Egypt In Period Research Articles

Stick Fighting and Stick Fencing in Ancient Egypt and Their Impact On the Present Day

The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of stick fighting or stick fencing-like activities in ancient Egypt on modern sport. In the study, a comprehensive literature review was conducted to investigate stick fighting and fencing activities in ancient Egypt and their impact on contemporary sport. The literature review focused on historical documents, tomb paintings, hieroglyphs and archaeological findings from the ancient Egyptian period from 3000 B.C. In ancient Egypt, stick fighting was a widely practised sport alongside wrestling. In ancient Egypt, stick fighting was a rivalry between two players. Although stick fencing is a very popular attraction for exhibition fights, it is sometimes not seen as a fight against an opponent, but rather as a dance performance. It is said that the stick or club wielders wore masks during the matches. The fencers had to bow to the audience before the fight. They then held their sticks in a crossed position. It is assumed that there was a scoring system for fighting with sticks. Although in ancient Egypt fighting with sticks or acrobatic movements with sticks were used for demonstration purposes such as dance events, this could have been the origin of modern fencing and combat training. The aesthetic movements and manoeuvres with sticks and the wearing of masks by the athletes are similar to today's fencing. In ancient Egypt, stick fighters can be seen as stick fencers. In African and Middle Eastern cultures, stick fencing is still widespread and is reflected in the traditions.

Facing death: a multidisciplinary analysis of a Romano-Egyptian mummy mask at the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen

Funerary masks played a crucial role in ancient Egyptian burial practices, as part of the rituals to ensure a successful afterlife. This study presents the first comprehensive analysis of a gilded mummy mask from the Roman period in Egypt from the collections of The Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek in Copenhagen. Portraying a young female, the mask belongs to a distinctive group of mummy masks, whose origins can be identified to be coming from the Dakhlah and Kharga oases. The construction of the mask (plaster, textiles) and the constituents of its polychromy (pigments, binding media) was analysed using various non- and micro-destructive methods: imaging, cross-section analysis, optical microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy coupled to energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Additionally, samples were taken for palaeoproteomic analysis with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. A wide range of pigments such as yellow and red ochre, carbon-based black, and Egyptian blue were identified, reflecting common materials in polychromy in Egypt during the Roman period. Notably, indigo was detected, suggesting its usage in mixtures to render purple hues. Analysis of adhesives and media identified plant gum and collagen-based animal glue. Proteomic analysis identified Equus asinus (donkey) as the predominant protein source for the collagen-based glue. The results shed light on the materials and techniques employed in ancient polychromy in Egypt in the Roman period, further enriching our understanding of artistic practices at the time.

Classification and detection of changes in land use and land cover using satellite images and GIS- near Suez Canal area

Egypt has developed significantly in the vicinity of the Suez Canal and its surrounding towns over the last ten years. Utilizing satellite pictures to identify land use and cover types from thematic maps remains difficult. Select the optimal strategy for successful satellite image classification across various applications. Enhancing classification accuracy requires the most effective algorithm. The effectiveness of a change detection system has not been tested in the community of Abu SUWEIR, located near the Suez Canal region in Ismailia City, Egypt. This project analyzes seven classification algorithms with the use of remotely sensed Planet Scope multispectral pictures to evaluate and monitor changes in land cover in ABU SUWEIR Village from 2016 to 2022. The post-January 25, 2011 revolution period in Egypt saw a transition from anarchy to the commencement of progress and improvement. This analysis demonstrates that the ANN classifier achieved an overall accuracy of 77.33% in 2016 and 72.00% in 2022, with corresponding KAPPA coefficients of 0.66 and 0.58 for each year. Agriculture was the most common land use type according to the ANN categorization, making up over 60.48% of the study area in 2016 and 53.89% in 2022. Bare terrain is the second most common landcover type, accounting for 30.31% in 2022 and 25.91% in 2016. On the contrary, urbanized regions, accounting for 13.61% in 2016 and 15.80% in 2022, are the least categorized.

After the fall of the Egyptian Empire: review of the Third Intermediate Period settlement at Tell el-Retaba

AbstractExcavations at the site of Tell el-Retaba since 2007 have revealed an extensive settlement and associated material culture dating from the Third Intermediate Period (1070–664 BC). This work represents the only large-scale investigation into domestic archaeology from this period in Egypt and the results offer important insights into aspects of urban life for an under-studied phase of Egyptian history.

