Autumn Period Research Articles

Microbiocenosis of the Permafrost Soils of Transbaikalia under Agriculture Use

An understanding of how the involvement of soils in agricultural turnover affects soil microbiocenosis has been attained. The aims of this study were to investigate the number of the main groups of microorganisms in microbial complexes, the carbon of microbial biomass and the enzymatic activity in permafrost soils under the influence of tillage. The presented data can provide an insight into the stability of the microbiome in region’s soils under agricultural influence. The significance of the study lies in obtaining new data on the microbiocenosis of permafrost soils, which will make it possible to reveal the orientation and intensity of microbiological processes during their agricultural use. The study uses the classical methods used in soil science and soil microbiology, which are characterized by accuracy and reliability. The general characteristics of the microbiocenosis of different types of the studied region’s soils have been revealed. The quantity of bacteria, including actinomycetes and fungi, in the studied soils was determined. The variability of indicators in time and space is shown. The number of bacteria was revealed to reach its maximum in the autumn period in grey forest non-podzolised soils, and the indicator decreases in the following manner: forest—10.6 billion cells/g, arable land—5.1 billion cells/g, virgin land—2.6 billion cells/g. The lowest indicator of bacterial abundance—0.5 billion cells/g was found on arable permafrost meadow chernozemic soil. A comparatively low bacterial content is characteristic of chernozem meal-carbonated: 1.9 billion cells/g on virgin land and 2.1 billion cells/g on arable land. The length of actinomycete mycelium is dynamic according to the seasons of the year. The maximum length of actinomycete mycelium was observed in grey forest non-podzolised soil (forest) in the autumn period—830 m/g. The maximum length of fungal mycelium was also observed in grey forest non-podzolised soil (forest) in autumn—1200 m/g. In arable variants, the length of fungal mycelium is high in grey forest non-podzolised soils and meadow permafrost soils. In chernozems and permafrost meadow chernozemic soils (virgin and arable) the index is much lower. Assessment of catalase activity showed that the studied soils are poor or moderately enriched in this enzyme. Relatively high invertase activity was found in all variants.

2020–2021 rhinovirus genetic diversity in Saint Petersburg

Introduction. Rhinoviruses represent one of the most common respiratory viruses and belong to the Picornoviridae family, genus Enterovirus, being divided into three types: A, B, C, which account for 169 types. Rhinoviruses predominate in autumn and spring periods, although they circulate throughout almost entire epidemic season. The rhinovirus genome is represented by a single-stranded 7.2 thousand base-long +RNA. According to the publications, the most common rhinovirus species is rhinovirus A (HRV-A), followed by rhinoviruses C (HRV-C) and finally rhinovirus B (HRV-B). The aim of our study was to define rhinovirus genetic diversity in Saint Petersburg . Materials and methods. The study was conducted at the Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza. Samples (smears from the nasopharynx and oropharynx) were delivered from the S.P. Botkin Clinical Infectious Diseases Hospital, St. Olga’s Children's City Hospital, N.F. Filatov Children's City Clinical Hospital No. 5. Outpatient samples were used as well. Samples received from December 2020 to October 2021 were analyzed. Detection of rhinoviruses was carried out by real-time PCR, typing — by Sanger sequencing, with primers developed by da Costa Souza L. et al. (2021). Results. According to total specimen testing, rhinoviruses comprise 3.2% total number of specimens tested. Of these, 71 rhinoviruses were typed, representing 17.03% total number of rhinovirus-positive specimens. The most common was HRV-A (55%), among which 21 types were found (the most common HRV-A46 is 13%, n = 5). HRV-B and HRV-C were found in equal numbers — 23% (n = 16) of each species out of total number of typed rhinoviruses. Among HRV-B, 8 types were found; the most common HRV-B06 comprised 33% (n = 5). Among HRV-C, 7 types were found (the most common types are HRV-C42, HRV-C32 and HRV-C15 — 19% each, n = 3). HRV-A was detected mainly in patients aged 18 to 65 years (57.5%, n = 23). HRV-B was detected only in adult patients (100%, n = 16). HRV-C was detected in children under 2 years of age (43.75%, n = 7) and adults aged 18–65 years (31.25%, n = 5). In some cases, HRV-A and HRV-C were associated with various respiratory tract syndromes such as acute nasopharyngitis, laryngotracheitis, obstructive bronchitis, and pneumonia. HRV-B was related to clinical manifestations of pneumonia in seven cases. Conclusion. Rhinovirus type A prevails in Saint Petersburg . Rhinoviruses can be associated with diverse respiratory tract syndromes.

