Scent Production Research Articles

Mechanism of floral scent production in Osmanthus fragrans and the production and regulation of its key floral constituents, \u03b2-ionone and linalool

Sweet osmanthus (Osmanthus fragrans Lour.) is among the top ten most well-known flowers in China and is recognized as both an aromatic plant and ornamental flower. Here, manual sectioning, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy of sweet osmanthus petals revealed that large amounts of lipids are present inside the petal cells and on the cell surfaces. However, no secretory structures were observed. Instead, the petal cells protrude slightly outward, and the surfaces of the cells are adorned with highly regular brush-shaped hairs. The surfaces of the ‘Yingui’ petals possessed mostly curled and more numerous hairs, whereas the ‘Dangui’ petals possessed fewer brush-shaped and more sparsely arranged hairs. In addition, many granular substances were attached to the brush-shaped hairs, and the granules were denser on the hairs of the ‘Yingui’ petals compared to the hairs on the ‘Dangui’ petals. Furthermore, 35 aromatic components in the ‘Yingui’ petals and 30 aromatic components in the ‘Dangui’ petals were detected via GC-MS. The main aromatic component of the ‘Yingui’ petals was β-ionone, whereas that of the ‘Dangui’ petals was linalool and its oxides. Transcriptome sequencing and qRT-PCR indicated that the high β-ionone content in the ‘Yingui’ petals was due to the overexpression of CCD1 and CCD4 and that the high linalool content in the ‘Dangui’ petals was due to the overexpression of MECS, HDR, IDI1, and LIS1, which function upstream of the linalool synthetic pathway. In particular, the expression levels of CCD4 and LIS1 were upregulated by 5.5- and 5.1-fold in the ‘Yingui’ and ‘Dangui’ petals, respectively. One transcription factor (ERF61) was cloned and named, and the expression pattern of ERF61 in sweet osmanthus petals was found to be generally consistent with that of CCD4. Tobacco transformation experiments, yeast one-hybrid experiments, and electrophoretic mobility shift assays indicated that ERF61 binds to the CCD4 promoter and stimulates CCD4 expression, thereby regulating the synthesis of β-ionone in sweet osmanthus petals.

Liquid and Vapour Phase of Lavandin (Lavandula × intermedia) Essential Oil: Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity.

Essential oils from Lavandula genus and the obtained hybrids are widely used for different purposes such as perfume production in the cosmetic field and for its biological properties. This is the first study on the liquid and vapour phase of Lavandula × intermedia “Grosso” essential oil grown in the Lazio Region, Italy, investigated using headspace coupled to gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (HS-GC/MS). The results showed the most abundant components were linalool and linalyl acetate, followed by 1,8-cineole and terpinen-4-ol, while lavandulyl acetate and borneol were identified as minor compounds, maintaining the same proportion in both the liquid and vapour phase. Furthermore, we tested lavandin liquid and vapour phase essential oil on gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter bohemicus, and Pseudomonas fluorescens) and gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus cereus and Kocuria marina).

Cosmetic-Related Injuries Treated in US Emergency Departments: 2002 to 2016.

A retrospective analysis was conducted by using data from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System for children <5 years who were treated in US emergency departments (EDs) from 2002-2016) for a cosmetic-related injury. An estimated 64 686 (95% confidence interval = 53 037-76 335) children were treated in EDs for cosmetic-related injuries during the 15-year study period. There was no significant change in the rate (slope = 1.1 per 10 000 children per year, P = .95) of injuries over the study period. Injuries were most commonly associated with nail care (28.3%), hair care (27.0%), skin care (25.0%), and fragrance (12.7%) products. Children aged <2 years were most frequently injured (59.3%), and poisoning was the most common diagnosis (86.2%). To our knowledge, this is the first study to use a nationally representative sample to describe the epidemiology of cosmetic-related injuries among children aged <5 years. Unintentional exposure to cosmetics is an important source of injury for young children.

Creative Destruction of Halal Certification (Bodies) By Blockchain Technology?

