Period In South Africa Research Articles

“Their fight was our fight”: a brief exploration of the contribution of Nigerian universities to the anti-apartheid campaign in South Africa in the 1970s and 1980s

Focusing on Obafemi Awolowo University, Ife (OAU) (formerly known as the University of Ife 1 ) in Nigeria’s Western region in the 1970s and 1980s, this article explores the internationalist politics of both students and academic staff and how they influenced Nigeria’s international relations policies, particularly during the apartheid period in South Africa. This article is a critical study of some of the substantive measures and policies initiated to both provide solidarity with South African anti-apartheid activists and also undermine the South African apartheid regime during this period. The efforts of the anti-apartheid campaign at the tertiary institution in Nigeria’s post-independence era, this article illustrates, culminated in several of the seminal economic and political policies that were subsequently ratified by the Nigerian government, against the South African apartheid regime. This article argues that during the 1970s and 1980s, leftist students and academics on university campuses across Nigeria mobilized support and were at the forefront of the anti-apartheid campaign in Nigeria and also on the African continent.

Women and Photography in Africa: Creative Practices and Feminist Challenges

Women and Photography in Africa: Creative Practices and Feminist Challenges

Assessing the Responses of Aviation-Related SO2 and NO2 Emissions to COVID-19 Lockdown Regulations in South Africa

Aircraft emit harmful substances, such as carbon dioxide (CO2), water vapour (H2O), nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulphur oxides (SOx), particulates, and other trace compounds. These emissions degrade air quality and can deteriorate human health and negatively impact climate change. Airports are the nucleus of the ground and low-altitude emissions from aircraft during approach, landing, take-off, and taxi. During the global lockdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic, tight restrictions of the movement were imposed, leading to temporary closures of airports globally. In this study, we look at the variability of emissions at two major airports in South Africa, namely the OR Tambo international airport (FAOR) and the Cape Town international airport (FACT). Trend analysis of aircraft movements, i.e., departures and arrivals, showed a sharp decline at the two airports coinciding with the lockdowns to prevent the spread of the COVID-19. Consequently, a decrease in NO2 emissions by 70.45% (12.6 × 10−5 mol/m2) and 64.58% (11.6 × 10−5 mol/m2) at FAOR and FACT were observed, respectively. A noticeable SO2 emission decline was also observed, particularly over FAOR during the lockdown period in South Africa. Overall, this study observed that the global lockdown regulations had a positive impact on the air quality, causing a brief decline in emissions from commercial aviation at the South African major airports.

Revisiting Poverty, Human Development and Inequality in Democratic South Africa

There are many questions related to poverty in South Africa that remain unsatisfactorily answered. Given the poor performance of the South African economy, including declining per capita incomes and increasing unemployment, since 2010 or so, it is important to examine poverty dynamics in the recent years. Many recent studies in this regard have relied on 2015 data, and do not examine all the three interrelated aspects of wellbeing viz. poverty, human development and inequality. In this context, this paper uses all the five waves of the National Income Dynamics Study and employs different poverty and inequality measurement techniques to investigate poverty dynamics, human development and inequality during the post-apartheid period in South Africa. The estimates suggest that although poverty was declining prior to the coronavirus pandemic, the African/Black population group is the most affected by poverty. The phenomenon of feminisation of poverty is also verified based on the evidence of increasingly more women in poverty than men. The proportion of population experiencing multiple deprivations, measured by the Multidimensional Poverty Index, have not changed in the post-apartheid period. Similarly, human development has not improved during this period. South African society continues to be one of the most unequal societies in the world. The paper argues that the inability to sufficiently reduce poverty, unemployment and inequality results from the weak performance of the South African economy. In the same vein, it is the structure of the South African economy that has kept the levels of human development low and income inequality high.