Comparison of the effectiveness of substitution therapy preparations in bronchopneumonia of calves

The results of research on the methods of bronchopneumonia treatment of young cattle are presented. It is noted that the disease is associated with the effect of a number of different etiological conditions (lower air temperature, air humidification, and air pollution, etc.) on the animal's body. Bronchopneumonia of calves is registered at livestock complexes in cold and wet seasons as a seasonal disease. In this regard, the development of effective treatment schemes for this pathology is an urgent task. The effectiveness of the use of substitution therapy preparations in the treatment of bronchopneumonia of calves was studied. The study was conducted at a farm in the Altai Territory in the autumn period. For realization of this experiment two equal groups (experimental and control) of 5 calves in each were formed according to the principle of analogies. The treatment regimen for both groups included Resflor and Loxic 2% preparations. Calves of the control group received VitOkey as a substitution therapy, the experimental group – Vitam. Clinical signs and blood morphologic analysis were evaluated during the experiment. Clinical examination of the calves showed the following signs: elevated body temperature, wheezing, coughing, foci of blunting in the lungs in the anterior and posterior lobes, apathy, nasal discharge, loss of appetite, erythropenia (up to (4.6 ± 0.2) × 1012/l), leukocytosis (up to (16.5 ± 0.6) × 109/l), increased ECR (up to 1.2 ± 0.1 mm/h), neutrophilic leukocytosis with a leftward shift of the nucleus, and monocytopenia. By the 5th day of treatment, the calves of the experimental group had no pulmonary rales, coughing, and the body temperature was within normal limits. On the 7th day, there was an increase in erythrocytes ((6.4 ± 0.3) × 1012/l), a decrease in leukocytes ((10.6 ± 0.3) × 109/l) and ESR (0.4 ± 0.1 mm/h). The use of vitamin-amino acid complex in complex therapy of bronchopneumonia of calves reduces the duration and severity of the course of the disease.

The Origin of Su Embroidery

The connotations of Su embroidery have been enriched chronically. Su embroidery was recognized as a speciality of a specific geographical site when it was first taken as an art of style. Later both the place it was produced and the style of the products affected the evaluation of the embroidery. The technique of the Su embroidery was earlier recognized than its fame known as “Su Xiu” in Chinese. The recognition of its technique resulted from man’s esthetic need and the production of the needed instruments like thread, needle, fabric and dye. Thus the system of the techniques was formed between the middle and late period of Liangzhu Culture (28-20th century BC) and the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period (557-532 BC). The development of technology, the need of the market, and the influence of culture altogether brought out the name “Su Xiu” in the Zhengde period of the Ming Dynasty (1506-1521).

Ixodid tick infections of horses, and seasonal dynamics and infection of pasture ticks with piroplasmids in Gorny Altai

