Period In India Research Articles

Power and functions of the Sarkari Gaon Burah in Karbi Anglong district of Assam

The Sarkari Gaon Burah (Village Headman) is playing a crucial role in the administrations of Village. It is the institution of Village administration system each and every corner of Northeast and as well as main land India. It is the bridge between village and district administrative setup. Gaon Burah system was prevailed since ancient period in India by various names such as in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and other Northern states it is known as Mukhia or Gaon Pradhan. In Assam it is known as Gaon Burah or Bor-Gaon Burah etc. Among the Karbi’s of Karbi Anglong district Gaon Burah’s are known as ‘Sarthe’ (Village Head) and Sarkari Gaon Burah’s are known as “Rong Asar”. In village whatever things or work (Socio-cultural) have to do or done all are under the guidance of Gaon Burah. Every village has a Gaon Burah but the Sarkari Gaon Burah may be one in for area of one village or may be in more than one i.e. some cases one Sarkari Gaon Burah for area of 5/6 villages. Sarkari Gaon Burah and its power and functions for the development of the village are very important. I

Economic growth and sectoral level electricity consumption nexus in India: new evidence from combined cointegration and frequency domain causality approaches

ABSTRACT The re-assessment of energy – economy nexus in developing economies like India is necessitated by the constant evolution of their growth path and sectoral progression. This sectoral level examination is intended to find new evidence for the dependence of economic growth on the electricity sector in India. Using annual data of per capita real GDP and sectoral level consumption of electricity from 1971 to 2019, the combined co-integration test and Frequency domain causality approaches are employed. The estimated results show the negative impact of agricultural sector electricity consumption on growth, whereas both the Industrial and service sector enhances the production. In addition, the results of the Frequency domain causality approach support the Growth hypothesis for the study period in India, as Uni-directional causality from three sectors to economic growth were found at least in a frequency of short run to medium run. The sustainability of the growth-enhancing role of electricity consumption will depend on more sector-specific energy policies and public spending on energy infrastructure development than bland subsidies.

Overriding Lithospheric Strength Affects Continental Collisional Mode Selection and Subduction Transference: Implications for the Greater India–Asia Convergent System

The India–Asia collision, starting from 55 ± 5 Ma, leads to the formation of the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau with great gravity potential energy and large forces acting on the surrounding blocks. However, the subduction transference/jump does not occur in the southern Indian continental margin or the northern Indian oceanic plate as supposed to happen repeatedly during the preceding Tethys evolution. Instead, the continental collision and orogeny continues until present day. The total amount of convergence during the India–Asia collision has been estimated to be ∼2,900–4,000 km and needs to be accommodated by shortening/extrusion of the Tibetan plate and/or subduction of the Greater Indian plate, which is a challenging issue. In order to study the collision mode selection, deformation partition, and continental mass conservation, we integrate the reconstruction-based convergence rate of the India–Asia collision into a large-scale thermomechanical numerical model and systematically investigate the effects of overriding Tibetan lithospheric strength and the amount of convergence. The model results indicate that the absence of subduction transference during the India–Asia collision may be attributed to strain localization and shortening of the rheologically weak Tibetan plate. In case of the India–Asia collision for ∼50 Myr with a total convergence of ∼2,900 km, the model with the intermediately weak Tibetan plate could reconcile the general deformation partition and continental mass balance of the Himalayan–Tibetan system. However, the longer period of India–Asia collision for ∼55 Myr leads to significant shortening of the overriding plate that is not consistent with the Tibetan observations, in which case an oceanic basin may be required for the Greater Indian continent.