The Role of External Actors in the Arab Spring

This study critically analyzes the multifaceted roles played by foreign entities in the Arab Spring, illuminating the intricate interplay between external actors and historic political upheavals. The investigation meticulously examines the engagement of foreign actors, revealing the complexities and contradictions inherent in their involvement. While the Arab Spring initially emerged as a grassroots movement, it became intertwined with geopolitical motives, laying bare inconsistencies in external support. The intervention in the Libyan case serves as a poignant example of the repercussions of unchecked involvement, highlighting the importance of adhering to international norms and comprehensive post-conflict planning. Russia's role in the Syrian war illustrates the prevalence of power politics over human rights considerations. The post-Arab Spring period in Egypt and Tunisia exposes the vulnerability of democratic transitions, emphasizing the imperative of sustained institution-building. Recommendations for future engagements advocate for the prioritization of self-determination, multilateral collaboration, and long-term strategies. The Arab Spring experience underscores the compelling need for principled foreign interventions.

Comparing the Crisis of 806/1403–1404 and the Fatimid Fitna (450–466/1058–1073): Al‑Maqrīzī as a Historian of the Fatimids

Modern scholars often treat al‑Maqrīzī as an important, if not the most important, historian of the Fatimids, especially given the poor survival of sources from the Fatimid period, particularly for the Egyptian period of their rule. However, historians have emphasised how al‑Maqrīzī was heavily influenced by crises that occurred in his own present. Al‑Maqrīzī’s Ḫiṭaṭ, Sulūk and Iġāṯa all contain criticisms of Mamluk Sultans contemporary to al‑Maqrīzī and a general pessimism about the state of Egypt in his own day. This article argues that this critique and pessimism shapes how al‑Maqrīzī documented Fatimid history in ways that can profoundly influence how we understand the Fatimid past. It takes the Fatimid fitna of 450–466/1058–1073 as a case study and underlines how one must compare across al‑Maqrīzī’s works to understand how his present has influenced how he shapes the past. The chapter is broken into four parts. Part 1 examines the text shared between al‑Maqrīzī’s works (which can be analysed digitally), underlining that al‑Maqrīzī’s more polemical views in the Iġāṯa could be copied into his other works. Part 2 discusses how al‑Maqrīzī’s Ḫiṭaṭ can be understood as a work of remembrance in the face of crisis, a schema in which the Fatimids feature prominently. Part 3 digitally analyses the mention of dates to show how the crisis of 806/1403–1404 is a major theme in the Ḫiṭaṭ, and that this text was likely conceived around the same time as the Iġāṯa was written. Part 4 then utilises close reading to show how the Iġāṯa frames that account of the Fatimid fitna in a way that mirrors the crisis of 806—as al‑Maqrīzī saw it. This framing of the fitna is found in parts of the Ḫiṭaṭ. However, as the article concludes, there are multiple framings of the fitna in the Ḫiṭaṭ that reflect how al‑Maqrīzī’s views had evolved over time. Al‑Maqrīzī’s accounts of Fatimid history should, therefore, be treated and studied carefully in the light of his more critical views.

Predictors of mental health problems during the COVID-19 outbreak in Egypt in 2021.

With the widespread outbreak of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, many countries, including Egypt, have tried to restrict the virus by applying social distancing and precautionary measures. Understanding the impact of COVID-19-induced risks and social distancing measures on individuals' mental health will help mitigate the negative effects of crises by developing appropriate mental health services. This study aimed to investigate the most contributing factors that affected individuals' mental health and how individuals' mental health has changed over the lockdown period in Egypt in 2021. The study draws on a nationally representative sample from the combined COVID-19 MENA Monitor Household Survey conducted by the Economic Research Forum. The data were collected in Egypt by phone over two waves in February 2021 and June 2021. The total number of respondents is 4,007 individuals. The target population is mobile phone owners aged 18-64 years. The 5-item World Health Organization Well-Being Index (WHO-5) is used to assess the individuals' mental health over the past 2 weeks during the pandemic. Penalized models (ridge and LASSO regressions) are used to identify the key drivers of mental health status during the COVID-19 pandemic. The mean value of mental health (MH) scores is 10.06 (95% CI: 9.90-10.23). The average MH score for men was significantly higher than for women by 0.87. Rural residents also had significantly higher MH scores than their urban counterparts (10.25 vs. 9.85). Middle-aged adults, the unemployed, and respondents in low-income households experienced the lowest MH scores (9.83, 9.29, and 9.23, respectively). Individuals' mental health has deteriorated due to the negative impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. Regression analysis demonstrated that experiencing food insecurity and a decrease in household income were independent influencing factors for individuals' mental health (p < 0.001). Furthermore, anxiety about economic status and worrying about contracting the virus had greater negative impacts on mental health scores (p < 0.001). In addition, women, middle-aged adults, urban residents, and those belonging to low-income households were at increased risk of poor mental health (p < 0.05). The findings reveal the importance of providing mental health services to support these vulnerable groups during crises and activating social protection policies to protect their food security, incomes, and livelihoods. A gendered policy response to the pandemic is also required to address the mental pressures incurred by women.

