Manufacture Of Perfumes Research Articles

Selective hydrogenation of the C[dbnd]C bond in cinnamaldehyde over an ultra-small Pd-Ag alloy catalyst

Hydrocinnamaldehyde (HCAL) is a crucial intermediate in the manufacture of perfumes and pharmaceuticals, but highly selective hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde (CALD) to hydrocinnamaldehyde with a good conversion rate is a challenging. We report that the incorporation of Ag into Pd-based catalysts promotes their catalytic activity and HCAL selectivity (HCAL selectivity of 98.6% with >99.9% CALD conversion for Pd-0.3Ag/MCM-41) for CALD hydrogenation compared to those of catalysts with no Ag, e.g., HCAL selectivity of 84.5% for Pd/MCM-41and 77.3% for Pd/AC (activated carbon). The Pd-0.3Ag/MCM-41 catalyst shows an outstanding stability during five cycles of use. The excellent performance of the Pd-0.3Ag/MCM-41 catalyst in CALD hydrogenation is due to the ultra-small size of the Pd nanoparticles (Pd-Ag alloy, a geometric and electronic modification of Pd).

Next generation sequencing yields the complete mitogenome of captive forest musk deer, Moschus berezovskii (Ruminantia: Moschidae)

Moschus berezovskii is an endangered species, but its captive populations are valuable on musk secretions in traditional Chinese medicine and perfume manufacture. The mitogenome of M. berezovskii was 16,353 bp in size. Stop codons in 13 PCGs were all typical types except incomplete stop codon T for COX3, ND2 and ND4, and TA for ND3. No tandem repeat was found in control region. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that Moschidae has the closest relationship with Bovidae. We supported that M. berezovskii should be categorized into two subspecies, and suggested that the status of M. chrysogaster JQ608470 should be further investigated.

Illumina-based de novo transcriptome sequencing and analysis of Chinese forest musk deer.

The Chinese forest musk deer (Moschus berezovskii Flerov) is an endangered artiodactyl mammal. The musk secreted by sexually mature males is highly valued for alleged pharmaceutical properties and perfume manufacturing. However, the genomic and transcriptomic resources of musk deer remain deficiently represented and poorly understood. Next-generation sequencing technique is an efficient method for generating an enormous amount of sequence data that can represent a large number of genes and their expression levels. In the present study, we used Illumina HiSeq technology to perform de novo assembly of heart and musk gland transcriptomes from the Chinese forest musk deer. A total of 239,383 transcripts and 176,450 unigenes were obtained, of which 37,329 unigenes were matched to known sequences in the NCBI nonredundant protein (Nr) database; 31,039 unigenes were assigned to 61 GO terms, and 11,782 to 332 KEGG pathways. Additionally, 592 and 2282 differentially expressed genes were found to be specifically expressed in the heart and musk gland, respectively. The abundant transcriptomic data generated in the present report will provide a comprehensive sequence resource for Chinese forest musk deer as well as lay down a foundation which will help in accelerating genetic and functional genomics research in this species.

The Complete Chloroplast Genome Sequences of Aconitum pseudolaeve and Aconitum longecassidatum, and Development of Molecular Markers for Distinguishing Species in the Aconitum Subgenus Lycoctonum.

Aconitum pseudolaeve Nakai and Aconitum longecassidatum Nakai, which belong to the Aconitum subgenus Lycoctonum, are distributed in East Asia and Korea. Aconitum species are used in herbal medicine and contain highly toxic components, including aconitine. A. pseudolaeve, an endemic species of Korea, is a commercially valuable material that has been used in the manufacture of cosmetics and perfumes. Although Aconitum species are important plant resources, they have not been extensively studied, and genomic information is limited. Within the subgenus Lycoctonum, which includes A. pseudolaeve and A. longecassidatum, a complete chloroplast (CP) genome is available for only one species, Aconitum barbatum Patrin ex Pers. Therefore, we sequenced the complete CP genomes of two Aconitum species, A. pseudolaeve and A. longecassidatum, which are 155,628 and 155,524 bp in length, respectively. Both genomes have a quadripartite structure consisting of a pair of inverted repeated regions (51,854 and 52,108 bp, respectively) separated by large single-copy (86,683 and 86,466 bp) and small single-copy (17,091 and 16,950 bp) regions similar to those in other Aconitum CP genomes. Both CP genomes consist of 112 unique genes, 78 protein-coding genes, 4 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, and 30 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes. We identified 268 and 277 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) in A. pseudolaeve and A. longecassidatum, respectively. We also identified potential 36 species-specific SSRs, 53 indels, and 62 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) between the two CP genomes. Furthermore, a comparison of the three Aconitum CP genomes from the subgenus Lycoctonum revealed highly divergent regions, including trnK-trnQ, ycf1-ndhF, and ycf4-cemA. Based on this finding, we developed indel markers using indel sequences in trnK-trnQ and ycf1-ndhF. A. pseudolaeve, A. longecassidatum, and A. barbatum could be clearly distinguished using the novel indel markers AcoTT (Aconitum trnK-trnQ) and AcoYN (Aconitum ycf1-ndhF). These two new complete CP genomes provide useful genomic information for species identification and evolutionary studies of the Aconitum subgenus Lycoctonum.