The trauma burden on a tertiary surgical intensive care unit during the lockdown period in South Africa: A retrospective observational study

Background Trauma places a significant burden on scarce South African critical care resources. The impact of the lockdown period in 2020 on these resources has not been studied. Restrictions on citizen movement and alcohol sales during the lockdown period presented a unique time period to investigate the burden of trauma on a low–middle-income country tertiary hospital intensive care unit. Methods A retrospective observational analysis of all patients admitted to a tertiary hospital surgical intensive care unit during the lockdown period in 2020, compared to the same time period in 2019 and 2018. Data were analysed to detect if a significant difference was present in the number of trauma admissions, length of stay and mechanisms of trauma. Results A significant decrease in the number of trauma admissions to ICU in 2020 was observed as compared to 2018 and 2019 during the same period ( p = <0.001), with a reduction of nearly 50%. The incidence of trauma admissions was lower in all individual lockdown levels in 2020 as compared to 2018 and 2019, and the lowest incidence was recorded in level 5 of 2020. There was no difference among the length of stay of trauma patients in ICU in 2018, 2019 and 2020. There was no difference between the incidence of trauma admissions during lockdown level 3 (with and without alcohol sales) in 2020 compared to 2018. The profile of penetrating and non-penetrating trauma over the 3 years was the same ( p = 0.22). There were no interactions between years, lockdown periods and penetrating trauma ( p = 0.22). Interpretation There was a significant decrease in the trauma burden presented to the surgical ICU during the lockdown period in 2020. Levels with the strictest restrictions on movement and alcohol use had the greatest measurable impact. The decreased number of trauma patients admitted in 2020 was comparable to the national trend of decreased trauma numbers recorded in all levels of the national healthcare system.

Maternal HIV viral load testing during pregnancy and postpartum care in Gauteng Province, South Africa

Pregnant and breastfeeding women living with HIV (WLHIV) are a target population for elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV (eMTCT). However, there are limited data on maternal virological responses during pregnancy and the postpartum period in South Africa (SA).To review compliance of viral load (VL) testing with national guidelines and suppression rates during pregnancy and up to 9 months postpartum among WLHIV delivering in four tertiary hospitals in Gauteng Province, SA.All women who had a point-of-care HIV VL test using Xpert HIV-1 VL (Cepheid, USA) at delivery in four tertiary obstetric units in Gauteng between June 2018 and February 2020 were included. HIV VL tests of eligible women performed up to 9 months before and after delivery were extracted from the National Health Laboratory Service's Corporate Data Warehouse. Proportions of women delivering who had antenatal and postpartum VL tests performed and their suppression rates were determined and expressed as percentages.Of 4 989 eligible WLHIV (median age 31.1 years), 917 (18.4%) had a VL performed during the antenatal period; of these, 335 (36.5%) had a VL ≥50 copies/mL and 165 (18.0%) a VL ≥1 000 copies/mL. At delivery, 1 911 women (38.3%) had a VL ≥50 copies/mL and 1 028 (20.6%) a VL ≥1 000 copies/mL. Among 627 women (12.6%) with a VL test postpartum, 234 (37.3%) had a VL ≥50 copies/mL and 93 (14.8%) a VL ≥1 000 copies/mL. Overall, having a VL test performed during the antenatal period was associated with viral suppression at delivery and receiving a VL test postpartum (p<0.001). Women with a VL ≥50 copies/mL at delivery were more likely to be younger and to remain virally unsuppressed postpartum (p<0.001) compared with women with a VL <50 copies/mL.Fewer than 5% of WLHIV with a VL at the time of delivery received VL monitoring during the antenatal and postpartum periods in accordance with national guidelines. More than 80% of WLHIV delivering had no evidence of VL monitoring during the antenatal period, and they were more likely than women who received monitoring during the antenatal period to be virally unsuppressed at delivery and to receive no VL monitoring postpartum. Women with a high VL at delivery were likely to remain virally unsuppressed postpartum. These results emphasise the need for closer monitoring of and rapid reaction to high maternal VLs during pregnancy, at delivery and postpartum for attainment of eMTCT.

Federation of Surgeons of South Africa consensus document for the resumption of elective surgery after level 5 COVID-19 "lockdown" period in South Africa

The current document offers a set of principles and issues to help local facilities (with the guidance of the local COVID-19 committees) plan for resumption of elective surgical care.

The Possible Effects of the Extended Lockdown Period on the South African Economy: A CGE Analysis

AbstractThe economic effects of the lockdown period in South Africa will be devastating. We simulated the industry level capacity constraints imposed by the lockdown regulations since 27 March 2020 on all industries in South Africa by reducing the amount of capital and labour available for production. We found a decrease in real GDP to 10% below the baseline level in 2020, and recovery of all industries and macroeconomic variables towards the baseline by 2027. Industries that are suffering and would continue to suffer are the hospitality and tourism industry and all industries related to it, such as transport services, as well as beverages and tobacco. Manufacturing in general is also hard hit because they were prohibited to let large groups of labourers enter their premises. The model shows that most manufacturing will suffer throughout the forecast period, which was modelled up to 2027.

