Perilla Frutescens Research Articles

Critical radicle length window governing loss of dehydration tolerance in germinated Perilla seeds: insights from physiological and transcriptomic analyses.

Perilla (Perilla frutescens L. Britt.) is an important oilseed and medicinal crop that frequently faces seasonal drought stress during seed germination, leading to a loss of dehydration tolerance (DT), which affects seed emergence and significantly reduces yield. DT has been successfully re-established for many species seeds. However, the physiological mechanisms and gene networks that regulate Perilla's response to DT loss remain unclear. Phenotypic analysis determined that the window for DT in Perilla seeds occurs at radicle lengths of 0-4mm. Integrating physiological and transcriptomic analyses revealed that the loss of DT promotes the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and regulates oxidase activity and gene expression. This implies that DT may influence seed germination by modulating ROS activity. Four radicle length (i.e., 0, 1, 3, and 4mm) stages were analyzed, and 262 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified that responded to DT. The majority of these genes were associated with epigenetics, cell function, and transport mechanisms. Analysis of expression data shows that desiccation inhibits the signaling network of genes encoding small secreted peptides (SSPs) and receptor-like protein kinases (RLKs). Finally, a relevant network diagram of DT response was proposed. Based on this information, we have revealed the metabolism regulation maps of the four main pathways involving these DEGs (i.e., metabolic pathways, cell cycle, plant hormone signal transduction, and motor proteins). In conclusion, these findings deepen our understanding of gene network responses to DT during Perilla seed germination and provide potential target genes for the genetic improvement of drought resistance in this crop.

Perilla Seed Oil: A Review of Health Effects, Encapsulation Strategies and Applications in Food

Perilla (Perilla frutescens L.) is an annual herbaceous plant whose seed oil is rich in unsaturated fatty acids such as alpha-linolenic acid (ALA). This oil exhibits various health benefits, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, lipid-lowering, hypoglycemic, neuroprotective and immunomodulatory activities. In addition, incorporating perilla oil into a diet can effectively increase the abundance of beneficial bacteria in the gut microbiota. However, perilla oil is prone to oxidation, which reduces its nutritional value and lowers its bioavailability. To address these issues, encapsulation technologies such as emulsions, oleogels, liposomes and microcapsules have been employed, showing promising results. Nonetheless, further research is needed to fully elucidate the underlying mechanisms of perilla seed oil’s health effects, validate its benefits through large-scale human clinical trials and optimize encapsulation techniques. Future investigations should also explore the synergistic effects of combining perilla seed oil with other functional components and its role in modulating gut microbiota to achieve comprehensive health benefits.

Influence of Secondary Metabolites According to Maturation of Perilla (Perilla frutescens) on Respiratory Protective Effect in Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5)-Induced Human Nasal Cell

Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure worsens chronic respiratory diseases through oxidative stress and inflammation. Perilla frutescens (L.) has potential respiratory protective properties, but the impact of growth stages on its beneficial metabolites is unclear. We aimed to evaluate how different growth stages affect phenolic acids, flavonoids, and polycosanols in perilla seeds and flowers and their efficacy in countering PM2.5-induced damage. Perilla seeds and flowers from five varieties at 10, 20, 30, and 40 days post-flowering were analyzed for metabolite content. Their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and respiratory protective effects were tested in RPMI 2650 cells. Our findings indicated that perilla flowers contained higher levels of functional components than seeds and exhibited significant variation with maturation. Phenolic acids of perilla flowers were highest at the early stages of maturation after flowering. However, individual flavones of perilla flowers were the highest at the late maturation stages after flowering. Extracts from perilla flowers harvested 20 days after flowering exhibited significant respiratory protection, effectively inhibiting inflammatory cytokines, mucus secretion, and oxidative stress markers. In conclusion, the flower parts of perilla, particularly those harvested 20 days after flowering, are useful materials for obtaining phenolic compounds, including rosmarinic acid, with high antioxidant and respiratory enhancement effects.