Grain Trade, Climate Change and Famines: A Study of Awadh from c. 1858–1900

This study is based on an interesting debate between the British authorities and the Indian nationalists over the issues of frequent famines during the colonial period in India. The British officials largely emphasised the role of deficient rainfall behind the occurrence of famines. But the Indian nationalists saw these famines as an impact of the colonial policies like unequal redistribution of the food-grains available in the local markets as a trade item which led to the rise in prices of food grains and made it beyond the reach of the masses. In the nationalist approach, the man-made scarcity of food grains and the price rise of the same were the main reasons behind the famines. However, some British surveyors argued that the unplanned destruction and conservation of the forests for the capital accumulation not only led to irregular rainfall pattern which gradually affected agricultural output but also deprived the local masses from the benefits of forests especially during the famine period. Thus, the present article takes up some of the issues like rainfall pattern, deforestation, food grain production and grain trade to understand the occurrence of famines in the region of Awadh soon after the direct British rule over India since 1858, mainly using the official data of nineteenth century along with the secondary works.

Historical review of Zardozi

Zardozi is a traditional embroidery since medieval period in India. It is considered to be famous embroidery of Lucknow as chikankari but zardozi is not getting as much as attention and promotion like chikankari. So this paper covers review of zardozi embroidery in historical perspective from ancient to modern period in India with special reference to Lucknow during Nawab’s times. It also focuses on to find out its contemporary status, factors related to continuity and changes in the embroidery. It lays stress on the socio-economic status and problems of workers (zardoz) specially wages and health issues. This paper is a effort to fetch attention of government and non- government organizations towards this Royal craft of Lucknow for better promotion and facilities.

STUDY OF GENERALISED ANXIETY DISORDER AND FACTORS AFFECTING IT DURING POSTNATAL PERIOD.

ABSTRACT
 
 Background: Anxiety disorders remain the commonest mental disorder in general population. Both these disorders are common in pregnant women and postpartum period and are underdiagnosed. There is a paucity of research on mental disorders and their risk factors among women during postnatal period in India. This study aims to estimate the incidence of generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) and depression and explore the common associated factors among postnatal women in India.
 Aim: The present study aims to study the incidence and risk factors of generalised anxiety disorders among mothers attending the outpatient department clinic (OPD) for vaccination of their children or gynaecology OPD for follow up.
 Methods: Total of 180 women of postpartum period, up to 6 months, was randomly selected and assessed using self-report questionnaire GAD-7 for GAD. General demographic details were obtained via a revalidated proforma. Incidence and risk factors for both these mental disorders were assessed.
 Results: The incidence of GAD was found to be 31.11%. Primigravida mothers scored higher on GAD-7 score than multigravida mothers and incidence of GAD was also higher in primigravidas mothers (p=0.042). There was no significant association between age of mother, socioeconomic status of mother, and sex of the child born, with development of GAD in the postnatal period. Substance abuse in husband was significantly related to development of GAD in women in postnatal period.
 Conclusion: A significant proportion of women had generalised anxiety disorder. Pregnancy for the first time was associated with increased risk of GAD. Substance abuse by husband is significantly associated with development of GAD and depression during postnatal period.

A Single-Center Prospective Observational Study Evaluating Telemedicine for Kidney Transplant Patients in the Coronavirus Disease-19 Pandemic

Introduction: The coronavirus pandemic has restricted access to health-care services for kidney transplant patients because of concerns of COVID-19 infection. This single-center prospective study was done to assess the feasibility, acceptability, and effectiveness of telemedicine services for regular follow-up of kidney transplant patients as well as for triaging patients for admission. Methods: The study was undertaken during the lockdown period in India from March 23, 2020 to June 30, 2020. A formatted message seeking all relevant information was sent before teleconsultation. WhatsApp/email using smartphones and Electronic Medical Records system were used to provide telemedicine services. At the end of the e-consult, the patient was asked to rate his experience on a scale of 0–10. Results: A total of 296 consults for 122 patients were given. Of these, 239 (80.7%) consults (96 patients) were for domestic patients and 57 (19.3%) consults (26 patients) were for international patients. The mean age of the patients was 43 ± 15 years. The mean patient satisfaction score for e-consults was 9.5 ± 0.7. Four (3.3%) patients were seen for the first time after transplant via teleconsultation. Nine (7.4%) patients were advised admission and the rest were advised follow-up teleconsultation. Among those admitted, 6 (4.9%) were COVID positive and 1 (0.8%) patient died of COVID-19 pneumonia. Conclusions: Telemedicine offers a viable modality for health-care delivery when access to health care is restricted for transplant patients. Our model of telemedicine can be replicated easily without the burden of high cost for infrastructure.