Memory in haunted times: a roundtable discussion of Zulu love letter

ABSTRACT This roundtable is curation of broad-ranging and multidisciplinary reflections on the continuing relevance of Zulu Love Letter, fifteen years after its release. The connecting strand in all the reflections is how the film invites us to ponder on the enduringlegacies and the disturbing specters of apartheid, especially in these tumultuous times characterized by all sorts of political, economic, gender,xenophobic and ableist violence. The recurring concern in all the contributions is how to make sense of these specters of apartheid that linger in thepost-apartheid landscape. While some of the reflections in the roundtable show how Zulu Love Letter forces us to rethink our assumptions aboutreconciliation in South Africa, others point to the recalcitrant presence of the past inscribed on individual bodies and in rebellious mournings. Somereflections also touch on the cinematic qualities of the film in order to locate it within the genre of counter cinema, especially on account of its remarkable tendencyto disrupt linearity. The copious use of flashbacks – or interludes – in the film helps to foreground the argument about haunting in post-apartheid South Africa. In all,we reflect on the making, reception, public life as well as the revived intellectual interest in the film. We note how, since the calls for fees must fall and decolonization, the filmappears to be interpolated in inter-generational reassessments of the gains and losses of the post-apartheid period in South Africa.

Does participation in university governance add value to a student's academic experience?

During the Apartheid period in South Africa, students at Historically Black Universities were excluded from participating in institutional decision-making affecting their enrollment, fee allocation, academic challenges and general well-being. The Higher Education Act of 1997, changed this situation to a participatory inclusion of the Student Representative Council in university governance where they could influence and promote students’ academic interests. This article draws from a study that was conducted at selected Black universities, to explore the academic benefits derived by students who participated in governance since the change. Issues of free education that have been topical in South Africa and further pose scrutiny on how this achievement is beneficial to the SRC who are central to student development advocacy. Adopting a qualitative research approach, the study sought to understand the academic experiences of the SRC, as participants in the highest decision-making structures at these institutions. Findings from the study suggest that the academic benefit for the SRC as participants in governance is dependent on their level of study, political deployment, time commitments and academic aspirations. There ought to be a deeper interrogation on how best to ensure academic value for students who participate in governance.

‘Our Bushes Are the Houses’: People’s War and the Underground during the Insurrectionary Period in the Vaal Triangle, South Africa

The insurrectionary period in South Africa from 1984 to 1986 saw thousands of young and old people confronting the apartheid regime in the streets, the workplace and elsewhere. The revolts were largely led by a broad coalition from below. While the African National Congress (ANC) provided ideological and symbolic guidance, its organisational capacity was limited. In the aftermath of the National Consultative Conference in Kabwe, Zambia, in June 1985, the ANC accelerated its effort to promote a people’s war, which regarded the arming and training of domestic units under the guidance of cadres of Umkhonto weSizwe (MK), and the mobilisation of the local population, as essential. Yet, on the ground, many of the militarised youth groups who were fighting the police and soldiers in the name of people’s war remained outside the direct control of the ANC’s leadership. They broadly followed the ideological and strategic programme of the ANC and, in some instances, received weapons and rudimentary military training. Based on ethnographic fieldwork, oral history interviews and archival research, this article traces the experiences and motivations of one such group in the township of Sebokeng to the south of Johannesburg. It focuses on the complex relationships between popular insurgency and the ANC’s call for people’s war and ungovernability. The article argues that a lack of control and support not only gave these units considerable freedom to interpret the ANC’s strategic objectives, but it also created issues of accountability and exposed them to risks due to poor training and discipline.

