Fragrance Industry Research Articles

Dihydro-β-ionone production by a one-pot enzymatic cascade of a short-chain dehydrogenase NaSDR and enoate reductase AaDBR1

Dihydro-β-ionone, a high-value compound with distinctive fragrance, is widely utilized in the flavor and fragrance industries. However, its low abundance in plant sources poses a significant challenge to its application through traditional extraction methods. Development of an enzyme cascade reaction with artificial design offers a promising alternative. Herein, a short-chain dehydrogenase NaSDR, was identified from Novosphingobium aromaticivorans DSM 12444, which exhibited a high activity in converting β-ionol to β-ionone. A novel biosynthesis route to produce dihydro-β-ionone from β-ionol was developed, by utilizing alcohol dehydrogenase NaSDR and enoate reductase AaDBR1. Under the optimized conditions (0.29 mg/mL NaSDR, 0.39 mg/mL AaDBR1, 1 mM NADP+ and 2.5 mM β-ionol at 40 °C for 2 h), a maximum yield (173.11 mg/L) of dihydro-β-ionone was achieved with a molar conversion rate of 35.6 %, which was 2.7-fold higher than that before optimization. Additionally, this cascade reaction achieved self-sufficient NADPH regeneration through the actions of NaSDR and AaDBR1. This study offered a fresh perspective for achieving a green and sustainable synthesis of dihydro-β-ionone and could inspire on another natural products biosynthesis.

Can Digital Orientation Assist Digital Marketing and E-Payments Perform Better for MSME Performance in Indonesia?

Rapid development in the perfume industry has been accompanied by accelerated digitalization, which was unexpected by most Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs). Many MSMEs in this sector experience problems with access and knowledge of digital technology, especially in digital marketing and e-payment. Most MSME players are still learning and are slow to adopt digitalization in their perfume business. This research aims to analyze the influence of digital marketing, e-payment and digital orientation on the performance of perfume MSMEs in West Java Province. A sample of 100 respondents, company owners or managers, was selected using stratified sampling. Data analysis uses Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA). The results show that digital marketing and digital orientation have a positive and significant effect on MSME performance, while e-payment does not have a significant effect. Digital orientation also negatively and insignificantly moderates the influence of digital marketing and e-payment on MSME performance. Perfume MSMEs are advised to consider the role of digital orientation and optimize digital marketing strategies to improve their business performance.

Vendor Selection in the Cosmetic Industry using Analytics Hierarchy Process (A Case Study of Saejiva Company)

The Indonesian fragrance industry, under the cosmetic industry, is growing, with an increasing income per capita in the perfume category, despite a dip in 2020. The global natural fragrance market, growing at an estimated 9% CAGR from 2023 to 2032, shows a strong preference for essential oil-based fragrances. Essential oils, derived from natural plant parts, are costly to produce due to large-scale machinery, skilled labor, and environmental factors. Companies often outsource these aspects to reduce costs and focus on core competencies like marketing and sales. Saejiva, a natural fragrance brand, currently faces challenges in vendor selection, experiencing issues with inefficiency, delays, and poor product quality from previous vendors, has the effect of reducing potential profits and necessitating a reevaluation of their vendor choices. This study uses the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) to help Saejiva select a new vendor by prioritizing criteria that meet the company’s requirements and recommending the best vendor. Data was collected through literature reviews to identify relevant criteria, Focus Group Discussions (FGD) to find essential criteria for the company, and AHP questionnaires. Saejiva’s C-level executives acted as experts in the FGDs and AHP questionnaires to determine criteria priorities and vendor alternatives. The results showed the importance levels of criteria as follows: capability (0.3668), quality (0.1848), cost (0.1382), service (0.1068), capacity (0.0654), delivery (0.0606), warranty (0.0525), and performance history (0.0249). The importance levels of vendor alternatives were SKI (3.1994), AVF (2.7415), and SHB (2.0591). Thus, the best vendor recommended for Saejiva is SKI as the next vendor.