Metal‐Catalyzed Alkene Functionalization Reactions Towards Production of Detergent and Surfactant Feedstocks

AbstractMetal complexes have been used as catalysts in alkene transformation reactions to produce alcohols, esters, and organic acids as potential raw materials for the manufacture of detergents, perfumes, and other fine chemicals. Herein, we report the use of palladium(II) and ruthenium complexes as efficient catalyst precursors for the methoxycarbonylation, hydrogenolysis, and ethoxylation reactions of higher alkenes. The palladium catalysts showed high chemoselectivity (>98 %) and regioselectivities of about 40 % towards the formation of esters and branched isomers, respectively. Subsequent hydrogenolysis of the esters to the corresponding alcohols was achieved using ruthenium catalysts. Reactions of the esters and alcohols with ethylene oxide using calcinated aluminum oxide catalysts produced the corresponding alcohol and methyl ester ethoxylates, respectively. The identity of the phosphine derivatives, catalyst loading, reaction time, temperature, and pressure were found to influence the catalytic activity and regioselectivity of the complexes.

Economic analysis of arrival and price behaviour of rose and gerbera flowers in Gultekhadi market Pune

In India, floriculture is emerging as an important commercial crop. A lot of importance has been given to this sector due to its multiple uses, satisfying the aesthetic needs of the people, creating more employment, ensuring higher rate of returns to rural people and facilitating earning more foreign exchange. More specifically, they are being used as raw materials in the manufacture of essence, perfumes, medicines and confectioneries for direct consumption by the society.Agriculture supply is uncertain and this uncertainty in supply leads to fluctuations in prices. The broad objective of study was to examine price behavior of major flowers in Pune. The data on arrivals and prices of flower crop under study for the period of 10 years i.e. from 2005-14 were used. The data were collected from the records of Gultekhadi market Pune. The results indicated that annual growth trend was maximum during 2011-12 in areas and production of loose flowers. Annual growth trend was maximum during 2009-10 in production of cut flowers. The study indicated positive percentage change in prices of gerbera (+15.25%) and negative in prices of roses (-22.83). Maximum negative percentage change was observed in case of arrivals of gerbera. Trends in arrivals and prices of rose in gultekhadi market shows decreasing trends from year 2005 to 2014. In case of gerbera decreasing trends was observed in arrivals and increasing trends in prices. Co-efficient of variation of real prices was found to be lowest in gerbera.

Barium interleaved and Si/Al enhanced sugar industry waste for confiscation of nitrobenzene from aqueous solution

