Peri-implant Peri-implant Plaque Index Research Articles

Association of Self-Rated Pain with Clinical Peri-Implant Parameters and Cytokine Profile in Smokers and Never Smokers with and without Peri-Implantitis

To examine the association between self-perceived pain (SPP), clinical and radiographic peri-implant parameters, and biomarker levels among smokers and never smokers with and without peri-implantitis. Sixty individuals (20 smokers with peri-implantitis [group-1], 20 never smokers with peri-implantitis [group-2] and 20 never smokers without peri-implantitis [control-group]) were included. SPP was evaluated using a numeric pain rating scale (NPRS). Peri-implant plaque index (PI), probing depth (PD), and bleeding on probing (BOP) were recorded. After obtaining the samples, the levels of TNF-α, MMP-1, and IL-8 were measured. The mean SPP score in group-1, group-2, and the control group was 1.3 ± 1, 3.4 ± 1, and zero, respectively. The peri-implant mean PD (p < 0.05), BOP (p < 0.05), PI (p < 0.05), and crestal bone loss (CBL) (p < 0.05) were significantly higher among test groups than the control group. The levels of TNF-α, MMP-1, and IL-8 were significantly raised among group-1 and group-2 than the control group. A significant correlation between increasing SPP and PICF TNF-α, MMP-1, and IL-8 levels was observed based on regression analysis. Proinflammatory biomarkers were higher in smokers with peri-implantitis than never smokers with and without peri-implantitis, with a significant association between the proinflammatory cytokines and SPP.

Effect of tongue piercing on periodontal and peri-implant health: A cross-sectional case-control study in adults.

The authors hypothesize that periodontal and peri-implant inflammatory parameters are poorer in adult patients with tongue piercing compared with controls. The aim was to assess the influence of tongue piercing on periodontal and peri-implant health status in adults. Test and control groups comprised of individuals with and without tongue piercing, respectively. A questionnaire was used to collect information about gender, age, duration of tongue piercing and implants in function, jaw location of the implant, reasoning for wearing the tongue ornament, and oral hygiene and ornament cleaning habits. Full-mouth and peri-implant plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), clinical attachment loss (CAL), probing depth (PD) and marginal/crestal bone loss (MBL and CBL, respectively) on mesial and distal surfaces of teeth/implants were recorded. The material (plastic or metal) from which, the bar and ball-ends of the ornament were fabricated was also recorded. A p<0.01 was considered statistically significant. Forty-eight and 49 individuals were included in the test and control groups, respectively. There was no difference in PI, GI, PD, CAL and MBL (mesial and distal) among individuals in the test and control groups. In the test group, peri-implant PI (p<0.01), GI (p<0.01), PD (p<0.01) and mesial (p<0.01) and distal (p<0.01) CBL were significantly higher in the anterior mandible compared with implants in other jaw locations. In the control group, there was no difference in peri-implant PI, GI, PD and CBL around implants placed in both jaws. Wearing tongue piercings could increase the risks of periodontal and peri-implant diseases particularly in the mandibular anterior segment.

Comparison of peri-implant soft tissue and crestal bone status of dental implants placed in prediabetic, type 2 diabetic, and non-diabetic individuals: a retrospective cohort study

BackgroundClinicoradiographic status of narrow-diameter implants (NDIs) among patients with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is scarce. The aim was to address the clinicoradiographic status of NDIs placed prediabetic, type 2 diabetic, and non-diabetic individuals. In this retrospective cohort study, patients having undergone oral rehabilitation with NDI were included. The participants were divided into the following: (a) patients with prediabetes; (b) patients with poorly controlled type 2 DM; (c) patients with well-controlled type 2 DM; and (d) normoglycemic individuals. Demographic data was collected. In all groups, peri-implant plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), probing depth (PD), and mesiodistal CBL were measured in all groups. Information related to implant dimensions, surface characteristics, insertion torque, implant geometry, duration of NDI in function, and jaw location of NDI was also recorded. Data normality was assessed and group comparisons were performed. A probability value under 0.01 was considered statistically significant.ResultsEighty-three patients (20 patients had prediabetes, 22 with poorly controlled type 2 DM, 20 with well-controlled type 2 DM, and 20 self-reported non-diabetic individuals) were included. The mean HbA1c levels were significantly higher among patients with prediabetes (P < 0.01) and poorly controlled type 2 DM (P < 0.01) than patients with well-controlled type 2 DM and non-diabetic controls. Peri-implant PI, GI, PD, and mesiodistal CBL levels were significantly higher among patients with pre-diabetes (P < 0.01) and poorly controlled type 2 DM (P < 0.01) than patients with well-controlled type 2 DM and non-diabetic controls. Peri-implant PI, GI, PD, and mesiodistal CBL levels were significantly higher among patients with poorly controlled type 2 DM (P < 0.01) than patients with prediabetes.ConclusionChronic hyperglycemia increases the risk of peri-implant diseases around NDIs.