Effectiveness of Online Payment System during COVID-19

Digital payment methods are popular now days with the rapid development of computer technology for the banking transactions. This can be used to attract more customers to perform banking transactions digitally. However, the main problem of digital payment methods faced by the providers is that a large number of the banks’ customers are not willing to use the digital payment methods offered. We found that adoption of digital payment methods has increased immediately after demonetization and rapid growth has seen in the COVID-19 period. The purpose of this study is identifying the common methods of digital payments, as it is an efficient and viable tool to create customer value. The main objective of this study is to understand the usage of digital payments method and its impact on cash management. In this study, the data has been collected through questionnaire. Data has been analyzed by applying descriptive and diagrammatic analysis. In this study, we found that there are so many factors which affect the participants for the adoption and usage of digital payments method such as nature and scope of transactions, personal factors such as comfort and familiarity with other digital technologies and transactions. The main finding of the study is rapid growth of the digital payment’s methods in lockdown period in India. The usage of the digital payment method is found high in the age group of 20-40 years. It is reported that above 90% of the respondents are aware about the digital payment’s methods. Ease of accessing, cash back, time saving, convenience, better quality decision making, mobile wallet are the main benefits received by respondents. Respondents agreed that these methods are faster and better than traditional payments method.

Is Tribe a Homogeneous Category? Evidence From Tripura in North-East India

Anthropological–sociological studies since the colonial period in India largely saw tribes as homogeneous, unchanging and undifferentiated groups which were free from conflicts or exploitation. This article critiques this notion of tribe and shows heterogeneity within tribes through an analysis of the social history of Tripura in the north-east region of India and mass movement of tribal organisations like the Ganamukti Parishad therein in the late 1940s, 1950s and 1960s. As a princely State, Tripura showed the presence of socio-economic exploitation and contradiction between social strata in the second half of nineteenth century. In the late 1940s, the GMP formulated a notion of tribe that intersected the categories of peasant and class. It was the result of this formulation that class unity between tribal and non-tribal (Bengali) peasantry was an important pivot in its mass movement during this period. In addition, the development of landed class among Tripura tribes over the last few decades is a new and important feature of the state’s agrarian structure, and was further proof of the development of socio-economic heterogeneity within tribes. This article, thus, argues for a dynamic notion of tribe that changes with time and has close linkages with other categories like peasant and class.

Pricing mechanisms of petroleum products implemented during the post APM period in India : An Analysis

Pricing mechanisms of petroleum products implemented during the post APM period in India : An Analysis

Discourse on Lost Pages of History: Architectural Works of Vasudev Kanitkar in Western India

Ample western historiographical resources are available to understand Colonial Architecture in India. Architectural language evolved during Colonial period in India was a collaborative effort of British Royal and Local engineers from several parts. The eclectic architectural language of British India is a product of the amalgamation of western models and eastern knowledge simultaneously. They worked in collaboration with Indian philanthropists, engineers, contractors and artisans. Much is available to read about royal engineers as pride for the British sovereign but contributions of local engineers who equally built colonial India are lost in the pages of history. This Paper tried to document and discuss works of local contractor Vasudev Kanitkar born in Baroda and worked at several places in Western India. With the help of archival resources and primary secondary surveys conducted this research paper compiles architectural contributions of Vasudev Kanitkar less known for his many landmark edifices he designed and built in western India.