The fast-growing global halal market is supported by strong economic fundamentals, new categories of halal certified products, more stringent requirements for ingredients, and more Muslim countries developing halal certification systems. This is resulting in a high demand for halal certification services. The number of halal certification bodies (HCBs) worldwide is estimated to stand at around 500, although the exact number is difficult to obtain because there is no international or Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) registration database. Generally, HCBs do not recognise each other although some HCBs, such as the Indonesian Council Of Ulama (Majelis Ulama Indonesia, MUI) and Department of Islamic Development Malaysia (Jabatan Kemajuan Islam Malaysia, JAKIM), create lists of recognised HCBs for issues pertaining to (amongst other things) meat slaughtering and the production of flavourings and perfumes.

Esterification of geraniol as a strategy for increasing product titre and specificity in engineered Escherichia coli

BackgroundGeraniol, an acyclic monoterpene alcohol, is found as a primary constituent in the essential oils of plants such as geranium, lemongrass and rose. The floral-like scent of geraniol has made it a popular constituent of flavour and fragrance products. Over recent decades biotechnology has made significant progress towards the development of industrial platforms for the production of commercially valuable monoterpenoids, such as geraniol, through expression of recombinant terpene biosynthetic pathways in microbial hosts. Titres, however, have been hindered due to the inherent toxicity of these compounds—which are often utilised for anti-microbial and anti-fungal functions in their host plant.ResultsIn this study we modified an Escherichia coli strain, engineered to express a heterologous mevalonate pathway, by replacement of the terpene synthase with a geraniol synthase from Ocimum basilicum for the production of geraniol, and co-expressed an alcohol acyltransferase (AAT) from Rosa hybrida for the specific acetylation of geraniol. The low water solubility of geranyl acetate facilitated its partition into the organic phase of a two-phase system, relieving the cellular toxicity attributed to the build-up of geraniol in the aqueous phase. In a partially optimised system this strain produced 4.8 g/L geranyl acetate (based on the aqueous volume) which, on a molar equivalent basis, represents the highest monoterpene titre achieved from microbial culture to date. It was also found that esterification of geraniol prevented bioconversion into other monoterpenoids, leading to a significant improvement in product specificity, with geranyl acetate being the sole product observed.ConclusionIn this study we have shown that it is possible to both overcome the toxicity limit impeding the production of the monoterpene alcohol geraniol and mitigate product loss in culture through endogenous metabolism by using an in vivo esterification strategy. This strategy has resulted in the highest geraniol (equivalent) titres achieved from a microbial host, and presents esterification as a viable approach to increasing the titres obtained in microbial monoterpenoid production.

Catalytic furfural hydrogenation to furfuryl alcohol over Cu/SiO2 catalysts: A comparative study of the preparation methods

Furfuryl alcohol, a vital intermediate for the production of foundry resins, fragrances, pharmaceuticals and pesticide, is produced by hydrogenation of furfural in gas phase or liquid phase. The furfuryl alcohol production in gas phase over silica supported copper catalyst is favored thanks to the environmental and technical advantages. The effect of preparation methods of silica supported copper catalysts on the structure and performance was investigated by means of ICP, N2 physisorption, ex-situ/in-situ XRD, in-situ XPS, FT-IR, H2-TPR, TEM, N2O titration, TG as well as furfural hydrogenation. The results indicated that the different catalyst synthesis strategies led to the diverse copper species in the calcined samples and disparate Cu0 surface area as well as different molar ratio of Cu+/(Cu+ + Cu0) in the fresh samples. The performance of impregnation derived sample was poorer than that of commercial CuCr-Strem catalyst. The catalysts prepared by deposition precipitation and ion exchange exhibited similar performance to the CuCr-Strem. The ammonia evaporation derived catalyst (Cu/SiO2-EA) showed superior performance in the activity, selectivity and stability among all the studied catalysts. The excellent performance was related to the highest surface area of Cu0, smallest copper particle size, large surface area and pore volume as well as appropriate higher Cu+/(Cu+ + Cu0) ratio. Furthermore, all the copper catalysts went through deactivation, which was caused by carbon deposition, during the reaction. Owing to the largest amount of Cu0 sites and large SBET, the Cu/SiO2-EA exhibited the slowest deactivation rate.