The purpose of the research is the characterization of species composition and abundance of ixodid ticks that parasitize on horses, seasonal dynamics of ticks inhabiting natural pastures and their piroplasmid infection. Materials and methods. The studies were performed in four Gorny Altai physiographic provinces. Ticks were manually collected from horses (1183 specimens). Ticks were counted on natural pastures every ten days with subsequent determination of the species composition (1109 specimens). Collected ticks of the genus Dermacentor (443 specimens) were examined by nested PCR in the presence of genus-specific primers for Babesia spp. and Theileria spp.; the species identification of discovered piroplasmas was determined by 18S rRNA gene sequencing. Results and discussion. Ixodid ticks of three genera (Dermacentor, Ixodes, Haemaphysalis) and 6 species: D. nuttalli, D. silvarum, D. reticulatus, D. marginatus, H. concinna and Ix. Persulcatus, were recorded in the collections from horses and pastures. The most numerous species was D. nuttalli (56.1%), and the most common, Ix. persulcatus, that was recorded in all districts except Kosh-Agachsky in South-Eastern Altai. D. silvarum accounted for 14.9%, and other species were represented to a lesser extent. The highest species diversity, 5 species, was observed in the Northern Altai pastures and only 1 species, D. nuttalli, was recorded in the South-Eastern Altai. The seasonal dynamics of ticks in the pasture was characterized by two peaks in numbers, namely, the spring peak in the 3rd decade of April and the autumn peak in the 2nd decade of October. The spring-summer period (March-June) had 87.1% of recorded ticks, and the autumn period (September-October) had 7.2%. Three species of the examined ticks (D. silvarum, D. marginatus, D. nuttalli) were found to have DNA of three piroplasmid species (Babesia caballi, Theileria equi and Babesia sp). Piroplasmids infection rate in ticks was 2.7-25.0%, and 2.7% on average in Gorny Altai.

Peculiarities of adaptational changes in leukocytes and platelets of yakutian ground squirrels during the pre-hibernation period in autumn

Earlier, it was shown that a series of physiological and biochemical changes in Yakutian long-tailed ground squirrels start to happen during autumn (the pre-hibernation period): in the brain, heart, skeletal muscles, etc. This study was conducted to analyze the composition of peripheral blood cells obtained from Yakutian ground squirrels in autumn, and for the first time an increase in the total number of leukocytes, particularly granulocytes, and a decrease in the number of lymphocytes were observed when compared with those obtained in summer; a shift of the leukogram from the lymphocytic fraction to the granulocytic fraction was revealed. Significant increase in a platelet count and thrombocrit with preservation of the percentage ratio of mature and young cell fractions was shown. Still, information on the cellular components of blood during the autumn season when hibernators prepare for winter months of hibernation remains scarce. Nonetheless, the results of our study indicate that there are very significant adaptive changes that occur in leukocytes and platelets of ground squirrels in this period. Possible causes of these changes are discussed.

Convergence points of optimal herbage accumulation and intake rate by sheep grazing tall fescue

AbstractPasture management oriented towards sustainable intensification and stability of yield must consider the ideal balance between the mass of leaves removed by grazing and the mass left as residual. The former supports high animal production and the later supports an optimum soil–plant carbon balance. This study aimed to evaluate the optimal herbage level from both plant and animal perspectives, through the adjustment of instantaneous herbage accumulation rate as estimated by the Gompertz curve model and short‐term intake rate of sheep. Weekly tall fescue (Schedonorus arundinaceus) herbage accumulation was measured during seven growth periods with initiation dates in October, November and December 2015, and March, April, August and September 2016 and with the initiation dates arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. Total herbage mass, leaf lamina mass, pseudo‐stem + sheath mass, senescent mass, and sward surface height were measured each week. The results demonstrated that a pre‐grazing sward surface height of 22.3 cm of tall fescue promoted the maximum short‐term intake rate of sheep and the optimum herbage accumulation rate in the spring and autumn periods. In general, the convergent point occurred after the maximum instantaneous leaf lamina accumulation rate and before the maximum instantaneous accumulation rate of pseudo‐stem + sheath and senescent material. We suggest the existence of a convergent point in which both primary and secondary production of pastoral ecosystems could be fostered.

