Period In Europe Research Articles

Impact of socioeconomic and transport indicators on road safety during the crisis period in Europe

The risk of being involved in a road crash is typically influenced by mobility, which in turn is influenced by various socioeconomic indicators. This study aims to investigate the impact of socioeconomic and transport indicators on road safety during the economic crisis period in Europe. A database containing Human Development Index (HDI), suicides, passenger-kilometers and road fatalities per population was developed. Linear Mixed Models were applied for all the examined countries and the different groups that were selected for the period 2006-2015. The results led to the conclusion that HDI has the most important impact and its increase leads to road fatalities decrease. Moreover, the evolution of human development affects the outcomes of road crashes more than suicides and passenger-kilometers travelled. After the end of the crisis, the impact of human development is even higher. Concerning passenger-kilometers travelled, there is an increase in the relative impact on road fatalities after the end of the crisis.

Understanding Research Methodology: Social History and the Reformation Period in Europe

This article provides an overview of the social-historical methodology, highlights relevant scholarship on this approach, and offers specific examples of studies on the Reformation period in Europe that use the social-historical method. I begin by explaining how the social-historical methodology, otherwise known as new social history, originated from the historical method. While highlighting key scholarship on this approach, I outline how the social-historical method differs from the historical method. I also present two essential methodological features of social history, including using sources in new, more analytical ways. I conclude by presenting specific examples of how historians of the early modern period, such as Kirsi Stjerna and Merry Wiesner-Hanks, apply the social-historical method in their own studies. This last section focuses on works that explore women’s history, family life, work, and witchcraft, primarily during the Reformation period in Europe. My goal is to provide a resource for emerging young scholars, such as undergraduate students and newly admitted graduate students, who are interested in strengthening their own work by better understanding the social-historical research method and how it is used in the study of history and religion.

Multi-analytical approach to the study of mecca gilding technique

Meccatura is a type of historical gilding technique, which consists in the application of a coloured varnish on burnished metal surfaces (silver or tin foil) with the aim to both imitate the golden surface and to protect the metal from tarnishing. Since the medieval period in Europe, it has been applied in paintings, carved wood altarpieces, frames, polychrome sculptures, and decorated leather. There is a variety of mecca historical recipes, which report on different organic substances, e.g. siccative oils, resins (sandarac, colophony, shellac etc.), organic dyes (saffron, dragon’s blood, gamboge, aloe etc.), plasticizers (beeswax or carnauba), often unknown, subject to degradation phenomena and past interventions. More recently, the classical mecca antica has been substituted with mixtures of synthetic colourants charged with pigments and inert materials, the so called mecca moderna. Due the complexity of present materials, this represents an analytical challenge for heritage scientists and conservators. With more attention dedicated to the traditional gilding techniques, available scientific results on the meccatura are rather fragmentary, being part of a larger multi-analytical study on decorated artworks. This paper focuses on meccatura research issues, outlines the gaps in their scientific study and evaluates several methodologies to overcome them. In specific, the limitations and contributions of complementary Raman and Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopies to the study of main traditional mecca components are analyzed and discussed, supported by structural information from Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) and colorimetric measurements by Fiber Optics Reflectance Spectroscopy (FORS). The experimental study is carried out on mock-ups and on a real case study. The paper highlights potentials, limitations and future perspectives in the development of non-invasive analytical approach to the investigation of historical and modern mecca varnish recipes, their alteration and ageing.

Geochemical fingerprint of agricultural liming as a regular management practice in Modern-period Basque farming

The Modern period in Europe is marked by the introduction of deep agricultural changes. In the Basque Country (northern Spain), the implantation of an intensive crop rotation was made possible by the expansion of agricultural liming, although the extent and implications of this practice have not been previously explored in depth. The present paper proposes a multidisciplinary approach to this question, based on the combined analysis of archival sources, toponymy, visual prospection focused on the presence of limekilns, and agricultural soil coring in four local contexts of the Atlantic Basque Country. The results show, for the first time, evidence of concurrent and widespread liming in this territory at the edge of the 18th century, with strong implications for the model of agricultural management in the communities involved. The spreading of mineral fertilisation reflects an intensification in the forms of agricultural management, in the framework of a new relationship between land and labour that emerged after the introduction of American crops. Continuous liming for more than 200 years exerted a deep impact in the analysed soils, with interesting socio-economic and ecological implications that are representative of the potential short-term effects that changing relationship between humans and their socio-ecological environment may produce in agricultural soils.