Bird pollination in an African Satyrium (Orchidaceae) confirmed by camera traps and selective exclusion experiments

Motion-activated cameras (“camera traps”) are useful for recording plant–animal interactions that are difficult to observe using conventional means. We used camera traps to document interactions between animal flower visitors and the orchid Satyrium neglectum subsp. woodii and used mesh exclosures which selectively exclude access of larger animals to flowers to test the importance of bird visits for pollination. Camera footage revealed that the orchid is visited by two sunbird species (amethyst and greater double-collared) which carry pollinaria on the upper mandible of their beaks. Plants which could only be accessed by bees and other small insects had few pollinaria removed and set very few fruits relative to plants which could also be accessed by larger animals such as sunbirds. The sturdy inflorescence stem, and thick fleshy perianth tissue, orange–red colour of the flowers, low scent production and large viscidia, are traits shared with other, distantly related bird-pollinated Satyrium species and can therefore be considered likely to play a functional role in bird pollination. We previously made anecdotal observations of sunbird visits to this orchid species in south-central Africa, and this study conducted in populations in South Africa confirms that sunbird pollination is consistent across the highly disjunct distribution of the taxon.

Design and Application of Flavors Composite Scheduling System Based On Dynamic Safety Stock

At present, the scheduling of flavors and fragrances based on artificial experienc and using EXCEL tools for measurement and manual scheduling. During the process, it is not possible to consider the relevant factors, so that the results of scheduling cannot optimized. In view of this, this paper has constructed a composite scheduling system based on dynamic safety inventory. Based on the dynamic management of safety stocks for raw materials and semi-finished products of flavors and fragrances, multi-objective planning and modeling of production constraints and business objectives of the company carried out to realize the planning and design of plans for the production, procurement and shipping of flavors and fragrances. Through the practical application of the system, the dynamic control level of safety stocks has been improved, scientific production, procurement and dispatch plans carried out, and the overall supply chain management has been optimized.

Rose floral scent

The rose is the queen of flowers and is widely used as a garden plant and for the cut flower market. Roses are also used for the production of essential oil for the cosmetic and perfume industries. A lot of botanical roses are scented and use their volatiles to attract pollinators. Fragrances in garden roses are very diverse and scent has always been an important character in the selection process. Breeders have recently tried to introduce new fragrances, for instance reminiscent of fruit or spice odors. But despite their efforts, some roses on the market are not very fragrant, especially the ones selected for the cut flower market. The cause of this lack of scent is not known. In modern roses or Hybrid Tea roses, scent is mainly produced by petals, although stamens can also contribute to the emission of volatiles. Scent compounds are concentrated in rose petal epidermis, probably in small lipid droplets. In spite of numerous chemical studies, the biosynthetic pathways of many rose scent compounds are unknown. We are studying several genes involved in the biosynthesis of scent in rose. For example, we recently characterized the enzymes responsible for the so-called “tea scent” emitted by Chinese roses. Apart from “tea scent”, terpenoids, especially monoterpenes, are also major constituents of rose flowers, mostly responsible for the “typical rose scent”. Generally, terpenoid biosynthesis in plants is achieved by various terpene synthases. However, with a combination of transcriptomic and genetic approaches, our research group recently discovered a terpene synthase-independent pathway. A key enzyme of this pathway is RhNUDX1, belonging to the Nudix protein family. It has geranyl diphosphate diphosphohydrolase activity in vitro. A positive correlation was found between the expression levels of RhNUDX1 gene and the production of the monoterpene geraniol, indicating its essential role in scent production in roses.

Expansion of PmBEAT genes in the Prunus mume genome induces characteristic floral scent production

Prunus mume is the only plant in the genus Prunus of the Rosaceae family with a characteristic floral scent, and the main component of this scent is benzyl acetate. By contrast, benzyl acetate is not synthesized in Prunus persica flowers. Here, we searched for benzyl alcohol acetyltransferase (BEAT) genes based on genomic data from P. mume and P. persica and found 44 unique PmBEATs in P. mume. These genes, which were mainly detected in clusters on chromosomes, originated from gene duplication events during the species evolution of P. mume, and retroduplication and tandem duplication were the two dominant duplication patterns. The genes PmBEAT34, PmBEAT36 and PmBEAT37, which were generated by tandem duplication, were highly expressed in flowers, and their highest levels were detected during the blooming stage. In vitro, PmBEAT34, PmBEAT3, and PmBEAT37 all had benzyl alcohol acetyltransferase activity that was localized in the cytoplasm. Overexpression of the PmBEAT36 or PmBEAT37 genes increased benzyl acetate production in the petal protoplasts of P. mume, and interference in the expression of these genes slightly decreased the benzyl acetate content. In addition, light and temperature regulated the expression of the PmBEAT34, PmBEAT36 and PmBEAT37 genes. According to these results, we hypothesize that the expansion of the PmBEAT genes in the genome induce the characteristic floral scent of P. mume.