Demodecosis in domestic carnivores, incidence, predisposition, forms of disease manifestation

Work has been carried out to study the incidence of demodicosis in domestic cats and dogs in Novosibirsk. We collected data and examined the incidence of demodicosis in domestic carnivores, considering the year's season, the age of the animal, and the species. Demodicosis mainly occurs in dogs but very rarely in cats. Monitoring the occurrence of demodicosis of carnivores in the city of Novosibirsk over the past five years has shown the dynamics of the increase in the incidence of it in domestic cats and dogs. Data on the age-related predisposition of animals to acarosis indicate their more frequent occurrence in patients in the categories of up to 1 year and from 1 to 3 years, i.e., young animals. A study of the seasonal dynamics of the incidence of demodicosis in domestic carnivores showed that the peak incidence occurs in the autumn period of the year. This is due to a decrease in the immune resistance of the patient's body, weather factors (fluctuations in temperature, air humidity) and the previous period of high activity and contact between animals during the warm period of the year. In addition, we studied the occurrence of animals with various forms of the disease: scaly, pustular, papular, as well as local and generalised. We paid particular attention to the course of the disease, assessing the body's condition depending on the clinical form. Most patients were admitted for treatment to the clinic with the scaly form of demodicosis, while pustular and papular forms were observed much less frequently. Regarding the degree of skin damage, local demodicosis prevailed over the generalised form of the disease in dogs and cats. In dogs, the disease conditions were significantly different from those in cats. Based on statistical data, we can conclude that there is a greater variety of forms of demodicosis in dogs.

Autumn resource selection by female elk in a recently burned landscape in western Montana

AbstractWildfire activity across the western United States has increased in recent decades, with wildfires burning at a higher severity and larger scale. The effect of wildfires on forest structure and wildlife habitat is largely influenced by wildfire severity; however, few studies have evaluated the effects of wildfire severity on resource selection of ungulates, particularly during hunting seasons, when knowledge of resource selection is essential for making informed management decisions. To fill this knowledge gap, we fit resource selection probability functions for female elk (Cervus canadensis) in years 2 and 3 post‐wildfire to evaluate the effects of wildfire severity and other environmental and anthropogenic factors on elk resource selection during 4 autumn periods with varying levels of hunter pressure (prehunt, archery‐only, backcountry rifle, and rifle). The probability of female elk selecting low‐severity burned forests during the prehunt, archery‐only, backcountry rifle, and rifle periods was 0.99 (95% credible interval [CrI] = 0.98–1.00), 0.99 (CrI = 0.97–1.00), 0.99 (CrI = 0.99–1.00), and 0.0010 (CrI = 0.00067–0.0015]), respectively, and did not strongly differ from the probability of selecting high‐severity burned forests. During the prehunt period, elk also selected areas with greater forage quality and areas farther from open roads. Elk selected similar resources during the archery period, and selected areas with higher hunter pressure. Elk started leaving hunting districts that had higher snowpack (i.e., snow water equivalent; β = −0.84, CrI = −0.96–−0.72) and allowed rifle hunting (β = −5.39, CrI = −5.80–−4.97) but still selected areas with higher hunter pressure (β = 0.92, CrI = 0.78–1.07) during the backcountry rifle period. During the rifle period, elk continued avoiding areas with high snowpack (β = −3.96, CrI = −4.22–−3.71) and started selecting areas with lower hunter pressure (β = −1.71, CrI = −1.79–−1.64) and lower canopy cover. Overall, wildfire affected elk distributions in early autumn 2 and 3 years after fire in our study area, with limited differences in resource selection between wildfire severity categories. By late autumn, hunter pressure and snowpack were the primary factors influencing elk distribution, and wildfire had little influence on selection. When estimating wildfire effects on elk movements during autumn and establishing appropriate hunting regulations, managers should consider the hunting season, hunter pressure, timing and amount of snowpack, location of traditional winter range, and the seasonal elk range burned, as all these factors may contribute to how elk use the landscape in autumn.