Buried Alive: The Phenomenon of Apparent Death in Estonian Tradition

Hardly any other folklore subject or motif can offer a more colourful bouquet in genre than apparent death, ranging from fairy tales and romantic legends to rumours, ballads, and jokes. The historical origin of stories of apparent death extends back to antiquity, probably also relying on some true events; however, the formation and spread of folktales on this subject falls into the Enlightenment period in Europe. The emergence and development of this topic relate to medical and religious practices, journalism and literature. The article focuses on the traditional context of apparent death in eighteenth-nineteenth-century Europe, including Estonia.

HATİCE SULTAN (NEŞETÂBÂD) SARAYI GRAVÜRÜ ÖRNEKLEMİNDE DEĞİŞEN İSTANBUL KÜLTÜRÜ

The fact that the Ottoman Empire was an exotic and mysterious Eastern country has been an important issue that has great meaning for Western orientalist engraving artists. The natural landscape, topographic image, mosques, palaces, daily life and the Bosphorus of Istanbul which is the capital of the Empire, were important elements that lived in the engravings of many painters. After going to Europe, many of these painters turned their paintings into an album with the technique of Engraving. These albums have survived to the present day as a historical document introducing the socio-cultural life of the Ottoman Empire. 18. in the century, Sultan III. During Selim's period, there were serious changes and transformations in the cultural sense. During this period, the Ottoman palace opened its doors to Western artists, and a culture that developed under the influence of the West began to gain a place, especially in Istanbul. In this article, after briefly mentioning the history of Engraving art, information is given about the life of the Orientalist Painter Melling, who grew up under the influence of the Renaissance period in Europe and turned his face to the East. After mentioning the artist's work as a painter and architect in Istanbul, his relationship with Hatice Sultan, the sister of Sultan Selim III, and the dimensions of this relationship were evaluated. It is aimed to examine the change and transformation of the palace and the socio-cultural structure of the period through the Neşetabad Palace engraving made by Melling.

FOREIGN EXPERIENCE IN MODERNIZATION AND RECONSTRUCTION OF TYPICAL POSTWAR HOUSING

The article presents the results of review and analysis of literature sources on the reconstruction and modernization of typical housing in the postwar period in Europe (Germany, France, Poland, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia) and Russia. The main issues of its implementation are considered: energy efficiency, organizational and economic, architectural and planning. The organization of reconstruction and modernization of housing at the state level is described in detail, application of modern technologies during its implementation, as well as examples of implemented projects.
 After the Second World War in many countries of the world and especially in the countries of the socialist camp there was a massive panel and brick housing construction on typical projects of the first generation with the use of industrial structures. In the early 70's it became clear that such buildings are obsolete, lost social attractiveness, and most importantly, efficiency. Analysis of the state of old buildings and the use of a multifaceted approach to the renovation and reconstruction of obsolete housing has led to the realization that the renovation of such buildings is more economical than new buildings in vacated areas and they are available to middle-income people. Foreign experience in the modernization and reconstruction of post-war housing convincingly proves this.
 It should be noted that each European country finds its own ways to address organizational, technological and economic issues related to the reconstruction and modernization of residential buildings.
 Based on the fact that the first post-war buildings on standard projects, as a rule, were carried out in whole arrays, their reconstruction should be based not only on residential buildings but also on the residential district or neighborhood as a whole. During the reconstruction of buildings should be considered traditional or historical features of the surrounding parts of the city. Particular attention should be paid to improving transport conditions, as the number of individual transport is constantly growing. Also important are the issues of insolation and aeration, which, together with the appropriate level of landscaping, significantly affect the microclimate of residential buildings. In addition, open buildings are deprived of the individuality of the yard space, so the reconstruction of the neighborhood should be based on the principles of closed or semi-closed buildings. This can be achieved by adding or constructing additional volumes that connect individual buildings. This achieves both economic and functional efficiency of space use.

The potential persistence of ancient malaria through the Quaternary period in Europe

