Association of Self-Rated Pain with Clinical Peri-Implant Parameters and Cytokine Profile in Smokers and Never Smokers with and without Peri-Implantitis

Faris A Alshahrani,Paras Ahmad,Fahim Vohra,Montaser N Alqutub,Firas K Alqarawi,Abdulrahman M Almubarak,Eman M Alhamdan,Samar Al-Saleh,Tariq Abduljabbar

doi:10.3390/app11125559

Faris A Alshahrani, Paras Ahmad + Show 7 more

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https://doi.org/10.3390/app11125559

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Abstract

To examine the association between self-perceived pain (SPP), clinical and radiographic peri-implant parameters, and biomarker levels among smokers and never smokers with and without peri-implantitis. Sixty individuals (20 smokers with peri-implantitis [group-1], 20 never smokers with peri-implantitis [group-2] and 20 never smokers without peri-implantitis [control-group]) were included. SPP was evaluated using a numeric pain rating scale (NPRS). Peri-implant plaque index (PI), probing depth (PD), and bleeding on probing (BOP) were recorded. After obtaining the samples, the levels of TNF-α, MMP-1, and IL-8 were measured. The mean SPP score in group-1, group-2, and the control group was 1.3 ± 1, 3.4 ± 1, and zero, respectively. The peri-implant mean PD (p < 0.05), BOP (p < 0.05), PI (p < 0.05), and crestal bone loss (CBL) (p < 0.05) were significantly higher among test groups than the control group. The levels of TNF-α, MMP-1, and IL-8 were significantly raised among group-1 and group-2 than the control group. A significant correlation between increasing SPP and PICF TNF-α, MMP-1, and IL-8 levels was observed based on regression analysis. Proinflammatory biomarkers were higher in smokers with peri-implantitis than never smokers with and without peri-implantitis, with a significant association between the proinflammatory cytokines and SPP.

Highlights

Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage or described in terms of such damage [1]
Group-1 and group-2 participants had a mean age of 41.7 ± 6.6 and 39.4 ± 5.8 years, respectively, while the control group had a mean age of 38.2 ± 7.3 years
Among the smokers and never smokers with peri-implantitis, 42 and 36 dental implants were examined, respectively, while 28 dental implants were evaluated among never smokers without peri-implantitis

Summary

Introduction

Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage or described in terms of such damage [1]. It can be associated with inflammation of soft tissue surrounding the dental implant and crestal bone loss (CBL); called peri-implantitis [2]. The abutment screw loosening or failure is a rare, but very unpleasant failure. Several studies have reported that, after dental implant osseointegration, abutment screw loosening seems to be the most frequent issue linked with implants [8,9,10,11]. A few reports suggest that most of the failures are related to the suprastructure rather than to the dental implants themselves [13]

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