Effect of Perilla Seeds Pretreatment on the Volatile Profile and Flavor Characteristics of Perilla Oil: Comparison of Oven, Infrared, and Microwave Heating

ABSTRACTThe effects of microwave (MW), infrared (IF), and oven heating (OH) on the volatile profile and flavor of perilla oil were investigated in this study. Physicochemical properties and Maillard reaction products of perilla oil were measured to investigate the potential pathway of flavor formation. Sensory evaluation, combined with headspace‐solid‐phase microextraction‐gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (HS‐SPME‐GC‐MS) and electronic nose (E‐nose) techniques, was employed to determine the categories and contents of volatile compounds in perilla oil. Three heating treatments all effectively increased the content of odor‐active volatile compounds in perilla oil. Samples treated by MW contained higher concentration of heterocyclics, while samples treated using IF and OH contained more aldehydes. The content of (E,E)‐2,4‐heptadienal were highly correlated to P‐AV. The contents of pyrazines and furans were positively correlated with A420nm, particularly 2,5‐dimethyl‐pyrazine, trimethyl‐pyrazine, and 2‐pentylfuran. The content of hexanal and (E)‐2‐hexenal showed a negative correlation with the content of heterocyclic compounds. Consequently, the volatile compounds in perilla oils were generated through three potential mechanisms: lipid oxidation, the Maillard reaction, and their synergistic effect.

Functional Food Potential of Chrysanthemum morifolium, Perilla frutescens, and Sophora japonica in Managing Hyperuricemia through Dual Enzyme Inhibition.

Amid growing concerns regarding gout and hyperuricemia associated with high-protein and purine-rich diets, the need for effective prevention and management strategies with minimal side effects has become increasingly critical. This study evaluates the potential of three commonly consumed plant-based functional foods, Chrysanthemum morifolium, Perilla frutescens, and Sophora japonica, inhibiting xanthine oxidase (XO) and adenosine deaminase (ADA), key enzymes in uric acid metabolism. Results from hyperuricemia model mice indicate that this blend significantly reduces serum uric acid levels, mirroring the efficacy of conventional prevention and management strategies such as allopurinol but with fewer adverse effects. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis confirms that flavonoids are the primary bioactive agents, exhibiting a strong affinity for XO. These findings highlight the viability of integrating plant-based functional foods into comprehensive gout management strategies, underscoring their role in enhancing patient health through dietary innovation.

Effect of Perilla frutescens polyphenols against tight junction alterations and intestinal inflammation: a Caco-2/macrophage co-culture model-based study integrated with network pharmacology

The intestinal barrier plays important roles in the uptake of nutrients and prevention of harmful pathogens. However, intestinal inflammation causes barrier dysfunction, which may contribute to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Polyphenols from Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. exhibit various bioactivities, though their protective effect on the intestinal barrier remains unclear. To address this, the study investigated the effect of Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. polyphenols (PFP) against tight junction alterations and intestinal inflammation using an intestinal-like Caco-2/macrophage co-culture model. LC-MS/MS analysis identified 15 polyphenols in the PFP extract. Furthermore, PFP were transported across the apical Caco-2 monolayer, with apigenin, genistin, syringic acid and cinnamic acid showing relatively high transport rates (> 70%). The lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced tight junction alterations, evaluated by trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) analysis, qPCR, and immunofluorescence assay, were significantly restored by medium and high doses of PFP (P < 0.05). In addition, network pharmacology analysis demonstrated that the core targets of PFP for intestinal inflammation were mostly located in the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways. The expression levels of the key proteins in these pathways were further validated by qPCR and western blot analyses. Overall, PFP exhibits great potential as a novel functional food component for treating intestinal inflammation.

Optimization of spray-drying conditions and quality assessment of dry extract from Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton leaves

Optimization of spray-drying conditions and quality assessment of dry extract from Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton leaves

Effects of Different Technological Forms of the Perilla frutescens in the Diet on Ruminal Fermentation, Milk and Plasma Fatty Acid Composition, Ruminal Biohydrogenation and Milk Quality in Dairy Goats.