Improving Company Performance using Financial Planning Approach Toward Fragrance Companies: A Case Study of Saja

The perfume industry has experienced significant shifts towards using natural oils and synthetic components, driven by changing customer preferences and increased awareness of natural products. Saja, a perfume company established in 2022, aims to capitalize on this growing trend by offering natural products. Despite its potential, the company faces financial challenges due to a lack of strategic financial planning. An analysis of Saja's financial performance from late 2023 to mid-2024 revealed inconsistent income and fluctuating cash flow, as identified through financial ratios and DuPont analysis. These issues highlight the company's low financial performance. To address these challenges, Saja plans to enhance its financial planning by optimizing budget allocations, increasing production cost efficiency, and expanding product and market segments to boost income and reduce expenses. The sustainability of this strategy was assessed using three economic and risk scenarios: realistic, optimistic, and pessimistic. The feasibility of the proposed strategy was measured through the Payback Period (PP) in future and present value, Internal Rate of Return (IRR), and Net Present Value (NPV). Results indicate that the proposed financial strategy is acceptable and feasible, suggesting that its implementation would improve Saja's financial performance.

Smell the Perfume: Can Blockchain Guarantee the Provenance of Key Product Ingredients in the Fragrance Industry?

Although many studies have proclaimed the potential benefits of blockchain technology for supply chain traceability, there are very few examples of successfully scaled blockchain traceability solutions. Here, we examine the challenges in adopting blockchain-based traceability solutions using the case of a complex globally fragmented industry—the fragrance sector. Fragrances are used in a vast number of products. Leading brands make substantial claims about the origin, production methods, certifications and environmental and social sustainability of the fragrances in their products. We categorize the types of traceability-related claims made and examine the potential use of blockchain to support them. The industry exemplifies the challenges in ensuring supply chain traceability in globally dispersed supply chains. The research highlights the potential of blockchain-based traceability solutions but identifies four major challenges—bringing together supply chain partners for a blockchain initiative, disclosing and sharing more information than is common in buyer-supplier relationships, ensuring information encoded on a blockchain provides an accurate record of a product’s journey through the supply chain and involving parties such as regulatory and industry bodies in blockchain initiatives. The challenges identified are reflected in supply chains that are fragmented and globally dispersed, showing why the uptake of blockchain-based traceability has been limited in such sectors.

Biocompatibility, Antimicrobial and Wound Healing Activities of Lavandula dentata Leaves Extract

Background: The human skin is a natural barrier that protects against external stress, but its physiological structure can be compromised when it gets damaged. In the field of medical science, wounds are a significant issue that requires immediate attention. Lavandula species are used in the food, perfume and cosmetics industries due to their antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and wound-healing properties. Methods: The present study was done to assess the biocompatibility, antimicrobial and wound-healing potential of L. dentata leave methanolic extract (LE) that is cultivated in the Taif region of Saudi Arabia. The biocompatibility of LE was analyzed against the normal human skin fibroblast (HSF) cell line using SRB assay. A quarter of LE IC50 was used for wound healing assay. Finally, Escherichia Coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus pyogenes were used to determine LE antibacterial potential through the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) measurement. Result: LE appears safe on HSF cell line with IC50 = 97 mg/mL. LE decreased wound width, wound area and the mean cell migratory rate of wound border cells during scratch closure, while increased the wound closure% in a time-dependent manner compared to negative control. LE shows antimicrobial potential against all four strains at MIC and MBC greater than 3.0 mg/mL, except for Streptococcus pyogenes MIC= 3.0 mg/mL. In conclusion, LE offers therapeutic benefits against wound healing with an antimicrobial effect, however, higher concentrations of LE should be used to assess its effect.

Glass working and recycling in Pompeii: new evidence from the landfill of the Sarno Baths (VIII 2, 17–23)

Forty-six glass finds, including vessel fragments, windows, one inlay and one indicator of production (moil) excavated in the dump of the Sarno Baths in Pompeii were selected for an interdisciplinary technological, typological and chemical study. The identification of the moil demonstrates that a glassblowing workshop most likely existed in Pompeii, thus putting an end to a long-standing scientific debate. The LA-ICP-MS chemical data show that Roman-Mn base glass predominates, along with few Egyptian natron-type glasses and some plant-ash glass of probable Egyptian origin as well. A large proportion of the analysed glass, including the moil, consists of recycled compositions, suggesting the existence of an efficient system of collection and recycling of glass, which was active even at a time when the city had an abundant supply of fresh glass. The demand for raw glass in Pompeii far exceeded the average demand of other Roman towns, because glass containers were essential for the flourishing perfume industry in Pompeii and Campania. The proximity of the Sarno dump to the perfume district in the south-western part of the city and to the horrea of the Sanctuary of Venus suggests the possible location of the glass workshop in this area.