Several members of the Mediterranean mosquito fauna are the potential vectors of Plasmodium vivax malaria. Although it is known that such primates as Macaca populated the Old Continent at least from the late Miocene era, the possible continuity of the Mediterranean mosquito fauna in Europe previously were not studied. In this study, the potential summer generation number of a Plasmodium vivax-like malaria protozoon and the suitability patterns of the Mediterranean mosquito fauna were modelled for 2 latest Neogene and 10 Quaternary periods. In addition, the mid-Pliocene and mid-Pleistocene Macaca distributions were also modelled. The model results show that the mid-Pliocene and mid-Pleistocene potential range of the Mediterranean mosquito fauna was much more extensive than the present days, covering the western and central parts of Europe. The mid-Pliocene and mid-Pleistocene Macaca populations lived in such areas where the Mediterranean Anopheles species could exist, and the potential summer generation number of Plasmodium vivax-like protozoon could be 3–4. During the Pleistocene interglacials and the Holocene era, many ancient human populations lived under such mild climatic conditions where the Mediterranean malaria mosquitoes and the malaria parasites could persist. In the Last Glacial Maximum, the members of the Mediterranean fauna were restricted to small refugia, which gradually increased in the last 21 ka reaching the present-day conditions. The Atlantic coasts of western Europe, the North Pontic area – and to a lesser extent-the Carpathian Basin seems to be sensitive to climatic changes related to the spread of Mediterranean mosquito vectors. The results support the permanent survival of P. vivax-like parasites throughout the Quaternary Period in Europe.

Ramularia leaf spot disease of barley is highly host genotype-dependent and suppressed by continuous drought stress in the field

Since the 1980s, Ramularia leaf spot (RLS) is an emerging barley disease worldwide. The control of RLS is increasingly aggravated by a recent decline in fungicide efficacy and a lack of RLS-resistant cultivars. Furthermore, climate change increases drought periods in Europe, enhances variable weather conditions, and thus will have an impact on severity of plant diseases. Hence, identification of RLS-resistant cultivars and understanding of disease progression under abiotic stress are important aims in integrated disease management under climate change. In the present study, we evaluated quantitative RLS resistance of 15 spring barley genotypes under drought, controlled irrigation and field conditions between 2016 and 2019 and monitored microclimatic conditions within the canopy. We identified genotypes that show robust quantitative resistance to RLS in different field environments. Our findings suggest that long-lasting drought periods create unfavourable conditions for the disease and supports that the extent and duration of leaf wetness is a key factor for RLS epidemics.

Mobility and Social Change: Understanding the European Neolithic Period after the Archaeogenetic Revolution

This paper discusses and synthesizes the consequences of the archaeogenetic revolution to our understanding of mobility and social change during the Neolithic period in Europe (6500–2000 BC). In spite of major obstacles to a productive integration of archaeological and anthropological knowledge with ancient DNA data, larger changes in the European gene pool are detected and taken as indications for large-scale migrations during two major periods: the Early Neolithic expansion into Europe (6500–4000 BC) and the third millennium BC “steppe migration.” Rather than massive migration events, I argue that both major genetic turnovers are better understood in terms of small-scale mobility and human movement in systems of population circulation, social fission and fusion of communities, and translocal interaction, which together add up to a large-scale signal. At the same time, I argue that both upticks in mobility are initiated by the two most consequential social transformations that took place in Eurasia, namely the emergence of farming, animal husbandry, and sedentary village life during the Neolithic revolution and the emergence of systems of centralized political organization during the process of urbanization and early state formation in southwest Asia.

Warfare, Fiscal Gridlock, and State Formation during Europe’s Military Revolution

We analyze a general commitment problem inherent to the formation of tax states: How can a state credibly promise to use tax revenues for pre-specified purposes? At the start of the early modern period in Europe, monarchs controlled expenditure. Where parliaments controlled taxation, the result was endemic fiscal gridlock—which became increasingly intolerable during Europe’s military revolution. Exploiting a new panel database, we show that warfare was associated with significant fiscal reforms—either increasing the crown’s powers of taxation or parliament’s powers over expenditure. Although pure parliamentary control was rare, we show that even absolutist monarchies decreased the amount of expenditure that the crown controlled. Reducing the crown’s ability to unilaterally determine how to spend state revenues directly mitigated the fiscal commitment problem, by making the state’s expenditure promises more credible, and was associated with significantly greater revenue extraction.

Особенности исторического развития городской среды г. Алжира в период 1830-1962 гг.

The article examines the main stages of the historical and urban development of the city of Algiers, particularly its growth and urban changes during the period from 1830 to 1962. Starting from the early 1830-s., Algiers became the scene of major construction activities carried out in accordance with the French idea of the development of the city which was to become the capital of the French colony.There were two directions of development, namely, construction on the territory of the «White City» (Kasbah) and construction outside the Ottoman fortifications, on free land areas. Construction activities on the territory of the old city led to irreparable losses of the urban environment. During this period, the historical part of Algiers underwent profound social, economic, cultural and spatial changes. The new districts were built in accordance with the style trends existing in this period in Europe.