AN IMPACT ON QUALITY RELATED TO WORK LIFE AND ITS EFFECT ON EMPLOYEE PRODUCTIVITY DURING COVID-19

In highly globalized and competitive society, the work culture of the organization is much stressful due to the requirement of the highest level of performance for the sustenance in the market. The stack- holders (employees, employers, client’s customers, and consumers) increase productivity in organization when there is an excessive expectation which takes into the count of professional’s physical and mental well-being. Clear-cut of an equitable balance is better in work and life. Productive HR and Operations activities help the employees to work in addition which help them to not abandon their personal life. When there is an optimum productivity, minimum staff turnover, depletion in absenteeism and talent optimization then the organization would be in beneficial. In the Month of December 2019 due to Covid-19 virus attack there was a stressful time on the earth and it paralysed the social and economic development of the Earth. The professionals today are in the Covid-19 ERA. Latterly, Before COVID-19 ERA professionals were extremely well recognized and were in high demand. As there is rapidly new-fangled pandemic situation, Demand and supply chain and Job opportunity has totally collapsed. Individual started living their lives in the big threats. Purpose: To examine employee productivity during Covid 19 associated with the quality related to work life. Design/Methodology – In a context, a survey method was to analyse the efficacy and the quality related to work life in the COVID-19 which was used to furnish an outline of concept about the work life and its quality to efficacy during the COVID-19 period in India. Employee answered the question related to the productivity of employee and quality of work life and questions pertaining to culture, and different associated dimensions of quality of services. Finding – The Endowment of work-life program was neither properly implement nor discussed in firms. As far as the employee job satisfaction was concerned, the work-life increases the level of job satisfaction. The endowment of work-life brings the very positivechanges in the productivity of the firm. A model for QWL dimensions was proposed in this paper. Research Limitations/ implementation – The finding is based on the fact provided by the respondent at a specific time window of the study with limited respondent and sample is also convenient in my study and it has been not interpreted as observable .Practical implications - Now days the industry is becoming more competitive more ICT managed and technologically -driven and grater employee competence and quality of work culture will be required for many industries to survive.

COVID-19 among pregnant women: management outcome and risk of transmission to newborns in western India

Background: The WHO declared a global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 in March 2020. With so much female population in reproductive period in India the effect of corona virus in pregnancy warrants attention as the impact of maternal infection during pregnancy in India remains poorly understood. Objectives of current study were to know the management outcome and risk of transmission among COVI-19 positive pregnant women admitted in a tertiary care institute in western India.Materials: The present cross sectional study was conducted among 217 admitted COVID-19 positive pregnant women in a tertiary care institute in western India from May 2020 to April 2021. Data were collected from the department of obstetrics and gynaecology after taking permission from the head of department of obstetrics and gynaecology. Results: Most of patients were asymptomatic and managed conservatively but some also needed special interventions. Out of 217 patients 124 patients delivered in the hospital, 5 maternal deaths, one stillbirth and one congenital anomaly was reported. Only 25% of patients had normal delivery rest had caesarean and one neonate was found COVID-19 positive. Around one forth deliveries were pre term.Conclusions: The study suggests that most women do not have severe illness and that transmission of infection to infants of infected mothers is uncommon but there are increased chances of pre-term delivery. Majority of the women and neonates were managed and discharged without any major complications. But in some cases COVID in pregnancy may complicate the situation; so it should be handled by a multidisciplinary team of experts in COVID-19.

Tending Immanence, Transcending Sectarianism: Plane of Mixed Castes and Religions