Examining the Grooves at the Ptah Temple, Karnak in Light of Comparanda

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Grooves in stone surfaces remain an enigmatic, but ubiquitous phenomenon throughout Egypt. They date as early as the New Kingdom and endure at least into the early modern era. Woefully understudied, these marks, also known as “pilgrim grooves” or cupules were likely used by different actors across time towards a variety of ends. This study offers an introduction to the phenomenon and explores the possible functions of these grooves at the Ptah Temple located within Karnak Temple. To better understand these grooves, this study turns to “external contexts of practice”—comparanda from later periods in Egypt, and cross-cultural examples from outside of Egypt. I conclude with analyses that use these external examples as possible bridges to better understand the phenomenon in ancient Egypt; here I argue that increased temple access in the New Kingdom may contribute to an increase in grooving activities and that grooves at Ptah Temple were pious acts of engagement.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Elemental compositions of papyrus removed from ancient cartonnage reveal technology and date papyrus

Papyrus was used as a writing support from 2500 BC to the 11th century AD to record and transfer information both in Egypt (where it has predominantly survived) and the wider Mediterranean and Near Eastern world. During the Ptolemaic and early Roman periods in Egypt (c. 322 BC-14 AD), discarded written papyri were recycled and widely used as a support to make cartonnage, which was a glued encasement to protect mummified bodies. This research investigates the elemental characteristics of papyri known or believed to have come from cartonnage, in order to understand how that usage might have changed the elemental compositions of those papyri. In this research, the elemental compositions of ink, no-ink and “white” areas (where observed) were characterised using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry in twenty papyri. Inked areas have significantly greater concentrations of lead than areas of papyri with no ink, and X-ray diffractometry revealed that calcite (CaCO3) formed the white compound of the preparation layer of the cartonnage. Changes in ink composition may have the potential to be used as a technique for dating papyri.

“When sorted and cleaned may prove of great interest”

Te Papa holds a collection of 17 textile fragments acquired in 1914 from the Egypt Exploration Fund. These fragments were excavated from the site of Antinoopolis in Egypt during the 1913–1914 season of fieldwork, carried out under the direction of John de Monins Johnson. They derive from items of dress and soft furnishings dating from the first millennium CE (the Roman Period and Early Arabic Period in Egypt). The objectives of this study were to identify the original textiles that the fragments derive from and their dates of manufacture and use, all within the context of the story of Antinoopolis. As part of the study, the textile fragments were examined according to standard modern practice. The study was carried out as an extension of recent work undertaken by institutions in the United Kingdom in particular the Whitworth Art Gallery, on the textiles recovered from Johnson’s excavation, most of which are held in collections in the United Kingdom. The Te Papa study is significant in that it adds to this body of work. In addition, the collection is a valuable resource for education and research.

A donation list from Elephantine: Judaean and Non-Judaean onomastic characteristics from the Persian period in Egypt

Abstract This study uses quantitative methods in the analysis and comparison of 195 names on a donation list from the Nile island of Elephantine, dated to 400 bce, with Judaean names from the end of the First Temple period. The goal is to shed more light on the origin of the individuals named on the list and their relationship, if any, to Judaeans. The onomastic analysis is based on the distributions of name types, theophoric elements and prefixed/suffixed theophoric elements, as well as on the most popular roots in names and the prevalence of names common to the donors and Judaeans. The results revealed several Judaean onomastic characteristics in Elephantine that help support the claim that the origin of these Elephantine donors is Judaean. At the same time, other onomastic characteristics which differ from those in Judah may be attributed to the influence of the surrounding multi-cultural society, as well as the time gap between the donors and Judaeans.