Effectiveness of mechanical debridement with and without adjunct antimicrobial photodynamic for treating peri-implant mucositis among prediabetic cigarette-smokers and non-smokers.

The aim of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of mechanical debridement (MD) with and without adjunct antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) for treating peri-implant mucositis among prediabetic cigarette-smokers and non-smokers. Prediabetic and non-diabetic smokers and non-smokers with peri-implant mucositis were included. Patients with peri-implant mucositis were divided into 4 groups as follows: Group-1: Prediabetic smokers with peri-implant mucositis; Group-2: Prediabetic non-smokers with peri-implant mucositis; Group-3: Systemically-healthy smokers with peri-implant mucositis; and Group-4: Systemically-healthy non-smokers with peri-implant mucositis. Hemoglobin A1c levels were measured in all groups prior to MD with adjunct aPDT. Peri-implant plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing (BOP) and probing depth (PD) were assessed at baseline and at 4- and 12-weeks of follow-up. Sample-size estimation was done and data normality was assessed. Group-comparisons were performed. and P < 0.01 was selected as an indicator of statistical significance. Fifteen, 15, 15 and 15 individuals were included in groups 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. At baseline, peri-implant PI, BOP and PD were comparable in all groups. In prediabetic smokers and non-smokers, there was no significant difference in peri-implant PI, BOP and PD at 4- and 12-weeks' follow-up. Among non-diabetic smokers and non-smokes MD with adjunct PDT significant reduced PI (P < 0.01) and PD (P < 0.01) at 4- and 12-weeks' follow-up. The outcomes of MD with adjunct aPDT for the treatment of peri-implant mucositis are compromised in smokers and non-smokers with prediabetes. In non-diabetic smokers and non-smokers, MD with aPDT is effective for treating peri-implant mucositis.

Presence of Candida species in the subgingival oral biofilm of patients with peri-implantitis.

There are no studies that have investigated the presence of Candida species in the subgingival oral biofilm (OB) of patients with peri-implantitis. The aim was to assess the presence of Candida species in the subgingival OB of patients with peri-implantitis. Individuals with (group A) and without (group B) peri-implantitis were included. Life style related and demographic data were collected using a questionnaire. In both groups, peri-implant plaque-index (PI), bleeding-on-probing (BOP), and probing-depth (PD) were evaluated and crestal bone loss (CBL) were measured on digital bitewing radiographs. In both groups, subgingival OB samples were collected using sterile paper points. Identification of Candida species was performed using ChromAgar medium and colony forming units per milliliter (CFU/mL) were determined. Statistical analysis was performed, and level of significance was set at P < 0.05. The mean age of individuals in groups A (n = 43) and B (n = 41) were 52.2 ± 4.4 and 55.1 ± 2.3 years, respectively. All participants were male. In groups A and B, implants were in function for 7.4 ± 1.3 and 6.8 ± 0.6 years, respectively. Scores of peri-implant PI (P < 0.001), BOP (P < 0.001), PD (P < 0.001), and CBL (P < 0.001) were significantly higher in group A than group B. Subgingival Candida was isolated from the OB of 33 (76.7%) patients in group A and 5 (12.2%) individuals in group B. The most common yeast species was Candida albicans, which was isolated from 67.4% to 60% individuals in groups A and B, respectively. The number of subgingival oral yeasts CFU/mL were significantly higher in group A (3147.54 ± 1052.6 CFU/mL) compared with group B (496.68 ± 100.2 CFU/mL; P < 0.01). Candida species (predominantly C. albicans) are present in the subgingival OB of patients with peri-implantitis. Community-based efforts toward routine oral hygiene maintenance are needed to improve oral health and minimize the risks of peri-implant diseases in populations.

Soft tissue status and crestal bone loss around conventionally-loaded dental implants placed in cigarette- and waterpipe (narghile) smokers: 8-years' follow-up results.