ЕКЗИСТЕНЦІяльНА ПАРАДИГМА ЛІрики МихайлА СитникА і ГаннИ Черінь (художньо-БІОГРАФІЧНИЙ ДИСКУРС)

The article highlights the poetic legacy of the war and postwar years of Ukrainian artists Mykhailo Sytnyk and Hanna Cherin, united not only by the Muse but also, albeit for a short time, by marriage. The creative tandem of poets lasted until the end of the 1940s, in the 1950s their lives diverged in the United States, but there remained works that united artists in their common life and artistic destiny. The aim of the article is to comprehend the existential paradigm of the lyrics of M. Sytnyk and H. Cherin in the artistic and biographical discourse. Materials of scientific research, in particular the texts of some poems, have been published in Ukraine for the first time and make it possible to cover the littleknown pages of the life and work of M. Sytnyk and H. Cherin in the 1940s in Europe. The article is written with the maximum preservation of the cited materials, which are important historical and literary sources in the study of the biography and work of Ukrainian artists, the disclosure of their biographical and creative discourse. To achieve this goal, several methods were used – primarily from biographical with the study of authentic sources, cultural-historical, philological, intertextual to phenomenological and hermeneutic analysis, which allow distinguishing and analyzing artistic and biographical discourse in the lyrics of M. Sytnyk and H. Cherin to explore the existential paradigm of their poetry. Elements of conceptual analysis are also used, which allow considering the lyrics of poets through the prism of dominant concepts. The married life of artists and the reasons for their divorce can be reproduced only from fragments, i.e. from the words of their friends, acquaintances, in some mentions of researchers of their work and from the poetic lines of M. Sytnyk and H. Cherin, because none of them did not mention this period after the break. The post-war period in Europe was the time not only of romantic relations between artists, marriage, and the birth of a daughter but also of successful creative activity, joint speeches at conferences, literary evenings, and other events of the DP cultural and artistic community. While in Europe, poets published their works in numerous emigrant publications and separate collections of poetry in the 1940s, existential meditations), in which the dominant concept is the lost Motherland, which is realized in the lyrics of poets through the opposition of foreign – native land. The artistic discourse of poetry of the war and post-war periods of M. Sytnyk and H. Cherin is represented by personal, intimate lyrics; civic and patriotic lyrics (in wartime – the lyrics of heroism and rank), and existential-nostalgic, anteistic lyrics associated with the loss of the Motherland. The existential paradigm of the lyrics of Mykhailo Sytnyk and Hanna Cherin in the artistic and biographical discourse is determined primarily by the circumstances of their life and creative activity – the Second World War, the difficult postwar years, and the emigration factor, which for many Ukrainian artists was decisive not only in their lives but also in their work. The common destiny of the artists was connected by the poetry of the war and the first postwar years, which reflected at the artistic level not only the story of their love – its bright and dramatic sides, but also the existential circumstances of Ukrainians in exile.

Chopin Twenty-four Preludes In No.1 in C Major; No.2 in A Minor; No.3 in E Minor

Chopin, the great Polish composer and "piano poet", produced many piano works during the Romantic Period in Europe. Twenty-four Preludes (op. 28) are called "the universe of the Bagatelle music" since Chopin's preludes played a role in linking the past and the future, and Bach can be seen in Chopin's preludes played a role in linking the past and the future, and Bach can be seen in the Twenty-four Preludes, while in Debussy and Rachmaninoff's preludes, you can see the reflection of Chopin's musical form. This article analyses the harmony, composition and technique of the Twenty-fourPreludes-No.1 in C Major; No.2 in A Minor; No.4 in E Minor, devoting further studies to the charm of Chopin's music.

The newspaper “Babochka” (1829–1832) as a linguistic source

The article deals with the newspaper “Babochka” as an important source for philological research, which objectively reflects the linguistic processes of its time. Translated articles selected from leading periodicals in Europe and America, creatively revised by the authors, included the Russian reader in the world media space. A differential approach is used in the article that focuses primarily on the dynamic elements of the lexical and semantic system. The newspaper presents the innovations of the early 19th century, including borrowings, foreign language inclusions, complex adjectives formed in Russian, and dialect words. As a result of the analysis of the source, the emergence of new meanings for words already in use was noted, the dating of a number of new lexemes was clarified, and contexts for their semantization were identified. The work concludes that the rare words and rare word usage recorded in the texts of the newspaper “Babochka” can be considered as valuable materials for historical lexicology.