The attempt in this article is to extrapolate the notion of hybridity latent in B. R. Ambedkar’s reflections on mixed castes, and outcastes, which subsequently leads to the causal link that he then derives gesticulating to social evils, namely, the origin of untouchability. Whether this embryonic notion of hybridity present in Ambedkar’s work is amenable to the extrapolation of Dalit identity thought along the lines of Gilles Deleuze’s notion of “immanent mixtures” is a thread that this study pursues. This certainly has broad implications for the prevalent notions of Dalit identity. This study ventures to read Ambedkar’s work, Riddles in Hinduism (1987) alongside Deleuze, probing into the intuitive link between notions of hybridity and the plane of immanence.
 Ideological distancing from predetermined categories of identity considered to be reductive in nature by the intellectuals of Indian philosophical thinking view such predetermined notions as facile conceptions that run short of representative qualities of complex and varied particularities of reasoned engagement with one’s resources. Amartya Sen heralded this ideological position in his work titled, The Argumentative Indian (2006), in favor of heterodoxy and reasoned choice determining priorities between different identities. Lacunae regarding identification of resources prominent in Sen’s work is pointed out by Jonardon Ganeri, who hails from the cluster of contemporary Sanskritists competent in philological and theoretical exegesis of “sastric” philosophical literature from the classical period of India.
 This study is a close reading of Jonardon Ganeri’s concept of ‘resources within’ which he develops in his work, Identity as Reasoned Choice (2012) to examine the potentiality of this concept to advance a theoretical framework that could counter a sectarian view of Indian tradition, as it is professed at the outset of his work. Sectarianism, which Ganeri opposes, identifies mysticism to be its chief trait which he shows to be selectively usurping only those resources grounded in Vedantic wisdom from India’s past.

Reaching zero-dose children in India: progress and challenges ahead

Reaching zero-dose children in India: progress and challenges ahead

Progress in reaching unvaccinated (zero-dose) children in India, 1992–2016: a multilevel, geospatial analysis of repeated cross-sectional surveys

Reaching zero-dose children (infants who receive no routine vaccinations) is a global strategic priority. We studied zero-dose children in India over 24 years to clarify aggregate trends and the contribution of large-scale social, economic, and geographical inequalities to these. We did a multilevel, geospatial analysis of repeated cross-sectional surveys of all four rounds (1992-2016) of India's National Family Health Survey to study the prevalence, distribution, and drivers of zero-dose (no first dose of diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis) vaccination status. We included all children born to participating women who were aged 12-23 months at the time of the survey, as this is the standard age at which immunisation data are assessed. Children who died before the survey and those missing data on key outcomes or correlates were excluded. The outcome was child zero-dose vaccination status. We also compared the prevalence of nutritional deficits among zero-dose versus vaccinated children. For the most recent survey, we produced geospatial estimates identifying the prevalence of zero-dose children across states and districts and used these to project head count. We examined 393 167 children for eligibility. 72 848 children were included in the final analytic data set. The proportion of zero-dose children in India declined from 33·4% (95% CI 32·5-34·2) in 1992 to 10·1% (9·8-10·4) in 2016. Progress notwithstanding, in 2016, zero-dose children remained concentrated among disadvantaged groups (prevalence in the bottom wealth quintile 15·3%, 95% CI 14·6-16·0; prevalence among mothers with no education 16·8%, 16·1-17·4). Compared with vaccinated children, zero-dose children were more likely to suffer from malnutrition in all survey rounds (prevalence of severe stunting in 1992: zero dose 41·3%, 95% CI 39·2-43·8 vs vaccinated 28·5%, 27·2-29·7; 2016: zero dose 24·9%, 23·6-26·2 vs vaccinated 18·7%, 18·3-19·1). In 2016, there were an estimated 2·88 (95% CI 2·86-2·89) million zero-dose children in India, concentrated in less developed states and districts and several urban areas. Over a 24-year period in India, child zero-dose status was shaped by large-scale social inequalities and remained a consistent marker of generalised vulnerability. Interventions that address this cycle of intergenerational inequities should be prioritised. None. For the French, Spanish, and Hindi translations of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.

COVID-19 and tobacco cessation: lessons from India

ObjectivesThe Government of India prohibited the sale of tobacco products during the COVID-19 lockdown to prevent the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. This study assessed the tobacco cessation behaviour and its predictors among adult tobacco users during the initial COVID-19 lockdown period in India. MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted with 801 adult tobacco users (both smoking and smokeless tobacco) in two urban metropolitan cities of India over a 2-month period (July to August 2020). The study assessed complete tobacco cessation and quit attempts during the lockdown period. Logistic and negative binomial regression models were used to study the correlates of tobacco cessation and quit attempts, respectively. ResultsIn total, 90 (11.3%) tobacco users reported that they had quit using tobacco after the COVID-19 lockdown period. Overall, a median of two quit attempts (interquartile range 0–6) was made by tobacco users. Participants with good knowledge on the harmful effects of tobacco use and COVID-19 were significantly more likely to quit tobacco use (odds ratio [OR] 2.2; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2–4.0) and reported more quit attempts (incidence risk ratio 5.7; 95% CI 2.8–11.8) compared to those with poor knowledge. Participants who had access to tobacco products were less likely to quit tobacco use compared to those who had no access (OR 0.3; 95% CI 0.2–0.5]. ConclusionsAccess restrictions and correct knowledge on the harmful effects of tobacco use and COVID-19 can play an important role in creating a conducive environment for tobacco cessation among users.