We hypothesized that crestal bone loss (CBL) and peri-implant soft tissue inflammation are increased when conventionally-loaded dental implants are placed in cigarette and waterpipe smokers compared to nonsmokers. The present 8-years' follow-up retrospective clinical study evaluated the stability of the conventionally-loaded dental implants placed in cigarette- and waterpipe (narghile) smoking and nonsmoking population group. Self-reported cigarette-smokers, waterpipe users along with never-smokers have been included. Data pertaining to gender, age, duration and frequency of cigarette-smoking, and usage of waterpipe were collected using a preformed questionnaire. Probing depth (PD), bleeding on probing (BOP), and peri-implant plaque index (PI) were recorded measuring mesial and distal CBL on digital bitewing radiographs. Study power estimated with group comparisons performed using the Kruskal-Wallis and Bonferroni post-hoc adjustment tests. Statistically significant P-values of less than 0.05 were considered. Forty-one cigarette-smokers, forty waterpipe-users, and forty-two never-smokers with mean ages of 44.5 ± 4.3, 41.2 ± 4.7, 43.3 ± 2.8 years, respectively, were included. The mean duration of smoking habit and duration of each session of cigarette-smoking was 5.5 ± 0.3 years and 7.7 ± 1.2 minutes, respectively. The mean period of waterpipe use and time of each session of was 10.6 ± 0.8 years and 20.2 ± 3.1 minutes, respectively. Among cigarette-smokers, waterpipe-users and never-smokers, the implants had been in function for 8.5 ± 0.3, 8.6 ± 0.3, and 8.5 ± 0.5 years, respectively. PD, CBL, and peri-implant PI were positively more among cigarette and waterpipe smoking users (P < 0.05) than with never-smokers. Peri-implant bleeding on probing was significant among never-smokers (P < 0.05) compared to waterpipe-users and cigarette-smokers. There was no difference in Peri-implant PI, PD, and CBL in cigarette-smokers and waterpipe-users. Cigarette-smokers and waterpipe users are vulnerable to peri-implant soft tissue inflammation and CBL than never-smokers. There is no variation in the severity of peri-implant soft tissue inflammation and CBL in waterpipe and cigarette users.

Survival of Titanium-Zirconium and Titanium Dental Implants in Cigarette-smokers and Never-smokers: A 5-Year Follow-up.

To compare the peri-implant clinical and radiographic status around bone-level narrow-diameter titanium-zirconium (TiZr) implants and titanium (Ti) implants placed in cigarette-smokers (CS) and never-smokers (NS). Partially edentulous CS and NS rehabilitated with TiZr and Ti implants were included. Demographic data and information regarding smoking habits were collected. Participants were divided into four groups: group-1, CS with TiZr implants; group-2, NS with TiZr implants; group-3, CS with Ti implants; and group-4, NS with Ti implants. 36, 30, 31 and 33 implants were placed in 24, 23, 24 and 25 male individuals in groups 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. Peri-implant plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD) and mesial and distal crestal bone loss (CBL) were measured. All patients were enrolled in biannual routine oral prophylaxis care at least until the fifth year of follow-up and oral hygiene instructions were reinforced at each recall appointment. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. At the 3- and 5-year follow-ups, there was no statistically significant difference in the peri-implant PI, BOP, PD and CBL between individuals in all groups. In all groups, the implant success and survival rates were 100% and 100%, respectively, at the 5-year follow-up. The TiZr and Ti dental implants can remain clinically and radiographically stable in CS in a manner similar to NS. Routine oral hygiene maintenance plays an essential role in this regard.

Peri-implant soft tissue status and crestal bone levels around adjacent implants placed in cigarette smokers and never smokers: Five-year follow-up results.