Fatty acids can be protected by changing their structure or form against microbial activity, and the different forms of fatty acids can modulate the ruminal biohydrogenation rate and contribute to the desired fatty acid profile in milk fat. The study investigated the effects of perilla (Perilla frutescens) dietary supplementation in the diet in different technological forms (seed, oil and formaldehyde-treated oil) on milk, plasma and ruminal fatty acid composition, and milk quality in lactating goats. The four dietary treatments consisted of (1) no supplementation, basal diet (CON); (2) perilla supplementation as seed at 44.7g/kg (consisting of 20g/kg oil (PS)); (3) perilla supplementation as oil at 20g/kg (PO); (4) perilla supplementation as formaldehyde treated oil at 20g/kg (protected perilla oil [PPO]). The experiment was implemented in a double 4×4 Latin square trial design, and sampling was carried out for 7 days after 21 days of adaptation. Performance parameters were not affected by P. frutescens supplementation to the diet. PO decreased milk fat, whereas PPO increased milk fat. Milk cholesterol was not affected by P. frutescens dietary supplementation. Perilla oil supplementation in different forms to the diet did not affect ruminal pH, VFA and methane production. Perilla oil supplementation in different forms to the diet did not also affect the concentration of blood serum glucose, cholesterol and non-esterified fatty acids. Perilla supplementation to the diet increased the milk conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), C18:3n-3, C22:5n-3, C20:5n-3, C22:6n-3 and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) concentrations, and PPO group showed the greatest values. Ruminal palmitic (C16:0) acid was decreased, and in perilla groups, stearic acid (C18:0) concentration had the lowest, and ruminal c-9, t-11 CLA concentration had the highest value in PPO. It has been found that the most effective form of perilla oil in increasing milk quality is that with formaldehyde treatment (protected form). Perilla oil, which is a rich source of omega 3 in the diet, can be used to increase milk quality in goats without adversely affecting performance, ruminal fermentation and blood parameters.

Comparative analysis of deep learning and machine learning-based models for simultaneous prediction of minerals in perilla (Perilla frutescens L.) seeds using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy

Perilla seeds contain a rich array of essential minerals, thus having the potential to address multiple micronutrient deficiencies at a time. However, traditional methods of mineral estimation are complex, time-consuming, expensive, and require technical expertise. This study includes the development of Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS)-based prediction models for predicting five important minerals (Calcium, Copper, Magnesium, Manganese, and Phosphorus) using machine learning and deep learning techniques. Four models, including 1D Convolutional Neural Networks (1D CNNs), Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), Random Forests (RFs), and Support Vector Regression (SVR), were developed and evaluated. The developed 1D CNN model outperformed other considered models in predicting calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus content with RPD (Residual Prediction Deviation) values of 1.75, 1.83, and 2.96, respectively. Whereas, SVR performed best in predicting copper and manganese with an RPD of 1.82 and 2.2, respectively. The 1D CNN model demonstrated R2 (Coefficient of determination) values above 0.65 for all minerals, with a maximum of 0.88 for phosphorus. In addition, the developed models performed superior as compared to the Partial Least Square Regression method (R2= 0.32). The developed models provide efficient tools for rapidly screening perilla germplasm available in global repositories, thus aiding in the selection of mineral-rich genotypes to mitigate micronutrient deficiencies.

Improved skeletal muscle mass and strength through Protamex-mediated hydrolysis of perilla seed cake: Elevated rosmarinic acid levels as a contributing factor

Perilla seed cake (PSC) is a byproduct of oil extraction from perilla seeds. It is rich in proteins and bioactive compounds. PSC was enzymatically hydrolyzed to form PSC hydrolysate (PSCH) to enhance the absorption of PSC, and their effects on muscle health in mice were compared. High performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis revealed that PSC contains several polyphenols, including rosmarinic acid (RA), caffeic acid, apigenin, and luteolin. The hydrolysate showed 1.44- and 7.04-fold increases in RA and caffeic acid contents, respectively, compared to those of PSC. The intake of PSC, PSCH, and RA significantly improved muscle mass and exercise performance in mice by upregulating protein synthesis, myogenic differentiation, oxidative muscle fiber formation, fatty acid oxidation, and mitochondrial biogenesis; however, PSCH had better promoting effects than PSC. In conclusion, PSCH improves muscle health through its bioactive compounds (particularly RA), indicating the potential of PSCH and RA in functional foods.