Influence of autumn plant condition on cold hardiness of winter cereal crops at different sowing dates

Research on the influence of autumn plant condition as a factor affecting the cold hardiness of winter wheat, rye, and triticale was conducted at the Siberian Scientific Research Institute of Plant Growing and Breeding, a branch of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS, from 2018 to 2021. Morphological indicators of pre-winter plant condition in cereal crops (plant height, number of tillering shoots, and green mass) are primarily associated with the sowing date (contributing to 54.68–85.86%) and genotypic characteristics of winter crops (contributing to 3.63–22.81%). The best morphological indicators were observed with the first sowing date, which decreased by the third sowing date. Over the research period, more vigorous growth, the formation of tillering shoots, and the development of green mass were observed in winter rye compared to triticale and wheat, regardless of the sowing date. In addition to morphological changes in plants, biochemical changes were also observed (sugar content in the tillering node). The accumulation of sugars was influenced by the meteorological conditions of the year (contributing to 30.36%) and determined by the biological characteristics of the crop (contributing to 18.69%). High sugar content in the node of tillering of rye was found in 2020 - 34.3–43.4%, in wheat - 22.8–32.5%, and in triticale - 28.4–37.3%, which can be explained by excellent vegetative conditions promoting the accumulation of more sugars in the node of tillering of plants. At different sowing dates, high sugar content was observed in winter rye: in the first - 36.5%, the second - 26.8%, and the third - 31.3%. Triticale exceeded winter rye in sugar content in the second - 29.5% and third sowing date - 33.0%. Winter rye exhibited high morphological and biochemical indicators in autumn, contributing to its high cold hardiness (80–100%) at different sowing dates. A positive correlation was established with plant height and tillering coefficient (r =0.90*–0.91*), indicating increased cold hardiness with these traits. Wheat and triticale significantly lagged behind rye due to their lower resistance to extreme negative temperatures compared to rye. It was found that an increase in linear growth promotes increased cold hardiness, the formation of tillering shoots, and the amount of sugars in the node of tillering (r =0.34…0.93*) in wheat and the maximum height and number of tillering shoots (r =0.84*…0.94*) in triticale in the autumn period.

A study of the di sacrifice rite in the Spring and Autumn Period

ABSTRACT The di sacrifice rite (dili 禘禮) is an important traditional Chinese religious ceremony for offering sacrifices to ancestors. The rites of the Shang, Western Zhou and Spring and Autumn Periods have evolved in terms of the person who conducts them, as well as regarding the recipients, forms and the time of the ritual. In the Shang Dynasty, the di sacrifice rite was performed by the king. In the Western Zhou Dynasty, the person who presided over the ceremony was first the King of Zhou, and then the counsellors. The Spring and Autumn di sacrifice rite inherited these practices and understandings. It involves a more detailed ritual: those who preside over the ceremony are first the feudal lords (zhuhou 諸侯), then the counsellors (qing dafu 卿大夫) and finally descending to the rank of officials of counsellors (jiachen 家臣). The di sacrifice addressees are also mainly close ancestors. The di rite eventually evolved to give rise to guan rituals (guanli 灌[祼]禮), auspicious ancestral rites, private di sacrifices, procedures for determining generation order of the clan temple (ding zhaomu 定昭穆), and other rituals.

Patterns of Adaptational Changes in Leukocytes and Platelets of Yakutian Ground Squirrels during the Pre-Hibernation Period in Autumn

Patterns of Adaptational Changes in Leukocytes and Platelets of Yakutian Ground Squirrels during the Pre-Hibernation Period in Autumn

Influence of runoff regulation on hydrochemical indicators of water in small rivers on the example of the Teplaya river in the Saratov region