Impact of Demographic Factors on Consumer’s Usage of Digital Payments

The post-demonetization phase in India has triggered more cashless transactions; a shortage of cash in the system had forced consumers to shift themselves from cash to cashless transactions. In the retail space, the thrust has shifted on costs, as banks continued their efforts towards migrating customers to lower-cost electronic and automated channels to reduce human intervention. On the contrary, it is also vital to check the customers’ demographic impact on the usage of digital payment services. The objective of the study is to analyse the changing customer dynamics and improve the customer experience from the outcome. This article aims to investigate the impact of demographic factors on consumer usage (CU) of Digital payments during post-demonetization. Further, exploring the impact of demographic factors (gender, age, education, marital status and income) on CU and satisfaction of 599 respondents towards various digital payment methods in tier I and tier II cities of India. The results show a significant impact of age, education, occupation, and income of respondents and no significant impact of gender and marital status of the respondents on consumers’ usage. The outcomes of the current work revealed useful insights into consumer’s usage and satisfaction with four prevailing digital payment methods vis-à-vis demographic factors. This study is significant as it empirically examines the impact of demographic factors on the CU of digital payment systems during the post-demonetization period in India.

Analysing the Media Consumer Trends During the COVID-19 Period-The Rise of Otts in India

In the wake of an unprecedented COVID-19 widespread, there is a massive development in the media and entertainment industry through OTT (Over-the-Top) platforms which offer video streaming directly to viewers via the internet without cable, broadcast, and satellite television supports. During the self-isolation period, OTTs have increased the overall media consumption to a real high and are now gradually becoming mainstream entertainment destination amidst the growing internet users. This mass intrusion has given an opportunity for many independent platforms to grow and run alongside the likes of already established biggies, Netflix and Amazon Prime. The telecom operators chipped in this aspect and are extensively working on optimizing their operations with advertising revenue and bringing in effective content strategies in order to reach out to more people. The present study focuses on this new development by using the technique of quantitative content analysis in order to know the cause of this sudden increase in OTT channels' viewership among millennials during the lockdown period in India and its impact on traditional modes of communication.

COVID-19 and Greenhouse Gas Emission Mitigation: Modeling the Impact on Environmental Sustainability and Policies

The COVID-19 pandemic has compelled countries worldwide to enforce stringent measures to maintain social distancing, by locking down populations and restricting all kinds of transport. Besides their impact on the virus, these dramatic changes may also have positively contributed to a sustainable environment. The study aims to measure the effect of COVID-19 on environmental sustainability by employing the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model. The study is based on the daily data of COVID-19 confirmed cases; confirmed deaths; manually generated lockdown data by the indexing method; and NO2, NH3, SO2, and CO levels from March 3, 2020, to July 27, 2021. This research study investigates the long- and short-term relationship between COVID-19 and the aforementioned greenhouse gases. The findings suggest conclusively that NO2, SO2, and CO declined during the COVID-19 period in India because these gases are anthropologically emitted by transport, industries, and fossil fuel burning. On the other hand, the evolving NH3 is not related to COVID-19 confirmed cases and deaths but is impacted by lockdown because ammonia emission is directly related to agricultural activities. Therefore, a decline in pollutants such as greenhouse gases during the COVID-19 period until July 2021 was observed. This means the prioritized control of human activities can be helpful to enhance the quality of the environment.