Association mapping analysis (AMA) for morpho-agronomic traits and leaf aromatic compounds using SSR markers in three types of Perilla crop collected from South Korea.

Perilla is a representative leafy vegetable in South Korea. As K-Food (Korean food) is in the spotlight around the world, there is also increasing interest in Western countries in Perilla crop, an annual plant belonging to the Lamiaceae family. To discover comprehensive information, including genetic and phylogenetic relationships among the 80 native Perilla accessions, using three types of data: simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker data, volatiles profile data, and morpho-agronomic data. This study conducted genotypic and phenotypic analyses on 80 Perilla accessions of three types (cultivated var. frutescens, weedy var. frutescens, weedy var. crispa) from South Korea. Five groups (G1-G5) of the 80 Perilla accessions of the three types were differentiated into two different clusters [genotype-based clustering (GTC) and phenotype-based clustering (PTC)] based on an aroma sensory phenotypic test. A total of 314 alleles were confirmed using 55 Perilla SSR primer sets, and genetic variation in the 80 Perilla accessions was evaluated. Among the three statistical analysis methods, principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) and GTC using data of the 55 Perilla SSR markers revealed perfectly consistent results, whereas PTC produced a total of six clusters. The 10 Perilla SSR markers associated with and significantly correlated with both biochemical and morphological characteristics were selected. These findings are expected to provide valuable information for developing global South Korean Perilla cultivars for further studies in Perilla crop breeding programs.

Comprehensive comparison of two colour varieties of Perillae folium by UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS analysis combining with feature-based molecular networking

Perillae Folium (PF), the leaf of Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt is extensively used as a culinary vegetable and medicinal herb in many countries. Purple PF (P. frutescens var. arguta) and green PF (P. frutescens var. frutescens) are two of the main varieties. In this study, UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS assisted with feature-based molecular networking (FBMN) was applied for chemical characterization. In total, 82 metabolites, mainly phenolic acid derivatives were identified from PF. With the help of FBMN, five organic acid glucosides together with three N-phenylpropenoyl-L-amino acids (NPAs) were identified in PF for the first time. Multivariate statistical methods were utilized for comprehensive comparison of purple and green PF profiles. 12 compounds with their relative contents varied significantly between purple and green PF were screened out. Overall, the present study offers valuable insights for chemical elucidation of PF which would be helpful for comprehensive utilization of PF resource.

Novel 3D Printed Biomaterials Based on Fish Scale Collagen and Plant Extracts and Its Hemostatic Efficacy

AbstractThis study focused on 3D printing‐preparation of novel biomaterials based on fish scale collagen and the following plant extracts: Eclipta alba L. Hassk leaf (EA), Piper betle L. leaf (PB), Perilla frutescens L. Britt leaf (PF), and Styphnolobium japonicum L. Schott flower bud (SJ). The characterizations of the obtained biomaterials were analyzed using infrared spectroscopy and stereo microscopy. Additionally, assessments of the biomaterials were conducted on the water contact angle, simulated body fluid contact angle, scratch resistance, color changes, and swelling degree in simulated body fluid. Furthermore, in‐vitro blood clotting time and the anti‐inflammatory ability of these biomaterials were also performed. The results indicated that the plant extracts contributed to modifying collagen, significantly improving the scratch resistance and water contact angle of the collagen/plant extract biomaterials. The plant extracts were dispersed consistently with the collagen matrix, impacting the vibrations of specific functional groups of collagen. Collagen/plant extract dressings exhibited great biocompatibility and anti‐inflammatory. The in‐vitro tests demonstrated that the ethanol EA extract notably enhanced the hemostatic effectiveness of collagen, suggesting the potential of collagen/plant extract biomaterials in hemostatic applications.