Nitrobenzene (NB) is widely used in the chemical industry. It is also utilized in the manufacture of perfumes, synthetic resins, pesticides, drugs and so on. It is discharged in the aqueous waste and subsequently accumulates in the environment which brings about harmful effects on human health and other lives. It causes carcinogenic, mutagenic effect, headache, skin and eye irritation. Its continuous exposure leads to liver damage and anemia. Low cost adsorbent bagasse fly ash (BFA)-sugar industry waste is an alternative opportunity for adsorption. Microwave synthesized Barium interleaved-EMZBFA-Ba (Electrolyte treated Microwave assisted Zeolite of Bagasse Fly Ash with Barium interleaved) with improved Si/Al ratio-EMZBFA-30-Ba (Electrolyte treated Microwave assisted Zeolite of Bagasse Fly Ash having Si/Al ratio 30 with Barium interleaved) has been synthesized from Bagasse Fly Ash. PXRD (Powdered X-ray Diffraction), XRF (X-ray Fluorescence), FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Radiation), SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy), BET (Brunauer–Emmett–Teller) and BJH (Barrett-Joyner-Halenda) techniques were used to characterize the adsorbents. The optimized parameters like pH (2), agitation time (120min), initial sorbate concentration (100mg/L), adsorbent dose (2g/l) and temperature (303K) have been adjusted. The NB removal efficiency was observed at the adjusted parameters which showed average sorption capacity (qe) of 27.56mg/g, 36.12mg/g, 39.26mg/g, for BFA, EMZBFA-Ba, and EMZBFA-30-Ba respectively. Frendulich model was best suited for sorption process when the kinetic studies show pseudo second order rate of sorption. Intraparticle diffusion and surface adsorption were suitable for extraction of NB through mainly hydrogen bonding interaction of NB and BFA, EMZBFA-Ba, and EMZBFA-30-Ba.

Oxidative conversion of anilines to azobenzenes with alkaline chloramine-T

Anilines are widely used in the manufacture of dyes, medicinals, plastics and perfumes. Anilines are readily oxidized to give products depending on reaction conditions. Conversion of anilines to azobenzene is important in organic synthesis. In the course of this research, optimum conditions for the facile oxidative conversion of anilines to azobenzenes have been established in very good yields. The kinetics of oxidation of aniline, p-methoxyaniline, p-methylaniline, p-carboxylicaniline and p-nitroaniline by chloramine-T (CAT) in NaOH medium shows identical kinetics with a first-order dependence of rate on [CAT]o, fractional-order on [Aniline]o, and an inverse-fractional order on [OH-]. Activation parameters and decomposition constants have been determined. Oxidation products were characterized by NMR spectral studies. Isokinetic temperature is 415 K indicating enthalpy as a controlling factor. The rates increased in the order: p-methoxyaniline>p-methylaniline>aniline>p-carboxylicani- line>p-nitroaniline. A Hammett linear free energy relationship is observed for the reaction with ρ=-0.52. Reaction scheme and kinetic rate law were deduced. We have developed a simple and efficient protocol for the synthesis of azobenzenes by anilines in good yields and hence we believe that this methodology will be a valuable addition to the existing methods.

P0107 New insights into the mechanisms of bergamot essential oil and its extractive fractions on SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cell growth

<h3>Background</h3> Bergamot essential oil (BEO) is obtained from the fruit peel of <i>Citrus bergamia</i> (bergamot), a small tree cultivated almost exclusively along the southern coast of the Calabria region of Italy. BEO is appreciated for its organoleptic properties and is widely used in the manufacture of perfumes. The goals of our study were to investigate the mechanisms underlying the antiproliferative effects of BEO and to identify the compounds mainly responsible for its inhibition of SH-SY5Y cell growth. <h3>Methods</h3> Five BEO extractive fractions (BEOs) differing in chemical composition were used. Cell proliferation was determined by MTT and cell count assays. The trypan blue exclusion test and annexin V/PI staining were done to assess their cytotoxic activity. Genotoxic effects were detected by the comet assay. The cell cycle was also analysed cytofluorimetrically. Reactive oxygen species and Δ<i>ψ</i>m were measured fluorimetrically. Western blotting analyses for some apoptosis-related proteins were carried out. <h3>Findings</h3> Treatment of SH-SY5Y cells with some types of BEOs decreased rate of cell growth by a mechanism correlated to both apoptotic and necrotic cell death. Coloured BEOs act by increasing generation of reactive oxygen species, responsible for the drop in <mml:math><mml:mrow><mml:mi>Δ</mml:mi><mml:mi>ψ</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math>m, and modulating p38 and ERK1/2 MAPKs, p53, Bcl-2 and Bax signalling pathways. Finally, we identified bergamottin and 5-geranyloxy-7-methoxycoumarin as the bioactive molecules that play a pivotal part in the antiproliferative effects exerted by coloured BEOs. <h3>Interpretation</h3> Our study provides novel insights into the antiproliferative effects of BEO, which could be exploited in the context of multitarget pharmacological strategies.