Large mammal exploitation during the c. 14–11 ka Oakhurst techno-complex at Klipdrift Cave, South Africa

Understanding how hunter-gatherers adapted to the marked environmental changes of the last glacialinterglacial transition (~18 to 11.7 ka cal. BP) remains a key question for archaeologists. South Africa, with its rich and well-preserved archaeological sequences, has a major role to play in this study. Reconstructing the subsistence strategies of people during the Later Stone Age (LSA) is crucial for investigating human– environment interactions at this period in South Africa, yet data are scarce. Recent excavations at a new LSA site, Klipdrift Cave, in the southern Cape, revealed c. 14–11 ka levels with excellent faunal preservation associated with an Oakhurst lithic industry. Taphonomic and zooarchaeological analyses of these levels show an almost exclusive accumulation of large mammal remains by LSA groups, with evidence of meat removal, marrow extraction, fire use and the preferential import of nutritious elements back to the site. Large mammals from the site indicate a relatively stable environment dominated by open grasslands that is in accordance with isotopic analyses, with only subtle diachronic variability. Comparison of faunal dynamics with changes in lithic industries, shellfish density and composition reflects complex, asynchronous changes in the macromammal, micromammal, shellfish and lithic records throughout the Oakhurst levels. Rather than evidence of a strong impact of global climate change, Klipdrift Cave shows subtle shifts in subsistence patterns and technology that are better explained by internal societal dynamics and the history of the Oakhurst techno-complex, or local changes in site occupation and direct environment.
 Significance
 
 LSA archaeological sequences can document the impact of the marked environmental changes of the Pleistocene–Holocene transition on hunter-gatherer societies. Studies of past subsistence strategies are central to our understanding of human–environment interactions in these contexts.
 Zooarchaeological, taphonomical and palaeoecological analyses of the large mammal remains from the excavated LSA sequence at Klipdrift Cave provide new data on these interactions. The data highlight asynchronous changes in subsistence patterns, lithic technology and local environment, supporting a complex interplay between climate change, local environment, societal changes and human prehistory.
 Klipdrift Cave data set also shows that excavation and analytical choices can strongly bias faunal analysis and environmental reconstructions based thereon.

Samuele Makoanyane: Reconsidering Ceramics Technology and Connoisseurship in Early Modern Southern African Ceramics

This article explores ceramics production in the Modern period in South Africa and Lesotho via a contemporary reinterpretation of the oeuvre of the pioneer Mosotho sculptor Samuele Makoanyane (1909–1944). The research methodology includes a critical examination of images of works by Makoanyane in South African public collections, a literature survey of Modern South African and African ceramic sculptural traditions, as well as a detailed scrutiny of two key texts. The first is a booklet by Makoanyane’s agent, C. G. Damant. The second is a report by the artist, curator, teacher, and development consultant Herbert Vladimir Meyerowitz. A critical examination of these texts and images is synthesised with my knowledge of ceramics technology, production techniques, and professional studio practices. The resultant article opens up a new framework for understanding Makoanyane’s oeuvre, and aims to engage with Modernist tropes and historiographies concerning connoisseurship via three hypotheses. The hypotheses centre around the operation of a professional workshop in which assistants were employed and serial reproduction technology was used. These hypotheses open up new possibilities for understanding and re-evaluating the oeuvre of Makoanyane and other similarly neglected early Modern artists. They are a means to augmenting and enriching knowledge of art, craft, and design history in South Africa, and beyond.

Gendered inequalities in the South African informal economy

abstractIn the early part of the post-apartheid period in South Africa, a ‘feminisation of the labour force’ coincided with an increasing concentration of women in unemployment as well as in informal and low-paid work. In other words, and as observed at the time, an improvement in female labour participation did not seem to ‘buy’ much for South African women. Accordingly, the overrepresentation of women in informal employment has been identified as a key source of gender inequality in the labour market. However, a source of gender disadvantage that has received considerably less attention is the gendered structure of earnings and occupations within the informal economy. In this paper, we examine sources of gender inequality within the South African informal economy through an analysis of a recent labour force survey and by drawing on a multi-dimensional approach to understanding risks to income security.