Ein neuer Textzeuge zu einem neunköpfigen Wesen (pBM EA 10669)

The present contribution is the editio princeps of pBM EA 10669, of which, despite its very interesting content, no notice has been taken thus far. The papyrus bears a text about a nine-headed figure with the main head in the form of a human being. Various passages inscribed on the papyrus can be paralleled directly with other texts from Egypt and thus offer an informative insight into the religious history of multi-headed beings, particularly during the Late Period in Egypt. [Formula: see text]

The authority of the trial court in referring the unconstitutionality invoked in Jordanian law: a comparative study

The unconstitutionality invoked is an axis of reform, introduced by the Jordanian constitutional amendment of 2011, as set out in the French Constitutional Amendment of 2008, which was preceded by the Egyptian legislature's approach in the Supreme Constitutional Court Act No. 48 of 1979. Pursuant to the Jordanian Constitution and the Constitutional Court Act No. 15 of 2012, individuals' right to challenge the unconstitutionality of laws and regulations is limited to arguing that they are unconstitutional before the court of law, through substantive proceedings. The referral decision raises questions about its concept, scope, effects, authority and oversight. The study aims to highlight the Court's role in referring directly to the Supreme Court or the Constitutional Court for the purpose of determining the constitutionality of legislation suspected of being constitutionalized. It concluded that the trial courts in France, Jordan and Egypt played a very important role in advancing judicial control over the constitutionality of laws. It recommended that Jordan's referral period be shortened, and that Egypt's period be limited

Nándor Hidegkuti's Coaching Activities in Egypt

Nándor Hidegkuti, a former outstanding footballer and coach, is a personality who connects the Arab world and Hungary in the field of sports. This is particularly true in the case of Egypt, as he worked for seven years as a specialist manager in the North African country. After presenting the history of Hungarian-Egyptian sports and football relations, in the present study, I undertake to present the coaching career of Nándor Hidegkuti and, in particular, its period in Egypt, based on contemporary (primarily) press and archival sources. He coached the country's largest and most prestigious club, Al-Ahly, from 1973 to 1980. This period was one of the most successful periods in the history of the club.

Multidisciplinary approach for documentation of an Anthropoid Wooden Coffin from the Late Period in Egypt

Multidisciplinary approach for documentation of an Anthropoid Wooden Coffin from the Late Period in Egypt

Unpublished Black-topped Pottery from the Eton-Myers Collection (ECM 844, ECM 1210, ECM 1211, ECM 1225, and ECM 1226)

Abstract Representing the choices of Egyptologists like Brugsch and Newberry in addition to Major Myers, the Eton-Myers collection is stunningly sophisticated for the time of its assembling. It includes 14 pots and sherds of black-topped ware, a hallmark of the early Predynastic Period in Egypt. Despite their attractive shapes and decorative effects, the pots of this type belonging to the collection remain unstudied. Like most black-topped pots in museum collections today, they lack provenience or any other information about their precise dating. Therefore, this paper studied five black-topped vessels from the Eton-Myers collection by analyzing their attributes. The paper identified their forms and dating based on Petrie and later revisions by Kaiser and Hendrickx. The vessels that have the numbers ECM 844, 1226, 1211, 1210, and 1225 were dated to Naqada Ib, NIb, NIc-IIa, NIIb-c, NIIb-d1 respectively. Since the main aim of attribute analysis is to reconstruct the cultural context in which pottery was made, this study described the conditions of the periods the pots were dated to. Additionally, this study was able to show the conditions of the periods that were reflected in the features of the black-topped pots part of the Eton-Myers collection. For instance, a general tendency towards replacing open forms with restricted shapes could be explained by the rise of trade. Hence, pottery attributes can be used to date and reconstruct the general context of unprovenienced black-topped pottery from the Eton-Myers collection. A pot’s function, on the other hand, may be confirmed by its form and residue-analysis. This paper calls for the application of the latter archaeometrical approach, which represents the most recent phase of the development of pottery studies, to further enhance our understanding of the contents traded in black-topped pottery between Egypt and its neighbors towards the end of its prehistory.