Direct oxidation of alcohols to carboxylic acids using simple and economical Pd@Glu-HTC catalyst: Practical and scalable approach towards biomass based value added chemicals

Sustainable catalytic transformation of bio-based alcohols to high value-added fine chemicals is an important topic of research. This work described preparation of simple and economical Pd@Glu-HTC catalyst from biomass derived low cost d-glucose. Hydrothermal carbonization of glucose was carried out in first step to synthesize Glu-HTC support in a simpler, greener, economical and efficient manner followed by incorporation of palladium metal on surface of the catalyst in second step. The catalyst was characterized using techniques such as Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Solid-state Cross-Polarization Magic Angle Spinning Carbon-13 (13C CPMAS), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX), Powder X-ray diffraction (P-XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Thermogravimetric/Differential Thermal Analyzer (TG-DTA), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM). The catalyst was evaluated for direct oxidation of alcohols to yield carboxylic acids and exhibited very good catalytic activity for wider substrate scope. Oxidation of alcohols was carried out using milder base, molecular oxygen and water as a solvent to achieve 92–99 % excellent yields. The practical utility of current strategy was also studied for gram scale synthesis of bio-based value added industrially important chemicals such as furoic acid (flavouring agent and preservative in industry), 2, 5-furan-dicarboxylic acid (monomer to 100 % fossil-free, recyclable polymer polyethylene furanoate (PEF), tetrahydro-2-furoic acid (production of many drugs) and vanillin (important product of flavor and fragrance industry). Pd@Glu-HTC catalyst was found to be reusable for four recycles and the catalytic performance was retained without any loss in its activity after four cycles.

Evolution of Acquired Perfumes and Endogenous Lipid Secretions in Orchid Bees.

Male orchid bees are unique in the animal kingdom for making perfumes that function as sex pheromone. Males collect volatile chemicals from the environment in the neotropical forests, including floral and non-floral sources, creating complex but species-specific blends. Male orchid bees exhibit several adaptations to facilitate perfume collection and storage. When collecting volatile compounds, males apply lipid substances that they secrete from cephalic labial glands onto the fragrant substrate. These lipids help dissolve and retain the volatiles, similar to the process of 'enfleurage' in the traditional perfume industry. We investigated how the chemical composition of acquired perfume and labial gland secretions varied across the phylogeny of orchid bees, including 65 species in five genera from Central and South America. Perfumes showed rapid evolution as revealed by low overall phylogenetic signal, in agreement with the idea that perfume compounds diverge rapidly and substantially among closely related species due to their role in species recognition. A possible exception were perfumes in the genus Eulaema, clustering closely in chemospace, partly mediated by high proportions of carvone and trans-carvone oxide. Labial gland secretions, in contrast, showed a strong phylogenetic signal at the genus level, with secretions of Eufriesea and Exaerete dominated by fatty acids and Eulaema dominated by saturated acetates of chain lengths 12 to 16 C-atoms. Secretions of the majority of Euglossa were heavily dominated by one unsaturated long chain diacetate, (9Z)-Eicosen-1,20-diyldiacetate. However, we also identified few highly divergent species of Euglossa in four subclades (11 species) that appear to have secondarily replaced the diacetate with other compounds. In comparison with environment-derived perfumes, the evolution of labial gland secretion is much slower, likely constrained by the underlying biochemical pathways, but perhaps influenced by perfume-solvent chemical interactions.