Bailixiang tea, an herbal medicine formula, co-suppresses TLR2/MAPK8 and TLR2/NF-κB signaling pathways to protect against LPS-triggered cytokine storm in mice

Ethnopharmacological relevanceTraditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has shown notable effectiveness and safety in managing illnesses linked to cytokine storm(CS). Bailixiang tea (BLX), an herbal medicine formula, which is a compound Chinese medicine composed of Thymus mongolicus (Ronniger) Ronniger (Bailixiang), Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. (Gancao), Citrus reticulata Blanco (Chenpi), Cyperus rotundus L. (Xiangfu), and Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton (Zisu). The objective of this study was to explore the capacity of BLX in improving LPS-induced CS. Aim of the studyThis study aimed to validate the mitigating effect of BLX on CS and to further investigate its mechanism. Materials and methodsmice were orally administered BLX for 24 h after being treated with 5 mg/kg lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Histopathological observations further confirmed the significant protective effect of BLX treatment against LPS-induced lung and spleen damage. Additionally, we aimed to explore the molecular mechanism underlying its effects through blood proteomics and transcriptomics analyses. Real-Time Quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was utilized to detect the levels of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), Matrix metalloproteinase 8 (MMP8), Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9), Integrin beta 2 (ITGB2), Mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 (MAPK8), Nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, epsilon (NFKBIE), Nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 2 (NFKB2), and Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (GAPDH)expressions in the lung tissue. ResultsThe results demonstrated that BLX effectively down-regulated the overproduction of interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in both the serum and lung and spleen tissues. Furthermore, BLX effectively mitigated the overproduction of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in the serum. Through comprehensive multi-omics analysis, it was revealed that BLX specifically targeted and regulated TLR2/MAPK8 and TLR2/NF-κB signaling pathways, which play a crucial role in the production of key cytokines. ConclusionsThe findings of this study demonstrate that Bailixiang tea possesses the ability to alleviate lung tissue damage and inhibit the development of LPS-induced cytokine storm in mice. These effects are attributed to the tea's ability to suppress the TLR2/MAPK8 and TLR2/NF-κB pathways. Consequently, this research highlights the potential application of Bailixiang tea as a treatment option for cytokine storm.

Crucial amino acids identified in Δ12 fatty acid desaturases related to linoleic acid production in Perilla frutescens.

Perilla oil from the medicinal crop Perilla frutescens possess a wide range of biological activities and is generally used as an edible oil in many countries. The molecular basis for its formation is of particular relevance to perilla and its breeders. Here in the present study, four PfFAD2 genes were identified in different perilla cultivars, PF40 and PF70, with distinct oil content levels, respectively. Their function was characterized in engineered yeast strain, and among them, PfFAD2-1PF40, PfFAD2-1PF70 had no LA biosynthesis ability, while PfFAD2-2PF40 in cultivar with high oil content levels possessed higher catalytic activity than PfFAD2-2PF70. Key amino acid residues responsible for the enhanced catalytic activity of PfFAD2-2PF40 was identified as residue R221 through sequence alignment, molecular docking, and site-directed mutation studies. Moreover, another four amino acid residues influencing PfFAD2 catalytic activity were discovered through random mutation analysis. This study lays a theoretical foundation for the genetic improvement of high-oil-content perilla cultivars and the biosynthesis of LA and its derivatives.