It is hypothesized that peri-implant soft tissue inflammation and crestal bone loss (CBL) are higher around adjacent implants placed in cigarette smokers compared with never smokers. The aim of the present 5-years follow-up retrospective clinical study was to compare the peri-implant soft tissue status and CBL around adjacent implants placed in cigarette smokers and never smokers. Cigarette smokers (group 1) and never smokers (group 2) with adjacent dental implants were included. Demographic information regarding age, sex, duration of smoking (pack-years), daily frequency of toothbrushing and most recent visit to a dentist or dental hygienist were recorded using a questionnaire. Information regarding implant dimensions (length × diameter), duration of implants in function, loading protocol (and type of restoration was recorded. Peri-implant plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD), and mesial and distal CBL were measured. P<0.05 were considered statistically significant. Seventy-two male participants (37 in group 1 and 35 in group 2) were included. The mean age of individuals in groups 1 and 2 were 50.3 ± 5.4 and 48.5 ± 3.8 years, respectively. In group 1, the mean duration of cigarette smoking was 22.3 ± 1.6 pack years. A family history of smoking was more often reported by individuals in group 1 compared with group 2. In groups 1 and 2, 54 and 70 adjacent implants, respectively were placed in the regions of missing premolars and molars. All implants were delayed loaded and were fixed with non-splinted screw-retained restorations. In groups 1 and 2, toothbrushing twice daily was reported by 78.3% and 74.2% individuals, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in peri-implant PI, BOP, PD, and mesial and distal CBL among individuals in groups 1 and 2. Peri-implant soft tissue status and crestal bone levels were comparable around adjacent dental implants placed in cigarette smokers and never smokers.

Clinical peri‐implant parameters and inflammatory cytokine profile among smokers of cigarette, e‐cigarette, and waterpipe

To date, there has been no study identified that assessed peri-implant parameters and local levels of proinflammatory cytokines between waterpipe smokers (WS) and electronic cigarette users (VS). To evaluate the true effect of the risk indicator (WS and VS), a positive control (cigarette smokers [CS]) was added in the study design. To compare clinical and radiographic peri-implant parameters and proinflammatory cytokine profile in the peri-implant sulcular fluid (PISF) among CS, WS, VS, and nonsmokers (NS). Forty CS, WS, VS, and NS were included. Details regarding demographics, duration of implants, and habits were recorded. Clinical examination for periodontal and peri-implant plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing (BOP), and probing depth (PD ≥ 4 mm) were assessed. Radiographic bone loss (RBL) was assessed using digital periapical radiographs and viewed on a calibrated computer screen using an image analyzer. Levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1β in PISF were evaluated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Mean peri-implant PI (P < .05), PD ≥ 4 mm (P < .05), and total RBL (P < .01) was significantly higher among CS, WS, and VS compared with NS. Statistical differences in BOP were observed in NS (P < .01) compared to CS, WS, and VS. CS and WS showed significantly higher PD ≥ 4 mm and RBL compared with VS (P < .05). Levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β were significantly higher in CS, WS, and VS compared to NS. There were no statistical differences in the mean levels of all proinflammatory cytokines among individuals in CS and WS. Tobacco smoking is associated with poor peri-implant health. The effect of waterpipe smoking was of largely the same extent as that of cigarette smoking. Higher levels of inflammatory cytokines in tobacco smokers may propose increased peri-implant inflammatory process which could play a principal role in the progression of peri-implant tissue damage.

Peri-implant soft tissue inflammatory parameters and crestal bone loss among waterpipe (narghile) smokers and never-smokers with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Peri-implant soft tissue inflammatory parameters and crestal bone loss (CBL) among waterpipe smokers (WS) with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remains uninvestigated. The aim of the present study was to assess peri-implant soft tissue inflammatory parameters and CBL among WS and never smokers (NS) with and without T2DM. Demographic data and information regarding duration of implants in function, daily frequency of smoking, duration and treatment of T2DM, and daily toothbrushing was collected using a questionnaire. Peri-implant plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD) ≥4mm, CBL, and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels were assessed in all individuals. Level of significance was set at 5%. Seventy-nine male individuals (39 patients with T2DM [20 WS and 19 NS] and 40 systemically healthy individuals [21 WS smokers and 19 NS]) were included. The mean age was comparable among individuals in all groups. The mean HbA1c levels were significantly higher among patients with T2DM compared to controls (P<0.01). Peri-implant PI, BOP, PD, and CBL were comparable among WS and NS with T2DM. Among patients without T2DM, PI (P<0.05), PD ≥4mm (P<0.05) and mesial and distal CBL (P<0.05) were significantly higher in WS than NS. Among individuals without T2DM, BOP was significantly higher among NS (P<0.05) than WS. In patients with T2DM, BOP was comparable among WS and NS. Peri-implant soft tissue inflammatory parameters and CBL were comparable among WS and NS with T2DM. Among individuals without T2DM, these parameters were worse among WS than NS.

Comparison of peri-implant clinical and radiographic inflammatory parameters among cigarette and waterpipe (narghile) smokers and never-smokers.