High-temperature vapour–liquid equilibrium for ethanol–1-propanol mixtures and modeling with SAFT-VR

Alcohols have a wide use in industry, and some of them are solvents for fats, oils, resins, paints, and nitrocellulose; on the other hand, others find use in the manufacture of perfumes and brake fluids. Mixtures of ethanol with 1-propanol, 1-butanol, or 1-pentanol can be used as fuel oxygenates. In addition these mixtures can be used as cryogenic fluids and as heat reservoir in cryogenic power generation systems. This justifies the importance of the knowledge of thermodynamic properties for these mixtures at various temperatures. However, properties like experimental densities, and vapour liquid equilibrium at high temperatures, for some alcohols mixtures are scarce, and when they exist do not have the claimed accuracy.This paper reports VLE measurements for the system ethanol+1-propanol at temperatures and pressures up to 423K and 1MPa, respectively, performed at our laboratories. The statistical associating fluid theory for potentials of variable range (SAFT-VR) was used to model the systems and found to accurately reproduce the experimental data.

Enzymes for synthetic biology of ambroxide-related diterpenoid fragrance compounds.

Ambrox and related ambroxides are highly priced in the fragrance industry, and valued for their delicate odor and fixative properties. Historically, ambrox was obtained from ambergris, a waxy excretion produced by sperm whales, now an endangered species. Synthetic ambroxides have replaced ambergris in perfume manufacture. Plant labdane diterpenoids can serve as starting material for ambroxide synthesis. Among these, the diterpene alcohol sclareol is the major industrial precursor obtained from cultivated clary sage (Salvia sclarea). In plants, a large family of diterpene synthase (diTPS) enzymes controls key reactions in diterpenoid biosynthesis. Advanced metabolite profiling and high-throughput sequencing of fragrant and medicinal plants have accelerated discovery of novel diTPS functions, providing a resource for combinatorial synthetic biology and metabolic engineering approaches. This chapter highlights recent progress on the discovery, characterization, and engineering of plant diTPSs with potential uses in ambroxide production. It features biosynthesis of sclareol, cis-abienol, and diterpene resin acids, as sources of genes and enzymes for diterpenoid bioproducts.

ISOLASI DAN IDENTIFIKASI KOMPONEN KIMIA EKSTRAK N-HEKSAN DAUN PALA (Myristica fragrans)

Nutmeg plant is a multi-purpose plant because each part can be utilized in the industry. Nutmeg leaves contain essential oils and phenolic compounds. Essential oils are used as traditional medicine ingredients and as raw material for the manufacture of cosmetics, soaps, perfumes and others. This study aimed to isolate and identify the chemical components in the leaves of nutmeg (Myristica fragrans). Have done isolation and Identification of chemical components of the methanol extract of leaves pala ( Myristica fragrans .) of 500 grams to determine the class of chemical components caontained in the leaf pala ( Myristica fragrans .). The methanol extract which obtained by maseartion method 9,45 grams continued by solid liquid partition with n-hexane 4,61 grams extract. N-hexan extract isolated by column chromatography method obtained 37 bottles vials. Fraction D of the merger based on the appearance of spotting the chromatograms isolated by preparative thin-layer chromatography method, obtained 3 band. D.1 fractions isolated by TLC obtained a stain. In fractions spotting D.1 is obtained by testing a single two-dimentional TLC ang the elution system of multi eluen. Interpretation UV-Visible spectra data showed maximum absorption at a wavelength 0f 2 73 nm and showed infrared fungtional group (OH) on the wave number (3 927.78 cm -1 , 3828.59 cm -1 , 3743.30 cm -1 , 3387.93 cm -1 ), group (CH) on the wave number ( 2925.93 cm -1 , 2859.02 cm -1 , 2364.17 cm -1 ), alken group (C = C) aromatik on the wave number ( 1642.54 cm -1 , 1565.88 cm -1 , 1516.65 cm -1 , 1458.92 cm -1 , 1114.33 cm -1 ), benzene group on the wave number ( 698.24 cm -1 ). Single spots obtained gave a positive reaction to spotting visualizer class of flavonoids. Key words : Nutmeg , Isolation, Essential Oils.