The Malvinokaffric Realm in the Early-Middle Devonian of South Africa

The Devonian palaeontological record of South Africa is essential in understanding plant and animal evolution as well as global palaeobiogeography and palaeoecology at high subpolar-polar (60–90°) southern palaeolatitudes. As early as the mid-nineteenth century, fossils, most notably those of marine invertebrates, from rocks that would later be known as the (? Pragian-Emsian) Rietvlei/Baviaanskloof formations (Table Mountain Group) and the (Emsian-Givetian) Bokkeveld Group have been recognised to be faunally distinct and similar to those found in Emsian-Eifelian (Early-Middle Devonian) successions in Argentina, Antarctica, Bolivia, Brazil, Falkland Islands (Malvinas), Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ghana and Senegal. This broad region of endemism in southwestern Gondwana was referred to by many iterations, namely ‘Flabellite Land’, the ‘Austral Province’, ‘Falklandia’ and later by the ‘Malvinocaffrischen Provinz’ or ‘Malvinokaffric Realm’ as is used currently. Many fossils from the Rietvlei/Baviaanskloof formations and the Bokkeveld Group are important in defining the faunal composition of the Malvinokaffric Realm. The Malvinokaffric Realm is noteworthy in that it comprises a low-diversity fauna with high endemism, namely those of terebratulid, strophomenid and spiriferid brachiopods as well as calmoniid and some homalonotiid trilobites. Conulariids, tentaculitids and hyolithids are abundant and reef-building corals are rare whilst stromatoporoid sponges, conodonts, goniatite ammonoids and graptolites are generally absent. Subsequent research suggests that several gastropods, ostracods, palynomorphs, acritarchs, chtitinozoans and gnathostome fish may also be endemic to this region. Palaeoclimatic and palaeomagnetic indicators suggest that the Malvinokaffric Realm was situated at subpolar-polar regions during the Emsian-Eifelian, persisting at cool temperatures. Given the high palaeolatitudes occupied by southwestern Gondwana during the Devonian Period as well as the relatively complete stratigraphic record of this period in South Africa, continued research into the palaeontology, palaeoenvironments, and palaeoecologies of this key Malvinokaffric locality will continue to ever ingrain the importance of Africa in understanding global palaeobiogeography.

Effect of Season on Growth, Productivity, and Postharvest Quality of Baby Spinach

Spinach is an annual, cool-season, green leafy vegetable that in temperate areas can be grown year-round. However, different seasons can influence the quality and shelf life of the produce. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of different seasons on the quality of baby spinach leaves during growing and postharvest storage. The study was initiated in early Nov. 2013 and culminated toward the end of Oct. 2014, then was repeated from Nov. 2014 until Oct. 2015. A 4 × 5 × 3 factorial experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with four replicates per treatment. The treatments were arranged as follows. In autumn, winter, spring, and summer, leaves were kept up to 12 d at three different temperatures: 4, 10, and 20 °C. Parameters recorded are weight loss, leaf length, total flavonoids, and antioxidant activity. Results of the study demonstrate that the level of antioxidants in winter remained stable during storage, specifically at 4 °C, followed by autumn and spring. In contrast, the summer season reflected the worse potential of retaining a level of antioxidants compared with the other seasons. On day 12, at a storage temperature of 4 °C, winter maintained 0.55 mg·g–1 dry weight (DW), whereas autumn, spring, and summer had 0.41, 0.40, and 0.11 mg·g–1 DW, respectively. In conclusion, it is recommended that baby spinach growers consider winter, autumn, and spring for growing baby spinach to manage the quality favorably during the postharvest storage period in South Africa.

Modelling extreme peak electricity demand during a heatwave period: a case study

A frequency analysis of the occurrence of extreme peak electricity demand during the non-winter period using South African data for the period 2007–2013 is discussed in this paper. It is during the non-winter period when Eskom, South Africa’s power utility company usually carries out its maintenance of power plants. Extreme peak loads together with high unplanned and planned outages usually cause disruptions to the power plants’ maintenance programmes during this period. A detailed analysis of peak electricity demand is useful to maintain the stability of the power grid. If not properly managed this may result in negative economic impacts as electricity is one of the major drivers of any economy. Initially the data is detrended using a time-varying threshold. A sufficiently high threshold is obtained by using bounded corrected extremal mixture models. We then decluster the exceedances and fit a peaks-over-threshold model to cluster maxima. Empirical results show that demand of electricity significantly increases as a result of heat which builds up with consecutive days of extreme high temperatures. The main contribution of this paper is in the application of extreme value theory models in assessing the frequency of occurrence of extreme peak loads to assist power utilities in the planning of maintenance of generating units. The other contribution is in the development of a modelling framework which shows that as temperature converges to its upper bound, the marginal increase of electricity demand also converges. Most of the cluster maxima are experienced during the months October, November and February, suggesting that these may not be good months for scheduling maintenance of generating plants during the non-winter period in South Africa. This modelling approach may help system operators in scheduling and dispatching of electricity during the heatwave period.