The authors hypothesized that peri-implant clinical and radiographic inflammatory parameters are worse in waterpipe smokers (WS) and cigarette smokers (CS) compared with never-smokers (NS). The aim of the present retrospective study is to compare peri-implant clinical and radiographic inflammatory parameters among WS, CS, and NS. Forty-four CS (group 1), 41 WS (group 2), and 43 NS (group 3) were included. Demographic data were collected using a questionnaire. Peri-implant plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing (BOP), and probing depth (PD) were measured, and crestal bone loss (CBL) was assessed on standardized digital radiographs. Sample size was estimated, and statistical analyses were performed using Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests. For multiple comparisons, Bonferroni post hoc test was performed. P values<0.05 were considered statistically significant. Peri-implant PI and PD were higher in groups 1 (P<0.05) and 2 (P<0.05) compared with group 3. Peri-implant BOP was significantly higher in group 3 compared with individuals in groups 1 (P<0.01) and 2 (P<0.01). Peri-implant total marginal bone loss was significantly higher in groups 1 (P<0.05) and 2 (P<0.05) compared with group 3. There were differences in PI, BOP, PD, and CBL among participants in groups 1 and 2. Peri-implant soft tissue inflammatory parameters and CBL are worse in CS and WS compared with NS. There is no difference in these parameters between CS and WS.

Peri-implant clinical and radiographic status and whole salivary cotinine levels among cigarette and waterpipe smokers and never-smokers.

The aim was to compare the peri-implant clinical and radiographic inflammatory parameters and whole salivary cotinine levels among cigarette smokers (CS), waterpipe smokers (WS) and never-smokers (NS). Thirty-four CS (Group 1), 33 WS (Group 2), and 31 NS (Group 3) were included. Peri-implant plaque index (PI), bleeding-on-probing (BOP), and probing depth (PD) were measured, and crestal bone loss (CBL) was assessed on standardized digital radiographs. Unstimulated whole saliva samples were collected and whole salivary cotinine levels were measured. Peri-implant PI and PD were higher in Groups 1 (P < 0.05) and 2 (P < 0.05) than in Group 3. Peri-implant BOP was significantly higher in Group 3 than in Groups 1 (P < 0.01) and 2 (P < 0.01). Peri-implant MBL was significantly higher in Groups 1 (P < 0.05) and 2 (P < 0.05) than in Group 3. There were significant differences in PI, BOP, PD, and CBL between Groups 1 and 2. There was no significant difference in the whole salivary cotinine levels in Groups 1 and 2. Peri-implant sites with plaque accumulation, PD, CBL, and whole salivary cotinine levels were higher in CS and WS than in NS, but did not differ between CS and WS.

Clinical and radiographic peri-implant parameters and proinflammatory cytokine levels among cigarette smokers, smokeless tobacco users, and nontobacco users.

It is postulated that clinical and radiographic peri-implant parameters are worse and levels of interleukin (IL)-1β and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 in the peri-implant sulcular fluid (PISF) are higher in cigarette-smokers (CS) and smokeless-tobacco users (STU) compared with nontobacco user (NTU). The present study aimed to compare clinical and radiographic peri-implant inflammatory parameters and levels of IL-1β and MMP-9 levels among CS, STU, and NTU. Forty-five CS (Group-1), 42 STU (Group-2), and 44 NTU (Group-3) were included. Demographic data was collected using a structured baseline questionnaire. Peri-implant plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing (BOP), and probing depth (PD) were recorded and crestal bone loss (CBL) were assessed using standardized digital radiographs. PISF volume and levels of IL-1β and MMP-9 in PISF were quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Clinical peri-implant parameters and PISF IL-1β and MMP-9 concentrations were analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis test. Bonferroni post hoc adjustment test was used for multiple comparisons. P-value was set at .05. Peri-implant PI and PD were significantly worse in group-1 and group-2 patients as compared to group-3 individuals (P < .05). Peri-implant CBL was also significantly higher in group-1 and group-2 compared with group-3 (P < .05). Peri-implant BOP was significantly higher in group-2 and group-3 as compared to group-1 individuals (P < .05). The PISF volume (P < .05) collected and levels of IL-1β and MMP-9 were statistically significantly elevated among individuals in group-1 and group-2 compared with group-3 (P < .01). There was no significant difference in PI, PD, CBL, and PISF levels of IL-1β and MMP-9 among participants in groups 1 and 2. Clinical and radiographic peri-implant parameters were compromised among CS and STU as compared to NTU. Increased expression of local proinflammatory cytokines may explain greater susceptibility of CS and STU to peri-implant breakdown.