Small rivers are extremely sensitive to any anthropogenic activity, including runoff regulation, and serve as a kind of indicator of the ecological state of natural complexes. In general, large rivers are well studied, and small water bodies are practically not studied, although they are of great economic importance. For Teplaya river of the Saratov region was given an ecological and geographical characteristic, sources of anthropogenic load on the reservoir were identified, an analysis was made of the degree of knowledge and background indicators of the rivers of this basin. On the example of Teplaya river effect of runoff regulation of a small river by a dam on a number of physical and chemical parameters of pond water quality is considered. It has been established that the water temperature in the Teplaya river in the autumn period before the runoff regulation was a constant value, and after the dam it increased to the last sampling point downstream. The hydrogen index varied within 7.5-8.4, the total mineralization of water consistently increased in the studied section of the river (0.66-1.08 g/dm3). It is shown that the content of ammonium ions and nitrites was much higher than the sanitary and hygienic standards, which indicates the uniform nature of fresh organic water pollution in this section of the river. An increase in the concentration of chlorides in the last of the cascade of ponds was established - almost 1.5 times compared to the higher sampling points, which, however, did not exceed the standard values.

Türkiye’nin Sınıraşan Akarsularından Kura-Aras Nehir Havzaları Su Kalitesinin Bazı Biyotik İndekslere Göre Değerlendirilmesi

This study aimed in the Kura-Aras river basin, which is the transbourdary system of Türkiye, to determine water quality by using some physicochemical parameters and macroinvertebrates. In the spring and autumn periods, benthic macroinvertebrates were collected by standard D-Frame Net and Ekman grab from stations. A total of 30 stations were selected along the basin. In this study, following BMWP (Biological Monitoring Working(Biological Monitoring Working Party), ASPT (Average Score Per Taxon), Simpson Diversity Index, Shannon-Weaver Diversity Index, Margalef Diversity Index. It was determined that the most dominant group was Insecta and the rarest group was Oligochaeta in the Kura- Aras River basin. As a result of the evaluation of the selected stations in the basin in terms of physicochemical parameters, it was determined that they showed 2nd and 3rd class water characteristics in terms of PO4-P and NH4–N. According to BMWP and ASPT biotic indexes, it has been determined that it has 3rd and 4th class properties.

Characteristics of Seasonal PM1 Chemical Components in the urban area of Ansan

In this study, chemical properties of particulate matter (PM<sub>1</sub>) present in the urban area of Ansan in 2021 were analyzed using a high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS). Intensive observation was conducted during the measurement periods of spring (22 days), summer (29 days), autumn (60 days), and winter (29 days). High concentrations of PM<sub>1</sub> were observed when a wind speed was low (< 0.81 m/s) and a direction of air flow was the east. PM<sub>1</sub> concentration was the highest in spring (March), followed by summer (June and August), winter (December), and autumn (September and October). The main components of PM<sub>1</sub> were organic, followed by nitrate, ammonium, and sulfate. The ratio of organic oxygen to organic carbon (O/C) was high in summer (0.64) and low in winter (0.51); conversely, the ratio of organic hydrogen to organic carbon (H/C) was higher in winter (1.66) than in summer (1.58). As for the oxidation rates of inorganic components, the nitrogen oxidation rate and sulfur oxidation rate were the highest in spring (NOR, 0.12; SOR, 0.64), which directly affected the rise in PM<sub>1</sub> mass concentration in spring. Highly soluble nitrate was the largest component among the inorganic components of PM<sub>1</sub>, and the PM<sub>1</sub> was found to be rich in ammonium in all seasons. PM<sub>1</sub> mass concentration and chemical composition increased with an increase of relative humidity (RH): the concentration of PM<sub>1</sub> in wet conditions (RH > 60%) was found to be more than twice of that in dry conditions (RH < 40%). The largest component of PM<sub>1</sub> in Ansan consisted of organic compounds; however, a high proportion of inorganic components, including nitrate, was also recorded.