Relationship between personal care products usage and triclosan exposure: the second Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS 2012\u20132014)

BackgroundWe aimed to find the exposure level of triclosan (TCS), a known endocrine disruptor, related to the use of personal care products using a nationally representative data of the general population in Korea.MethodsThis study included data of 6288 adults aged 19 years and older (2692 men, 3596 women), based on the Second Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS 2012–2014). The data were divided according to gender. The frequency and proportion of each variable were determined by dividing participants into two groups based on the top 75th percentile concentration of urinary TCS (male: 1.096 μg/g creatinine, female: 1.329 μg/g creatinine). Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated using logistic regression analysis for the high TCS exposure and low TCS exposure groups.ResultsOverall, the proportion of participants using personal care products was higher in women than in men. There was a significantly higher proportion of participants in the high TCS exposure group with younger age, higher education and income levels and with more frequent use of fragrance products, hair care products, body cleansers, cosmetics, and antimicrobial agents. In both men and women, ORs tended to increase with increased frequency of use of hair care products, body cleansers, and cosmetics before and after adjustment.ConclusionsOur findings demonstrate that as the frequency of use of personal care products increases, urine TCS concentration increases. Because TCS is a well-known endocrine disruptor, further studies are needed and explore other health effects with exposure to TCS in general population in Korea.

Losing a Scent of One’s Self: Is There a Reduction in Floral Scent Emission in Self-Pollinating Phlox cuspidata versus Outcrossing Phlox drummondii?

Premise of research. Studies of the evolution of self-pollination have generally predicted reductions in pollinator-attractive morphological floral traits over time as a result of relaxed pollinator-mediated selection and/or positive selection associated with improved self-pollination. Nonmorphological traits, such as floral scent, may also become reduced in self-pollinating taxa due to relaxed pollinator-mediated selection. However, evidence of such reductions in floral scent of selfing versus outcrossing taxa is limited. We explored this possibility in the scent of the predominantly selfing taxa Phlox cuspidata and its close outcrossing relative Phlox drummondii.Methodology. Scent was collected and analyzed from four populations of each plant species using dynamic headspace extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. Scent emission rates were compared between species and among populations nested within species via MANOVA.Pivotal results. Of the 37 scent variables examined, only three showed significant differences between species. However, all three were emitted in decreased quantities from selfing P. cuspidata.Conclusions. While our findings provide some support for reductions of scent emission in selfing versus outcrossing annual Phlox, the retention of substantial scent production by P. cuspidata suggests continued dependence on pollinators (for either outcrossing or facultative selfing). This is further supported by maintenance of a pollen-ovule ratio similar to outcrossing P. drummondii. The retention of significant terpenoid emission alternatively indicates potential defensive functions for floral scent, as these compounds are known to have antiherbivore and antipathogen properties. Future research should examine both possibilities.

Nanoemulsions as a Form of Perfumery Products

Alcohol-based perfumes, e.g., eau de parfum, eau de toilette, eau de cologne or au fraiche, are the most common type of fragrance products available on the market. There are also alcohol-free fragrance products, mainly in the form of solid or oil perfume. From the consumers’ point of view, such perfumery products are of interest; therefore, looking for new solutions is still interesting. Nanoemulsions are liquid, kinetically stable colloidal dispersions, consisting of an aqueous phase, an oil phase and a surfactant, with or without a co-surfactant. They are transparent, not greasy, easy to spray and spread. Additionally, they show capacity to protect fragrances from oxidation. The development of a water-based perfumes in the form of stable nanoemulsions containing fragrance compositions (in the range of 5–15%), stabilized by nonionic surfactants, allows to create safe products for a wider group of consumers, including children, adolescents and people with sensitive skin. In this article, an application of nanoemulsions as a potential form of perfumery products were described.

Vanillin biotechnology: the perspectives and future.