Two Unpublished Metal Pen Boxes from the Mamluk Period in Egypt "Archaeological and Artistic Study"

Two Unpublished Metal Pen Boxes from the Mamluk Period in Egypt "Archaeological and Artistic Study"

Heavy metals and micronutrients assessment in soil and groundwater using geospatial analyses under agricultural exploitation in dry areas

This study used a geospatial model to evaluate the regional distributions and buildup of various Heavy Metals (HM) and micronutrients as a result of groundwater irrigation used for lengthy periods in Egypt’s El-Kharga and El-Farafra oases, which were formed on western desert terrain, were the subject of the study. To fulfill this aim, field sampling of soil and groundwater was integrated with cartographic modeling. The evaluated HM concentrations in the water samples are below the permitted level for irrigation. The surface soil’s element concentrations were within acceptable limits. However, protracted mobility and a potency risk for soil smearing were not spotted. The apportionment of HM concentricity versus soil profundity showed that the assemblage was primarily in the topsoil. Future management plans should consider ongoing HM level monitoring. The lands are divided into three classes: II, III, and IV, according to their capabilities, while the soils are divided into three classes based on their suitability: moderately suitable class S2, marginally acceptable class S3, and permanently unsuitable class N2. Additionally, soil fertility and quality were categorized into low and moderate categories. Land evaluations indicate that they are promising areas for agricultural investment under the conditions of using modern agricultural techniques. The most important results of the study are that the non-technical use of irrigation water in some areas has exacerbated the problems of salinity, especially in those where the drainage characteristics are poor. Concentrations of HM were found only in agricultural areas adjacent to urban areas and poor drainage, especially in agricultural areas reclaimed for more than 50 years. High concentrations of HM were also found in shallow wells close to the same places, and there were no significant concentrations in blind wells. The main recommendation of the study is the necessity of using modern agricultural and irrigation systems in those places.

Source of Raw Materials and Its Processing for the Manufacturing of Ptolemaic Faience Bowls from Tell Atrib (Nile Delta, Egypt).

The provenance of siliceous grain material, the basic source of manufacturing faience items, is still a matter of discussion. The study methods applied so far have not brought satisfactory outcomes, and the results are ambiguous and problematic. Archaeological evidence has also not supplied adequate proof for establishing the sites where the source material was obtained and the methods of its preparation. Therefore, we propose an interdisciplinary approach to solve these research problems. We explore selected material of 7 faience bowls precisely dated on the c. 100 years of the Ptolemaic Period in Egypt. The body and glaze of the faience bowls was qualitatively and quantitatively tested with regard to chemical and mineral composition, and selected material parameters. Based on structural-textural analysis, as well as chemical and mineral composition, the source area of the studied raw material and its potential excavation site was determined in the Eastern Desert. The obtained results were compared with locations of mines exploiting gold-bearing quartz veins, functioning in the Ptolemaic Period. Material parameters obtained from image analysis have been applied to reconstruct the processes of crushing and grinding of the quartz material and its further treatment for faience manufacturing. Quartz treatment was analysed with regard to tools and handling processes applied in Ptolemaic mines. We assume that such an approach has given accurate results in determining the provenance of siliceous material used in the Ptolemaic workshops of Athribis. Therefore, in material studies of artefacts produced in the antiquity, it is indispensable to use an interdisciplinary and complex approach, beginning from field studies and ending with detailed laboratory analyses.

Public and Private Diaries

Abstract This article analyzes a number of Egyptian blogs in relation to their print ancestors, in particular private notebooks written by young effendis in the 1920s and public fictional diaries serialized in the periodical press in the same period in Egypt. It compares the media transition taking place in Egypt in the early 2000s following the adoption of blogging and social media to the one occurring in the early decades of the twentieth century following the popularization of printed products. Using theories from media studies and rhetorical studies, it shows how the blog inherits some of the formal and stylistic features of private diaries as well as their anti-authoritarian attitude. Yet it also shows how compared to its ancestors, the blog favors an unprecedented exposure of personal, private issues in public, turning self-writing into a social, communicative activity. Similarly, autofiction and subversive styles of writing are techniques that bloggers borrow from the fictional print diaries in order to write about their private lives in public. However, digital tools, with their mode of circulation, temporality and increasing exposure to state and informal censorship, make it increasingly difficult for bloggers to keep a room of their own.