Сезонные изменения биологической ценности белков молока ослиц киргизской породы

Due to its protein component, donkey’s milk is a multifunctional product with a wide range of beneficial physiological properties. It is known for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, rejuvenating, antimicrobial, and antitumor effects. However, the milk of Kyrgyz donkeys has not received proper scientific attention in this respect. This study analyzed the seasonal amino acid profile and biological value of milk obtained from Kyrgyz donkeys.
 The donkeys belonged to the Kyrgyz breed and inhabited the highlands of the Chui Region, Republic of Kyrgyzstan. The sampling took place in April, July, and September. The amino acid composition of milk proteins was determined by capillary electrophoresis. The biological value of proteins was assessed by amino acid score, index of essential amino acids (Auxerre index), utility ratio of essential amino acids, and utility ratio of amino acid composition.
 The analysis revealed 18 amino acids, including eight essential ones. The total content of amino acids in the spring samples was 1840.07 mg/100 g. In the summer samples, this value peaked at 2037 mg/100 g; in autumn, it dropped to 1264.35 mg/100 g. The changes could be explained by the seasonal differences in the diet. The ratio of essential to non-essential amino acids approached 1:1. The milk also proved to contain arginine, which is an essential amino acid for a juvenile organism. In the spring samples, its content was 2.5 times as big as in the autumn ones. Leucine and isoleucine were responsible for 1/3 of the essential amino acids (322.60 ± 19.35 mg/100 g). The summer samples demonstrated the maximal content of some other essential amino acids, except for valine and tryptophan, which appeared to be the limiting essential amino acids for donkey’s milk in the autumn period. Total essential amino acids in the spring, summer, and autumn samples amounted to 54.24, 59.26, and 34.77 g/100 g, respectively, which exceeded the value for the reference protein (27.46 g/100 g).
 Kyrgyz donkey’s milk proteins were of high biological value, regardless of the season, which means that donkey’s milk can become part of new functional products.

MONITORING OF DURATION OF COLD AND WARM SEASONS FOR THE PERIOD 1925-2022 AND ARBORICULTURE IN SAINT PETERSBURG

For the period 1925-2022, the earliest date of winter beginning in Saint Petersburg was 11 October 1941, and the latest date was 26 January 2019. The longest winter was in 1941/42 (178 days), and the shortest one - in 2019/20 (14 days). There is a tendency towards an earlier onset of spring, from 3 April (calculated for the period 1925-1934) to 4 March (for the period 2013-2022). The date of beginning of winter in 1986-1995 was the earliest one in the 20th century, with considerable increasing of autumnal period after it, with changing the date of beginning of winter till 19 December (2011-2020). The duration of winter period in 30-years period 1925-1954 comparing with similar period 1992-2022 has shortened from 130 days (36 % of the year) to 105 days (29 % of the year). On prolonging the vegetative period and the period without frosts woody plants have the opportunity to prepare more successfully for wintering. This creates better conditions for their reproductive ability, growth and development. The assortment of trees and shrubs promising for city planting has been enlarging.

A-282 Coinfection Rates of SARS-CoV-2, Influenza, and Respiratory Syncytial Virus

Abstract Background In late 2022, a severe spike of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) cases in the United States alongside seasonal influenza and the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 crisis underscored the potential consequences for respiratory coinfections. Coinfections of respiratory viruses can complicate treatment and increase the likelihood of severe cases. It is not well understood how prevalent respiratory coinfections were during this time in the general and pediatric populations. In this retrospective analysis we examine respiratory molecular diagnostic testing results to estimate the rates of coinfection in the study population. Methods Respiratory sample results from a clinical laboratory for a 107-day period in autumn 2022 were analyzed. Assays were performed on two platforms: the Roche cobas® SARS-CoV-2 & Influenza A/B Test and the Cepheid Xpert® Xpress CoV-2/Flu/RSV plus assay. Overall positivity and coinfection rates were calculated. Coinfection results of the pediatric population were further investigated. Results A total of 26 657 respiratory testing results were analyzed. Cases of coinfection of SARS-CoV-2, influenza A, influenza B, and RSV were seen. Positivity ranged from 0.03% to 21.86% and coinfection rates ranged from 0.00% to 2.28% depending upon the pathogen. Overall, 9800 samples (36.76%) came from pediatric patients (age ≤21). Pediatric positivity ranged from 0.04% to 24.70% and coinfection rates ranged from 0.00% to 6.00% depending on the pathogen (Table). Conclusion Overall, coinfections were observed in 0.55% of samples comprising 1.33% of all positive results. In this study population, pediatric samples accounted for a disproportionately high percentage of positive results for influenza A, RSV, and SARS-CoV-2 coinfections when compared to the overall percentages from the complete study population.