The biotechnological production of fragrances is a recent trend that has expanded rapidly in the last two decades. Vanillin is the second most popular flavoring agent after saffron and is extensively used in various applications, e.g., as a food additive in food and beverages and as a masking agent in various pharmaceutical formulations. It is also considered a valuable product for other applications, such as metal plating and the production of other flavoring agents, herbicides, ripening agents, antifoaming agents, and personal and home-use products (such as in deodorants, air fresheners, and floor-polishing agents). In general, three types of vanillin, namely natural, biotechnological, and chemical/synthetic, are available on the market. However, only natural and nature-identical (biotechnologically produced from ferulic acid only) vanillins are considered as food-grade additives by most food-safety control authorities worldwide. In the present review, we summarize recent trends in fermentation technology for vanillin production and discuss the importance of the choice of raw materials for the economically viable production of vanillin. We also describe the key enzymes used in the biotechnological production of vanillin as well as their underlying genes. Research to advance our understanding of the molecular regulation of different pathways involved in vanillin production from ferulic acid is still ongoing. The enhanced knowledge is expected to offer new opportunities for the application of metabolic engineering to optimize the production of nature-identical vanillin. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.

Functional characterization and expression analysis of two terpene synthases involved in floral scent formation in Lilium 'Siberia'.

Floral scent formation in Lilium 'Siberia' is mainly due to monoterpene presence in the floral profile. LoTPS1 and LoTPS3 are responsible for the formation of (±)-linalool and β-ocimene in Lilium 'Siberia'. Lilium 'Siberia' is a perennial herbaceous plant belonging to Liliaceae family, cultivated both as a cut flower and garden plant. The snowy white flower emits a pleasant aroma which is mainly caused by monoterpenes present in the floral volatile profile. Previously terpene synthase (TPS) genes have been isolated and characterized from various plant species but less have been identified from Liliaceae family. Here, two terpene synthase genes (LoTPS1 and LoTPS3), which are highly expressed in sepals and petals of Lilium 'Siberia' flower were functionally characterized recombinant LoTPS1 specifically catalyzes the formation of (Z)-β-ocimene and (±)-linalool as its main volatile compounds from geranyl pyrophosphate (GPP), whereas LoTPS3 is a promiscuous monoterpene synthase which utilizes both GPP and farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) as a substrate to generate (±)-linalool and cis-nerolidol, respectively. Transcript levels of both genes were prominent in flowering parts, especially in sepals and petals which are the main source of floral scent production. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that the compounds were emitted throughout the day, prominently during the daytime and lower levels at night following a strong circadian rhythm in their emission pattern. Regarding mechanical wounding, both genes showed considerable involvement in floral defense by inducing the emission of (Z)-β-ocimene and (±)-linalool, elevating the transcript accumulation of LoTPS1 and LoTPS3. Furthermore, the subcellular localization experiment revealed that LoTPS1 was localized in plastids, whilst LoTPS3 in mitochondria. Our findings on these two TPSs characterized from Lilium 'Siberia' provide new insights into molecular mechanisms of terpene biosynthesis in this species and also provide an opportunity for biotechnological modification of floral scent profile of Lilium.

Synthesis and characterization of novel biocompatible nanocapsules encapsulated lily fragrance

Fragranced products are wildly used in our daily life. However, their storage, application and quality are severely influenced by their strong volatility. In order to overcome these natural defects of fragrances, fragrance encapsulation approaches have been developed recently. In this study, a mild, simple and low-cost method of fragrance encapsulation was invented. Liposomes composed of soya lecithin/DSPE-PEG2000/PLGA were prepared to encapsulate lily fragrance (LF). And these nanosized fragrance products was named LF-NPs. The hydrodynamic diameters of LF-NPs were approximately 100 nm and their encapsulation efficiency was up to 21.9%. Besides, LF-NPs could also prolong the release time of lily fragrance. Finally, the cytotoxicity tests indicated that LF-NPs offered biocompatibility. Therefore, LF-NPs were expected to have application prospects.