Is early silcrete heat treatment a new behavioural proxy in the Middle Stone Age?

The South African Middle Stone Age (MSA) has in recent years become increasingly important for our understanding of the emergence of ‘modern human behaviours’. Several key innovations appeared in this context for the first time, significantly pre-dating their re-invention in the European Upper Palaeolithic. One of these innovations was heat treatment of stone to improve its quality for the production of stone tools. Heat treatment may even be the oldest well-documented technique used to intentionally alter the properties of materials in general. It is commonly thought of as requiring the skilled use of fire, a high degree of planning depth and complex cognitive abilities. However, to work on these fundamental concepts we need to analyse the techniques and procedures used to heat-treat and we need to understand what they imply. In this paper, we present a direct and expedient comparison between the technical complexities of four alternative heat treatment procedures by coding the behaviours required for their set-up in so-called cognigrams, a relatively new method for understanding complexity based on the problem-solution distance. Our results show that although the techniques significantly differ in complexity, the techniques used in the MSA fall within the range of complexities known from other MSA techniques. Heat treatment in above-ground fires, as it was practised during this period in South Africa, was even one of the most complex techniques at the time of its invention. Early heat treatment can therefore be considered an important behavioural proxy that may shed light on the behaviour and socioeconomic structure of past groups. The implications of this are highlighted by the ongoing debate about ‘modernity’, ‘behavioural flexibility’ and ‘complex cognition’ of early anatomically modern humans in Africa.

Accessibility maps as a tool to predict sampling bias in historical biodiversity occurrence records

Historical biodiversity occurrence records are often discarded in spatial modeling analyses because of a lack of a method to quantify their sampling bias. Here we propose a new approach for predicting sampling bias in historical written records of occurrence, using a South African example as proof of concept. We modelled and mapped accessibility of the study area as the mean of proximity to freshwater and European settlements. We tested the model's ability to predict the location of historical biodiversity records from a dataset of 2612 large mammal occurrence records collected from historical written sources in South Africa in the period 1497–1920. We investigated temporal, spatial and environmental biases in these historical records and examined if the model prediction and occurrence dataset share similar environmental bias. We find a good agreement between the accessibility map and the distribution of sampling effort in the early historical period in South Africa. Environmental biases in the empirical data are identified, showing a preference for lower maximum temperature of the warmest month, higher mean monthly precipitation, higher net primary productivity and less arid biomes than expected by a uniform use of the study area. We find that the model prediction shares similar environmental bias as the empirical data. Accessibility maps, built with very simple statistical rules and in the absence of empirical data, can thus predict the spatial and environmental biases observed in historical biodiversity occurrence records. We recommend that this approach be used as a tool to estimate sampling bias in small datasets of occurrence and to improve the use of these data in spatial analyses in ecological and conservation studies.

Critical Success Factors That Influence Black Leadership Integration in Companies Listed on the Johannesburg Securities Exchange

In the context of post-apartheid period, there have been certain measures introduced to have employment equity in South Africa. The integration of black leadership in a white dominant companies was one among them. The purpose of this study is to identify the critical success factors that influence black leadership integration as per the reform measures defined after post-apartheid period in South Africa. The overall research question guiding this study is: What are the critical success factors that influence black leadership integration in companies listed on the Johannesburg Securities Exchange? The quantitative correlation research design utilizes a pre-validated survey to access the success factors that influence black leadership integration. To address the research question, the independent variables – corporate culture, leadership style, diversity and strategic leadership behaviours – were correlated with three dependent variables - tenure (years of service), job satisfaction and growth satisfaction (career development opportunities) as measures of successful leadership integration. The study finds statistically significant relationships amongst many of the 32 constructs identified in the literature which using factor analysis are described as fair treatment, job hopping, commitment to transformation, Black entrepreneurship and corporate culture. As defined by Black management, job satisfaction, career development (dependent variables), fair treatment and specific leaders behaviours (inspirational motivation and idealised attributes) (independent variables) as defined by MLQ 5X leadership survey are critical success measures that could influence Black leadership integration in Johannesburg Securities Exchange (JSE) listed companies. The results of this study provide strong evidence of critical success factors that have a statistically significant influence on successful Black leadership integration into historically White dominated South African companies.