Perilla frutescens leaf extracts alleviate acute lung injury in mice by inhibiting KAT2A

Ethnopharmacological relevanceAcute lung injury (ALI) can lead to respiratory failure and even death. KAT2A is a key target to suppress the development of inflammation. A herb, perilla frutescens, is an effective treatment for pulmonary inflammatory diseases with anti-inflammatory effects; however, its mechanism of action remains unclear.Aim of the study: The purpose of this study was to investigate the therapeutic effect and underlying mechanism of perilla frutescens leaf extracts (PLE), in the treatment of ALI by focusing on its ability to treat inflammation. Materials and methodsIn vivo and in vitro models of ALI induced by LPS. Respiratory function, histopathological changes of lung, and BEAS-2B cells damage were assessed upon PLE. This effect is also tested under conditions of KAT2A over expression and KAT2A silencing. ResultsPLE significantly attenuated LPS-induced histopathological changes in the lungs, improved respiratory function, and increased survival rate from LPS stimuation background in mice. PLE remarkably suppressed the phosphorylation of STAT3, AKT, ERK (1/2) and the release of cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β) induced by LPS via inhibiting the expression of KAT2A. ConclusionsPLE has a dose-dependent anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting KAT2A expression to suppress LPS-induced ALI n mice. Our study expands the clinical indications of the traditional medicine PLE and provide a theoretical basis for clinical use of acute lung injury.

Astragalus membranaceus, Nigella sativa, and Perilla frutescens as Immunomodulators-Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Effectiveness in Allergic Diseases.

Plants are the source of numerous remedies in modern medicine, and some of them have been studied due to their potential immunomodulatory activity. Astragalus membranaceus Fisch. ex Bunge (A. membranaceus), Nigella sativa L. (N. sativa), and Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton (P. frutescens) are plant species used in traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases. Their potential to act as immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and anti-allergic agents makes them interesting for investigating their clinical potential in alleviating the symptoms of allergic diseases. Allergy affects a large number of people; according to some sources more than 30% of the world population suffer from some type of allergic reaction, with pollen allergy as the most common type. Treatment is usually pharmacological and may not be completely effective or have side effects. Thus, we are seeking traditional medicine, mostly medicinal plants, with promising potential for alleviating allergy symptoms. A literature overview was conducted employing databases such as Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, Springer, and Google Scholar. This manuscript summarizes recent in vivo preclinical and clinical studies on three species with immunomodulatory activity, provides a comparison of their anti-allergic effects, and underlines the potential of their application in clinical practice. The obtained results confirmed their efficacy in the in vivo and clinical studies, but also emphasize the problem of phytochemical characterization of the species and difference between tested doses. More clinical trials with standardized protocols (defined active molecules, dosage, side effects) are required to obtain safe and effective herbal drugs.

Multivariate Data Analysis Assisted Mining of Nutri-rich Genotypes from North Eastern Himalayan Germplasm Collection of Perilla (Perilla frutescens L.).

Understanding the nutritional diversity in Perilla (Perilla frutescens L.) is essential for selecting and developing superior varieties with enhanced nutritional profiles in the North Eastern Himalayan (NEH) region of India. In this study, we assessed the nutritional composition of 45 diverse perilla germplasm collected from five NEH states using standard protocols and advanced analytical techniques. Significant variability was observed in moisture (0.39-11.67%), ash (2.59-7.13%), oil (28.65-74.20%), protein (11.05-23.15%), total soluble sugars (0.34-3.67%), starch (0.01-0.55%), phenols (0.03-0.87%), ferric reducing antioxidant power (0.45-1.36%), palmitic acid (7.06-10.75%), stearic acid (1.96-2.29%), oleic acid (8.11-13.31%), linoleic acid (15.18-22.74%), and linolenic acid (55.47-67.07%). Similarly, significant variability in mineral content (ppm) was also observed for aluminium, calcium, cobalt, chromium, copper, iron, potassium, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, sodium, nickel, phosphorus, and zinc. Multivariate analyses, including hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA), revealed the enriched nutritional diversity within the germplasm. Correlation analysis indicated significant positive and negative relationships between nutritional parameters, indicating potential biochemical and metabolic interactions present in the perilla seeds. TOPSIS-based ranking identified promising genotypes for functional foods, pharmaceuticals, and nutritional applications. This study provides a first in-depth report of the nutritional composition and diversity of perilla germplasm in the NEH region, thus aiding in the identification of superior varieties for food and nutritional diversification and security.