Process optimisation and characterisation of fragrance suited mechanically expressed Nigerian lime seed oil

This study determined the optimal process parameters for the extraction of Lime (Citrus aurantifolia) Seed Oil (LSO) for fragrance production. A Box Behnken Design (BBD) of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to design the LSO extraction using hydraulic press. The effect of various combinations of temperature, heating time and pressing time on oil yield, specific gravity, acid value, saponification value, FFA, Iodine and peroxide values were investigated. The oil produced was analysed using Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrophotometer (GC-MS). The R 2 -values of models ranged between 0.998 and 0.999 and adjusted R 2 between 0.994 and 0.998. A maximum of 29.21 % of LSO yield was obtained with specific gravity (0.861), acid value (2.86 mg KOH/g); saponification value (185.3 mg KOH/g), FFA (≤ 1.43 %), Iodine value (107.8 g I 2 /100 g) and peroxide value (15meq/kg) at the optimal process parameters of 83 o C, 8 min and 7 min temperature heating and pressing time respectively. The physico-chemical analysis of the lime seed oil indicated that the oil could be used for fragrance. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v37i2.9

The functional role of the keel crest in Polygala myrtifolia (Polygalaceae) and its effects on pollinator visitation success

Keel-flowers have evolved structures and mechanisms to protect their pollen and enhance pollen removal by pollinators. Polygala myrtifolia L. (Polygalaceae) has a keel-flower exclusively pollinated by carpenter bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae). The keel also has an elaborate, fluffy appendage (crest) which has been proposed to function as a pollinator attractant, a landing platform, or a lever. This study explored the functional role of the crest. A manipulation experiment determined the effects of crest removal on pollinator visitation and the bees' ability to access the nectar. Foraging times, preference, and ease of access to nectar were recorded for flowers with and without crests. Crest attractiveness through scent was investigated using a neutral red assay as well as potential attraction through colour contrasts using UV and false-colour imaging. Forces required to open the keel were measured at the crest and parts of the keel. Carpenter bees had a stronger initial preference for crested over non-crested flowers and this translated into a higher number of visits for crested flowers. The proportion of visits resulting in successful nectar access was significantly higher for crested flowers. Crested flowers were visited for significantly longer periods than non-crested flowers. Crest colour as perceived by bees strongly contrasted with the rest of the flower suggesting an attractive function, while crests appear not to be involved in scent production. Forces to open the keel were much lower at the crest than at the keel, suggesting a lever function. We suggest that the crest functions both as a lever and as a visual attractant.

Incomplete synchrony of inflorescence scent and temperature patterns in Arum maculatum L. (Araceae)

In many Araceae both scent and heat production are known to temporally vary throughout anthesis, and in several species strong scents are released for pollinator attraction when thermogenesis is also strong. However, it is not known whether the temporal patterns of both scent emission and temperature are strictly synchronous and, for example, reach their maxima at the same time. We studied Arum maculatum, a brood-site deceptive species attracting its moth fly pollinators with strong fetid scents, to study temporal patterns in scent emission and temperature during anthesis. Inflorescence scents were collected and analysed by dynamic headspace and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) or by proton-transfer-reaction-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PTR-TOFMS), and the temperature of the appendix, which is the heating osmophore during pollinator attraction, was recorded by a thermocouple. We overall found that scent emission and temperature patterns were strongly correlated. However, in none of the seven studied individuals was the highest amount of scent released at times with the maximum temperature difference. Thus, patterns of scent emission and temperature are somewhat asynchronous suggesting that high scent emission rates and temporal scent patterns in plants with thermogenesis cannot be solely explained by temperature patterns. This calls for more in-depth studies to better understand the interplay between scent emission and thermogenesis.

Model Hubungan Citra Merek, Perpsepsi Kualitas, Harga dan Intensi Pembelian Konsumen

This study examines the relationship between brand image, perceived quality, and price on the purchase intention of brand X perfume. In particular, the role of quality and price is placed as a mediator on the relationship between brand image and purchase intention. Data were collected through the distribution of questionnaires with the convenience sampling method. A total of 117 customers from three supermarkets in Jakarta were used as respondents. Data analysis used PLS-SEM to test the proposed hypothesis. Empirical results show that brand image significantly and positively affects perceptions of quality and price. Brand image, quality, and price are three factors that directly affect purchase intention. Testing the mediation model shows that price is proven to be a mediator of the relationship between brand image and purchase intention, while perceived quality is not significant. This research is limited to the buying behavior of perfume products so that future research can expand the analysis on different products.