Листи Володимира Левинського до Володимира Дорошенка за 1950–1953 рр. з архіву Української вільної академії наук у США

The purpose of the publication is to involve in scientific circulation preserved letters dating from 1950–1953 of Volodymyr Levynsky (1880–1953), a member of the Ukrainian Social Democratic Party in Galicia to Volodymyr Doroshenko (1879–1963), the bibliographer, publisher and editor, director of the Shevchenko Scientific Society Library, historian of the liberation movement and culture, a USDRP activist from the Dnipro Region and one of the leaders of the Union for the Liberation of Ukraine. The letters were discovered by the author in the fond of «Volodymyr Doroshenko (1879–1963), bibliographer, literary critic, public and political figure» (F. 76), stored in the Dmytro Antonovych Archives- Museum of the Ukrainian Academy of Arts and Sciences in New York (USA). The research methodology is based on the application of the principles of integrity of the study of historical sources and objectivity. Comparative-historical, typological, descriptive, anthropological, biographical and psychoanalytic methods were used, which made it possible not only to get an idea of the addressee’s personality, but also to cover the life, social and scientific activities of Ukrainian emigrants under Soviet occupation of Austria in the postwar period. Scientific novelty. These letters of V. Levynsky, created by him in the last years of his life in Vienna (Austria), are published for the first time. Letters are autographs. First of all, they reveal the physical and internal psychological state of the addressee, as well as the relationship between Ukrainian emigrants, detailing their individual biographical data and creative plans. Conclusions. V. Levynsky’s letters have significant informational value. Their introduction into scientific circulation will contribute to the study of the biography of the figure and greatly expand the historical knowledge about the life and activities of Ukrainian political emigration in the postwar period in Europe.

Changes in the Characteristics of Dry and Wet Periods in Europe (1851–2015)

This study spanning the period 1851–2015 explores the spatial and temporal characteristics of dry and wet periods in Europe as well as their variability and changes. It is based on up to 220 stations with monthly precipitation time series that have a varying data availability within the study period. The stations are classified into eight regions with similar climate characteristics. Dry and wet periods are analyzed using the decile method as well as the modified Rainfall Anomaly Index mRAI at the 3-month timescale. Spatial extent, duration, and frequency of dry and wet periods show a large multi-decadal variability resulting in comparatively small long-term trends over the entirety of Europe for the study periods 1901–2015 and 1951–2015. Nonetheless, several sub-regions show distinct changes—with opposite signals for northern and southern Europe. Spatial extent and duration of dry periods generally decreased, while wet periods show increases throughout the 20th century—particularly in Scandinavia. A simultaneous increase in the frequency of severely dry and wet years, respectively, is observed since the 1980s. This indicates that temperature increases across Europe may be connected with an increasing frequency of extremes at both sides of the probability density function of precipitation.

Early modern European languages and literature: A short review

This article engages with several recent books about language and literature, with a general focus on the early modern period in Europe. One of these books discusses language study in early modern England. Another examines the histories of words relating to ‘ingenuity’. The third provides a theoretical look at the aphorism with a wide historical scope but with some chapters relating to early modern literature. Each is of general interest for linguistic and literary scholars.

Oblique-change matters: ‘bradyseismic’ institutional change in local government

AbstractIn the last 30 years, Local Governments all over Europe experienced an intense season of institutional change of unprecedented width and intensity. This paper focuses on a neglected type of institutional change, a more indirect one – here labeled oblique-change – that however strongly influences the overall LG institutional change and local autonomy. Taking 2012 as the climax of the austerity period in Europe and Italy as a pilot case for future comparisons, this article shows that oblique-change matters to a considerable extent, and that it is much more frequent and highly impacting than expected. Moreover, it argues that bradyseismic adjustments provoked by oblique-change may turn out in an equally profound change of the local government's asset, as that induced by major reforms.

Discussions on Identity in Ceramics and Ceramics in Contemporary Art

Clay, as a material and ceramics, which is the technique of hardening it by firing, is a form of production as old as human history like other branches of art. However, ceramics started to be perceived as contemporary art in the 20th century, when famous artists such as Pablo Picasso and Joan Miro made ceramics. Before this period, ceramics was being mentioned as; pottery, handicrafts and industry. This process, which started with the production of ceramics by 20th century painters, allowed ceramics to be perceived as a contemporary art branch. In the years following this period in Europe, ceramics departments were opened within the academies, and with the contributions of those artists, who were educated in ceramics, as form and content, the style which is named as contemporary ceramic art today, has emerged. Thus, contemporary ceramic art, which was already born into modernism, has witnessed two periods until today; modernism and postmodernism. The subject of this research is the study of the state reached by ceramics, which has had a unique modernization process and has been exposed to many discussions about its identity, in contemporary arts. Keywords : Ceramic, Art, Craft, Identity, Art of Ceramics, Contemporary Art DOI : 10.7176/JSTR/6-10-10