Unlocking the antibacterial activity and mechanisms of ε-poly-l-Lysine and perilla combination against Pseudomonas fluorescens: Insights from non-targeted metabolomic analyses

Perilla frutescens extract has been acknowledged for its robust antibacterial properties, while ε-Poly-Lysine (ε-PL) stands as a naturally occurring food preservative. However, their combined antibacterial activity and mechanisms has not been fully understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to elucidate the combined antibacterial activity of the ε-PL/Perilla combination against Pseudomonas fluorescens. The findings unveiled a significant antibacterial efficacy of ε-PL and perilla against P. fluorescens, respectively. Upon treatment with ε-PL and perilla, a decline in membrane potential (MP) was observed. These alterations were further accompanied by reductions in nucleic acid content, metabolic activity, and respiratory chain dehydrogenase activity. And by morphological observation, it was found that the cells treated with perilla or ε-PL were severely broken. The metabolomic analysis following treatment with ε-PL and perilla unveiled substantial shifts in a multitude of metabolites. Multivariate statistical analysis showed that ε-PL and perilla hindered nucleotide metabolism and interfered with carbohydrate, amino acid, and lipid metabolism, impacting cell wall biosynthesis, cell membrane structure, and genetic material expression, leading to growth inhibition and bacterial demise. Collectively, these outcomes provide fresh insights into the intricate mechanisms underlying the inhibitory action of ε-PL and perilla against P. fluorescens.

Impact of Irpex lenis and Schizophyllum commune endophytic fungi on Perilla frutescens: enhancing nutritional uptake, phytochemicals, and antioxidant potential

BackgroundEndophytic fungi (EF) reside within plants without causing harm and provide benefits such as enhancing nutrients and producing bioactive compounds, which improve the medicinal properties of host plants. Selecting plants with established medicinal properties for studying EF is important, as it allows a deeper understanding of their influence. Therefore, the study aimed to investigate the impact of EF after inoculating the medicinal plant Perilla frutescens, specifically focusing on their role in enhancing medicinal properties.ResultsIn the current study, the impact of two EF i.e., Irpex lenis and Schizophyllum commune isolated from A. bracteosa was observed on plant Perilla frutescens leaves after inoculation. Plants were divided into four groups i.e., group A: the control group, group B: inoculated with I. lenis; group C: inoculated with S. commune and group D: inoculated with both the EF. Inoculation impact of I. lenis showed an increase in the concentration of chlorophyll a (5.32 mg/g), chlorophyll b (4.46 mg/g), total chlorophyll content (9.78 mg/g), protein (68.517 ± 0.77 mg/g), carbohydrates (137.886 ± 13.71 mg/g), and crude fiber (3.333 ± 0.37%). Furthermore, the plants inoculated with I. lenis showed the highest concentrations of P (14605 mg/kg), Mg (4964.320 mg/kg), Ca (27389.400 mg/kg), and Mn (86.883 mg/kg). The results of the phytochemical analysis also indicated an increased content of total flavonoids (2.347 mg/g), phenols (3.086 mg/g), tannins (3.902 mg/g), and alkaloids (1.037 mg/g) in the leaf extract of P. frutescens inoculated with I. lenis. Thus, overall the best results of inoculation were observed in Group B i.e. inoculated with I. lenis. GC-MS analysis of methanol leaf extract showed ten bioactive constituents, including 9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, methyl ester, and hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester as major constituents found in all the groups of P. frutescens leaves. The phenol (gallic acid) and flavonoids (rutin, kaempferol, and quercetin) were also observed to increase after inoculation by HPTLC analysis. The enhancement in the phytochemical content was co-related with improved anti-oxidant potential which was analyzed by DPPH (% Inhibition: 83.45 µg/ml) and FRAP (2.980 µM Fe (II) equivalent) assay as compared with the control group.ConclusionInoculation with I. lenis significantly enhances the uptake of nutritional constituents, phytochemicals, and antioxidant properties in P. frutescens, suggesting its potential to boost the therapeutic properties of host plants.Graphical