Infection of Pigs by Associative Invasion

The article deals with research work carried out in pig-breeding farms located in the Gabala district on the infection of pigs from helminthiasis with metastrongylosis and strongyloidosis, from diseases caused by primary intestinal parasites — eimeriosis, depending on age and season. During the study in the spring period, infection with metastrongylosis was detected in 2-6-month-olds 36.4%, in 7-12-month-olds 38.5%, in mature animals 25.0%; with strongylodiosis in 2-6-month-olds 27.3%, in 7-12-month-olds 30.8%, in mature animals 16.7%; from diseases caused by primary intestinal parasites, - eimeriosis in 2-6-month-olds 54.5%, in 7-12-month-olds 38.5%, in mature animals 25.0%; in summer period infection with metastrongylosis in 2-6-month-olds 30.0%,in 7-12-month-olds 33.3%, in mature animals 27.3%; with strongylodiosis in 2-6-month-olds 20.0%, in 7-12-month-olds 25.0%, in mature animals, 18.2%; infection with eimeriosis in 2-6-month-olds 20.0%, in 7-12-month-olds 8.3%, and in mature animals during the examination, infection was not detected. In the autumn period, infection with metastrongylosis was studied in 2-6-month-olds 45.5%, in 7-12-month-olds 50.0%, in mature animals 30.0%; infection with strongyloidosis in 2-6-month-olds 36.4%, in 7-12-month-olds 35.7%, in mature animals 20.0%; with eimeriosis in 2-6-month-olds 45.5%, in 7-12-month-olds 35.7%, in mature animals 30.0%; and in winter period infection with metastrongylosis in 2-6-month-olds 23.1%, in 7-12-month-olds 20.0%, in mature animals 18.2%; with strongyloidosis in 2-6-month-olds 15.4%, in 7-12-month-olds 10.0%, in mature animals 9.1%; infection with eimeriosis in 2-6-month-olds 23.1%, in 7-12-month-olds 20.0%, in mature animals 9.1%. Summarizing the results obtained, infection with metastrongylosis was detected in the spring period of 33.3%, in summer 30.3%, in autumn 42.9%, and in winter 20.6%; infection with strongyloidosis in spring 25.0%, in summer 21.2%, in autumn 31.4%, and in winter 11.8%; infection with eimeriosis in spring 38.9%, in summer 9.1%, in autumn, 37.1%, and in winter was 17.6%.

Anti-Fouling Properties of Phosphonium Ionic Liquid Coatings in the Marine Environment.

Biofouling is the buildup of marine organisms on a submerged material. This research tests the efficacy of phosphonium ion gels comprising phosphonium monomers ([P444VB][AOT] and [P888VB][AOT]) and free ionic liquid ([P4448][AOT], [P88814][AOT]) (10 to 50 wt%), varying copper(II) oxide biocide concentrations (0 to 2 wt%), and the docusate anion [AOT]- for added hydrophobicity. The efficacy of these formulations was tested using a seachest simulator protected from light and tidal currents in New Zealand coastal waters over the summer and autumn periods. Anti-fouling performance was correlated with the hydrophobicity of the surface (water contact angle: 14-131°) and biocide concentration. Formulations with higher hydrophobicity (i.e., less free ionic liquid and longer alkyl chain substituents) displayed superior anti-fouling performance. The presence of the copper(II) biocide negatively affected anti-fouling performance via significant increases to hydrophilicity. No correlation was observed between antimicrobial activity and anti-fouling performance. Overall, phosphonium ion gels show potential for combining anti-fouling and foul release properties.