A Multiobjective Optimization Approach for the Development of a Sustainable Supply Chain of a New Fixative in the Perfume Industry

Ambrox is an important fixative used in the manufacture of perfumes. It is obtained through complex chemical synthesis routes with high costs. Recent research efforts at the Institute of Chemical and Biological Researches at the Universidad Michoacana have led to the one-step synthesis of Ambrox from extracts of Ageratina jocotepecana (an endemic plant of the State of Michoacan in Mexico). This new chemical route is attractive from a manufacturing perspective. However, there are several challenges for the industrial application of this plant and its incorporation in the supply chain of the perfume industry. This paper presents a multiobjective optimization approach for the development and assessment of the supply chain of Ageratina jocotepecana to account for its growth in current and reclaimed lands, distribution, processing to yield Ambrox, and distribution of products. The approach accounts for the economic, environmental, and social aspects and establishes systematic trade-offs. A case study is solved...

An overview of chemical straightening of human hair: technical aspects, potential risks to hair fibre and health and legal issues

Personal image, as it relates to external beauty, has attracted much attention from the cosmetic industry, and capillary aesthetics is a leader in consumption in this area. There is a great diversity of products targeting both the treatment and beautification of hair. Among them, hair straighteners stand out with a high demand by costumers aiming at beauty, social acceptance and ease of daily hair maintenance. However, this kind of treatment affects the chemical structure of keratin and of the hair fibre, bringing up some safety concerns. Moreover, the development of hair is a dynamic and cyclic process, where the duration of growth cycles depends not only on where hair grows, but also on issues such as the individual's age, dietary habits and hormonal factors. Thus, although hair fibres are composed of dead epidermal cells, when they emerge from the scalp, there is a huge variation in natural wave and the response to hair cosmetics. Although it is possible to give the hair a cosmetically favourable appearance through the use of cosmetic products, for good results in any hair treatment, it is essential to understand the mechanisms of the process. Important information, such as the composition and structure of the hair fibres, and the composition of products and techniques available for hair straightening, must be taken into account so that the straightening process can be designed appropriately, avoiding undesirable side effects for hair fibre and for health. This review aims to address the morphology, chemical composition and molecular structure of hair fibres, as well as the products and techniques used for chemical hair relaxing, their potential risk to hair fibre and to health and the legal aspects of their use.

Discovery and functional characterization of two diterpene synthases for sclareol biosynthesis in Salvia sclarea(L.) and their relevance for perfume manufacture

BackgroundSclareol is a diterpene natural product of high value for the fragrance industry. Its labdane carbon skeleton and its two hydroxyl groups also make it a valued starting material for semisynthesis of numerous commercial substances, including production of Ambrox® and related ambergris substitutes used in the formulation of high end perfumes. Most of the commercially-produced sclareol is derived from cultivated clary sage (Salvia sclarea) and extraction of the plant material. In clary sage, sclareol mainly accumulates in essential oil-producing trichomes that densely cover flower calices. Manool also is a minor diterpene of this species and the main diterpene of related Salvia species.ResultsBased on previous general knowledge of diterpene biosynthesis in angiosperms, and based on mining of our recently published transcriptome database obtained by deep 454-sequencing of cDNA from clary sage calices, we cloned and functionally characterized two new diterpene synthase (diTPS) enzymes for the complete biosynthesis of sclareol in clary sage. A class II diTPS (SsLPPS) produced labda-13-en-8-ol diphosphate as major product from geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) with some minor quantities of its non-hydroxylated analogue, (9 S, 10 S)-copalyl diphosphate. A class I diTPS (SsSS) then transformed these intermediates into sclareol and manool, respectively. The production of sclareol was reconstructed in vitro by combining the two recombinant diTPS enzymes with the GGPP starting substrate and in vivo by co-expression of the two proteins in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Tobacco-based transient expression assays of green fluorescent protein-fusion constructs revealed that both enzymes possess an N-terminal signal sequence that actively targets SsLPPS and SsSS to the chloroplast, a major site of GGPP and diterpene production in plants.ConclusionsSsLPPS and SsSS are two monofunctional diTPSs which, together, produce the diterpenoid specialized metabolite sclareol in a two-step process. They represent two of the first characterized hydroxylating diTPSs in angiosperms and generate the dihydroxylated labdane sclareol without requirement for additional enzymatic oxidation by activities such as cytochrome P450 monoxygenases. Yeast-based production of sclareol by co-expresssion of SsLPPS and SsSS was efficient enough to warrant the development and use of such technology for the biotechnological production of scareol and other oxygenated diterpenes.

