with respect to the variability of Arctic Oscillation (AO) was investigated. The climatic snowfall regions of South Korea based on daily new fresh snowfall data of 59 Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) stations data corresponding to the sign of AO index during December to February 1979~2011 were classified. Especially, the differences between snowfalls of eastern regions and that of western regions in South Korea were seen by each mean 1000hPa geopotential height fields, which is one of physical structure, for the selected cases over the East Asia including the Korean Peninsula. Daily minimum temperature variability of 59 KMA station data and daily AO index during the same period were investigated using Cyclo-stationary empirical orthogonal function (CSEOF) analysis. The first CSEOF of wintertime daily AO index and that of minimum temperature of 59 KMA stations explain 33% and 66% of total variability, respectively. Correlation between principal component time series corresponding to the first CSEOF of AO index and that of temperature at the period of 1990s is over about -0.7 when that of AO index leads about 40 days.

Monitoring bidecadal development of urban agglomeration with remote sensing images in the Jing-Jin-Tang area, China

As an important urban agglomeration of China, the Jing-Jin-Tang area has experi- enced intense urbanization since the 1980s. This study explores the spatiotemporal dynamics of urban areas in this region using multitemporal Landsat images. An enhanced built-up (BU) index method was applied to extract BU areas with an overall accuracy ranging from 75% to 91.35%. Seven spatial metrics were used to discern urban growth patterns at city and county levels. The results indicate that all cities witnessed a rapid growth of BU areas with different spatial patterns. Beijing has been aggregating since the 1990s and a large homogeneous urban patch has formed. The construction and development of metropolitan Beijing and Tianjin started in the early 1980s and became almost fully developed by the end of 1990. Tangshan, like many medium-sized cities in China, is still enduring a development process with an accelerating pace. The metropolitan areas of Beijing and Tianjin have been greatly developed with BU densities exceeding 90% since 2000, compared with Tangshan's 55% in 2010. These results provide spatial information on the evolution of urban extent in the period of 1990s to 2010s in this region. © The Authors. Published by SPIE under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. Distribution or reproduction of this work in whole or in part requires full attribution of the original pub- lication, including its DOI. (DOI: 10.1117/1.JRS.8.084592) The Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan (a.k.a. Jing-Jin-Tang) urban agglomeration is mainly com- posed of three adjacent cities: Beijing, Tianjin, and Tangshan in northern China. It is located at the heart of the Bohai Economic Rim, and plays a vital role in the nation's economic growth. 3 This area has experienced intense urbanization since the national economic reform of the late 1980s. The rapid growth of built-up (BU) areas has brought great pressure to local environment and has led to serious environmental problems such as water shortage, air/water pollution, and vegetation degradation, especially in overpopulated areas. Air pollution results in significant neg- ative health impacts on the large population in cities like Beijing. 4 Dumping solid waste on the

The Politics of Resource Control in Nigeria : Example of Niger Delta Region , 1990s - 2010

This paper explores the nature of resource allocation in Nigeria with specific emphasis on the responses of Niger Delta Region to the politics of resource control as it affects oil fields in their territories. It investigates the factors responsible for persistent agitation for resource control by the local people, particularly the oil producing states, as well as the contradictions of resource control and the non oil-producing states in Nigeria. While the study notes that the region has enjoyed 50 percent allocation of revenue based on derivation, it also discovers that the military regime cancelled this which was adopted by successive government in Nigeria. The very important issue this paper addresses is why the abrogation of resource control took place in the first instance? The environmental despoliation of the region by the oil operators with little allocation that trickle down to the oil-producing area informed the massive protests and intense struggle for oil-resource control especially in the period 1990s and 2010. This paper further point out the fact that though the Niger Delta people’s struggle was mainly environmental, in a wider perspective, it is political because of long neglect from economic benefits that come from oil production. The authors argues that the Delta wanted adequate electricity, good roads, pipeborne water, employment, good and functional health care centres, and access to quality education. It concludes that though the structure of the nation’s political economy would never permit the federal government to relinquish or share the control of oil resources with the oilproducing states and communities, its failing promises to appropriate the revenue accrued from the region toward a sustainable development explain the basis for persistent demand and endless crisis in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria.

Manoeuvring the middle ground: Social mobility and the renegotiation of gender and family obligations among Chinese Singaporeans

The article examines Singaporeans' experiences of upward social mobility and how traditional gender roles within the family are renegotiated and reinterpreted in Singapore. When the former British colony gained independence in 1965 its post-colonial government embarked on an ambitious modernization programme, under which villages were demolished and residents relocated to new high-rise estates, farmland gave way to factories, the education system was reformed, and women entered the workforce. The transformation has been accompanied by a rapid upward social mobility, whereby Singaporeans born in the midst of the transformation, in the period 1960s – 1980s, lived remarkably different lives compared with preceding generations. The article is an ethnographic analysis of how Singaporean middle-class women and men, who have experienced rapid upward social mobility, handle and negotiate changing expectations regarding gender and intergenerational support. The analytical framework is constructed around the concepts of social mobility, modernity, and spaces of contestation and negotiation. The ethnographic data illuminate how traditional family values, such as filial piety, are contested and renegotiated. The data also show how social mobility intersects with other forms of mobility, such as the spatial movement involved in urbanization. Women entering the labour force have to spend their days away from home and can no longer fully attend to their elderly family members and/or young children. However, spatial movement in the sense of increased access to transportation and communication has also enabled members of extended families to maintain their ‘urban kinship network’ without having to live together.