Peri-implant soft-tissue parameters and crestal bone levels among narghile smokers and nonsmokers

This retrospective convenient sample case–control study investigated the peri-implant soft-tissue inflammatory parameters and crestal bone loss (CBL) among narghile smokers (NS) (Group I) and nonsmoking controls (Group II). Demographic data were collected using a questionnaire. Peri-implant plaque index (PI), bleeding-on-probing (BOP) and pocket-depth (PD) were assessed; and peri-implant CBL was measured on standardized digital bite-wing radiographs. Sample-size was estimated and statistical analysis were done using Mann–Whitney U-test. Level of significance was set at p < .05. Seventy-two male individuals (35 in Group I and 37 in Group II) were included. The mean age of individuals in Groups I and II were 45.3 ± 5.2 and 42.6 ± 3.3 years, correspondingly. In Group 1, the duration and daily frequency of narghile smoking was 17.5 ± 1.6 years and 6.3 ± 0.5 times per day, respectively. The mean duration of each narghile smoking session was 28.5 ± 0.6 min. The mean peri-implant PI (p < .05), PD (p < .05) and mesial (p < .05) and distal (p < .05) CBL were statistically significantly higher among individuals in Group I compared with Group II. BOP was significantly higher in Group II than Group I (p < .05). Narghile smoking increases peri-implant soft-tissue inflammation and CBL.

Role of mechanical curettage with and without adjunct antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in the treatment of peri-implant mucositis in cigarette smokers: A randomized controlled clinical trial

ObjectiveThe aim of the present 12-weeks follow-up randomized clinical trial was to investigate the outcome of mechanical curettage (MC) with or without adjunct antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) in the treatment of peri-implant mucositis in cigarette smokers. MethodsTherapeutically, subjects with peri-implant mucositis were divided into 2 groups: (a) Group-A: MC+aPDT; and (b) Group-B: MC alone (control group). In both groups, peri-implant plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing (BOP) and probing pocket depth (PPD) were gauged at baseline and after 12-weeks follow-up. Group comparisons were performed using the Kruskall-Wallis test. P-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. ResultsFifty-four male patients (28 in Group-A and 26 in Group-B) were included. The mean age of individuals in groups A and B were 50.6±0.8 and 52.2±0.5years, respectively. In groups A and B the participants were smoking 16.5±2.7 and 14.2±1.7 cigarettes daily since 25.2±6.5 and 24.6±4.3years, respectively. Periimplant PI, BOP and PPD were comparable among individuals in both groups at baseline. At 12-weeks follow-up, there was a significant reduction in PI (P<0.001) and PPD (P<0.001) among patients in groups A and B compared with their respective baseline values. At 12-weeks follow-up, PI (P<0.001) and PPD (P<0.001) were significantly higher among patients in Group-B compared with Group-A (P<0.001). BOP was comparable in both groups at baseline and at 12-weeks follow-up. ConclusionIn cigarette smokers, MC with adjunct aPDT is more effective in the treatment of peri-implant mucositis compared with MC alone.

Efficacy of periimplant mechanical curettage with and without adjunct antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in smokeless-tobacco product users

ObjectiveThe aim was to investigate the effectiveness of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) as an adjuvant to mechanical curettage (MC) in the treatment of periimplant mucositis in smokeless tobacco (ST) product users. MethodsForty-eight ST product users with periimplant mucositis were randomly divided into 2 groups. In the test-group, participants underwent periimplant MC with adjunct aPDT; and in the control-group, the patients underwent MC alone. Periimplant plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing (BOP), and probing depth (PD) were measured at baseline and after 3-months of follow-up. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Level of significance was set at P<0.05. ResultsAt baseline, periimplant PI, BOP and PD were comparable among individuals in the test- and control groups. At 3-months follow-up, scores of periimplant PI (P<0.05), BOP (P<0.05) and PD (P<0.05) were statistically significantly higher among patients in the control-group compared with the test-group. At 3-months follow-up, the percentages of sites of PI, BOP and PD were statistically significantly higher in the control-sites as compared to the test-sites. ConclusionAmong patients with periimplant mucositis, MC with adjunct aPDT is more effective in reducing periimplant inflammation in ST product users as compared to MC alone; however, the present result should be interpreted with caution as they were based on a short-term follow-up. Further long-term studies are needed in this regard.