Vibrational relaxation study in 4-chloroacetophenone

Vibrational relaxation process has been emerged as a useful tool in probing the nature of solute solvent interactions in liquid phase. The Laser Raman techniques have been used to study the vibrational and rotational frequencies of molecules, which provide detailed information about the dynamic processes involved in liquids. Raman spectra of C=O stretching mode of 4-chloroacetophenone dissolved in acetonitrile and chlorobenzene have been recorded as a function of solvent concentration ranging from 10% to 90% concentration at room temperature. The 4-chloroacetophenone is a molecule having wide application in manufacture of drugs, perfumes and cosmetics. This study may provide useful information about the vibrational relaxation mechanisms in liquid solutions at molecular level. The Laser Raman components were determined and the spectra were analyzed at different solvent concentrations. The theoretical models have been tested and compare with the experimental results.

The Coming of Advanced Materials: A Personal View of the Contributions by Cambridge Scientists

AbstractThe highly significant contributions both directly and indirectly made to the study of condensed matter in general and to advanced materials in particular by a succession of Cambridge scientists over the early years of the past half century are adumbrated in the light of the conjunction of the 21st anniversary of the founding of this journal and the 800th anniversary of the University of Cambridge. So also are the reasons for the burgeoning growth in the last few decades of the preparation, characterization, and use of various kinds of advanced materials. A summary is also given of the author's own work in solid‐state and materials science, including a brief appraisal of recent strategies for the design of advanced catalysts for the production (under environmentally benign conditions) of a number of industrially important chemicals ranging from vitamins to commodities, such as adipic acid and terephthalic acid, and building blocks, such as styrene oxide, that are utilized in the manufacture of cosmetics and perfumes.

Highly efficient and organic nitrogen-containing cation-promoted aerobic oxidation of alkylaromatics in the presence of N-hydroxyphthalimide

BACKGROUD: Direct oxidation of alkylaromatics to the corresponding aromatic ketone is an important process in the manufacture of perfumes, pharmaceuticals, flavors, dyes and agrochemicals. For example, tetralin is oxidized to produce 1-tetralinone, which is a key intermediate in the commercial production of 1-naphthol, 2-hydroxy-1-tetralone, aureolic acid antibiotics and other pharmaceuticals. RESULTS: In this investigation, it was found that alkylaromatics could be efficiently and selectively oxidized to the corresponding aromatic ketones when methyl violet was employed as a promotor in the presence of N-hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI); tetralin was oxidized with 89% conversion and 76% selectivity to 1-tetralinone under 0.3 MPa of O2 at 75 °C for 2.5 h. The effects of temperature, oxygen pressure, reaction time and additive inclusion were studied in detail. A possible reaction mechanism for tetralin oxidation has been proposed. CONCLUSION: It was demonstrated that methyl violet could efficiently promote the aerobic oxidation of alkylaromatics in the presence of NHPI under mild conditions. Further investigations indicated that the nitrogen cation had a crucial promotion effect in the oxidation process. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry

Selective N-alkylation of aniline with methanol over a heteropolyacid on montmorillonite K10

N-methylaniline is an industrially important product in the manufacture of paper, textile dyes, drugs, perfumes and explosives. The vapour phase alkylation of aniline with methanol forming N-methylaniline is advantageous over liquid phase alkylation. In present study, vapour phase methylation of aniline over dodecatungestophosphoric acid supported on K10 montmorillonite was systematically studied and optimization of process parameters was carried out. The 20% m/m DTPA/K10 was found to be optimum with 79% aniline conversion and 99% N-methylaniline selectivity. The reaction required milder operating conditions than reported for commercial catalysts. We also studied the feasibility of 20% m/m DTPA/K10 as a catalyst for the alkylation of aniline with other alcohols like ethanol, n-propanol, iso-propanol and n-butanol. The activity of 20% m/m DTPA/K10 decreased with increasing carbon number.

Flower Scents from the Pacific

For a long time, exotic scents from the islands of the South Pacific have universally been appreciated. Most frequently, fragrant flowers (e.g., frangipani, jasmine sambac, tiaré, pua kenikeni) are used locally for ornamental purposes such as flower garlands (leis). Despite their powerful and delightful fragrance, very few of these flowers have been commercially employed in this part of the world for perfume manufacturing. Creative perfumers are nevertheless strongly interested to better understand these fragrances and to use them, either genuine or artificially reconstituted. Analytical results on the fragrance of these flowers are reported, together with some economical considerations.