Statistics-induced data from meteorological station characteristics of air temperature variation in Sichuan-Chongqing for about 50 years

This paper characterizes the spatial features and trends of temperature change during 1960 to 2009 using the daily temperature data of 48 stations in Sichuan-Chongqing and 47 stations close to Sichuan-Chongqing from 691 national meteorological stations adopting the GIS spatial analysis function and the linear trend method. The results showed that firstly, the annual mean temperature change of Sichuan-Chongqing presented different spatial unconventionally sensitive areas due to local complex terrain patterns. Typically, Sichuan basin was the cooling center and the Southwestern Sichuan became warming center. In the past 50 years, the change of annual mean temperature showed a U-pattern including the rapid cooling period of 1960s, the relative stability period of 1970s to 1980s and the obviously warming period of 1990s to 2000s. Secondly, the interdecadal change of seasonal temperature in Sichuan-Chongqing strongly fluctuated. The warming rate was more significant in spring and autumn than that in summer and winter. Specifically, in spring, the temperature change of inner Sichuan basin was generally stable, but fluctuated greatly in the boundary of Sichuan basin. In summer, the temperature change of Sichuan-Chongqing showed a weakened cooling trend, and a significantly warming trend in autumn and a gradually warming trend in winter. Thirdly, the temperature change of Sichuan-Chongqing was significantly controlled by the large temporal-scale. The trend of temperature change showed a remarkably difference among annual, decade, accumulated decade and season. The annual mean temperature did not change significantly (in a warming rate of 0.173°C/10a) in the past 50 years. However, the temperature change showed a fluctuant pattern, with a cooling trend, a stable trend, and a warming trend associating with time process, regardless of interdecades, accumulated interdecades and seasons. Fourthly, the mutation of annual mean temperature change in Sichuan-Chongqing occurred about 1974. The change of annual mean temperature presented an overall cooling trend before 1974 and a fluctuated warming trend with dentate-like patterns after 1974. Key words: Sichuan-Chongqing, temperature change, spatial-temporal distribution, station statistics.

The DDC 23 rd Edition (2011): an Appraisal

The 23 rd edition of the DDC, earlier scheduled to be published in 2010, was delayed by about a year to be released in May 2011 in the 135 th year of its first publication in 1876. That small pamphlet published anonymously very soon puck like girdled the world, as if it was being awaited. Since then, save a brief period of 1950s, it has been on an ascending path of progress scaling new heights and covering new territories at home and abroad. Though counted among the big three library classification systems (the other two being the UDC and the (LCC); it has surpassed them in its popularity, simplicity and use. Now it is well entrenched in Europe too where since 2007 European DDC User Group (EDUG) has been officially established. Used in about two lac libraries in 130 countries in six continents, and in sixty national and trade bibliographies,its official translations exist or are under way in more than thirty major languages of the world.

Historical changes in caribou distribution and land cover in and around Prince Albert National Park: land management implications

In central Saskatchewan, boreal woodland caribou population declines have been documented in the 1940s and again in the 1980s. Although both declines led to a ban in sport hunting, a recovery was only seen in the 1950s and was attributed to wolf control and hunting closure. Recent studies suggest that this time, the population may not be increasing. In order to contribute to the conservation efforts, historical changes in caribou distribution and land cover types in the Prince Albert Greater Ecosystem (PAGE), Saskatchewan, were documented for the period of 1960s to the present. To examine changes in caribou distribution, survey observations, incidental sightings and telemetry data were collated. To quantify landscape changes, land cover maps were created for 1966 and 2006 using current and historic forest resources inventories, fire, logging, and roads data. Results indicate that woodland caribou are still found throughout the study area although their distribution has changed and their use of the National Park is greatly limited. Results of transition prob¬abilities and landscape composition analyses on the 1966 and 2006 land cover maps revealed an aging landscape for both the National Park and provincial crown land portions of the PAGE. In addition, increased logging and the development of extensive road and trail networks on provincial crown land produced significant landscape fragmentation for woodland caribou and reduced functional attributes of habitat patches. Understanding historical landscape changes will assist with ongoing provincial and federal recovery efforts for boreal caribou, forest management planning activities, and landscape restoration efforts within and beyond the Park boundaries.