Perfumed platforms, or the common scents of post-Fordism

ABSTRACT In this paper, I look at the relationship between human olfaction, digital platforms, and everyday media practices in contemporary capitalist contexts. In the first section, I map what I describe as interfaced anosmia, or the absence of smell from mundane media devices. This absence is especially glaring given how olfaction uniquely lends itself to certain mediated forms of affective modulation. In the second section, I look at the platformization of the luxury fragrance industry, across three sites of analysis to reveal how, despite the conditions of interfaced anosmia, smell has already been shaped on and by platforms.

Analisis Big Five Personality Dalam Pemilihan Parfum

Perfume has become a primary need for every person, and its use has various purposes both according to needs and according to personality category. This research aims to examine perfume aromas and the personality spectrum, with a focus on how the choice of perfume aroma can reflect individual characteristics on various personality spectrums. The research used a qualitative descriptive approach by conducting in-depth interviews and observations of informants who used various types of perfume. The research results show that the choice of perfume aroma can reflect certain aspects of a person's personality. Floral aromas tend to be associated with feminine characteristics, while woody or spice aromas may be associated with masculine characteristics. Apart from that, there is a close relationship between the choice of perfume aroma and the level of extraversion, neuroticism, openness, familiarity and emotional stability of the perfume user.Understanding the relationship between perfume aroma and the personality spectrum of perfume users can be useful in developing the perfume industry. Using perfume that is tailored to personality preferences can improve the perfume user's experience and help express their personality through the chosen aroma.

Scalable multifunctional MOFs-textiles via diazonium chemistry

Cellulose fiber-based textiles are ubiquitous in daily life for their processability, biodegradability, and outstanding flexibility. Integrating cellulose textiles with functional coating materials can unlock their potential functionalities to engage diverse applications. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are ideal candidate materials for such integration, thanks to their unique merits, such as large specific surface area, tunable pore size, and species diversity. However, achieving scalable fabrication of MOFs-textiles with high mechanical durability remains challenging. Here, we report a facile and scalable strategy for direct MOF growth on cotton fibers grafted via the diazonium chemistry. The as-prepared ZIF-67-Cotton textile (ZIF-67-CT) exhibits excellent ultraviolet (UV) resistance and organic contamination degradation via the peroxymonosulfate activation. The ZIF-67-CT is also used to encapsulate essential oils such as carvacrol to enable antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus. Additionally, by directly tethering a hydrophobic molecular layer onto the MOF-coated surface, superhydrophobic ZIF-67-CT is achieved with excellent self-cleaning, antifouling, and oil-water separation performances. More importantly, the reported strategy is generic and applicable to other MOFs and cellulose fiber-based materials, and various large-scale multi-functional MOFs-textiles can be successfully manufactured, resulting in vast applications in wastewater purification, fragrance industry, and outdoor gears.

Discrimination of tulip cultivars with different floral scents using sensory assessment, electronic nose, and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

Floral scent holds significant aesthetic and biological values. However, tulips have received less attention for their floral fragrance than the vibrant petal colors and exquisite bud shapes. Here, sensory assessment, E-nose, and HS-SPME-GC-MS were carried out to determine the scent intensity and characteristics of 14 tulip cultivars. Based on their scent intensity, the cultivars were divided into four groups, among which group Ⅰ was the most aromatic (MS = 4.20), followed by group Ⅱ (3.03 ≤ MS ≤ 3.97), group Ⅲ (2.43 ≤ MS ≤ 2.77), and finally group Ⅳ (1.00 ≤ MS ≤ 1.57). Compared with the sensory assessment, E-nose also categorized the 14 tulips into four categories according to the multi-dimensional sensor responses, suggesting a relatively strong relationship between them (R2 ≈ 0.57), and consistently confirming the scientific evaluation of tulip cultivars’ scent. For HS-SPME-GC-MS analysis, 21 volatiles were putatively detected, mainly aliphatics (9, 42.86 %), terpenoids (7, 33.33 %), and benzenoids/phenylpropanoids (4, 19.05 %). Octanal, nonanal, phenylethyl alcohol, and phenylacetaldehyde (17.82 ≤ ROAV ≤ 100) were key components in T. ‘Delta Queen’, contributing to its distinctive aroma reminiscent of citrus and rosy. T. ‘Spryng Break’ cultivar contained octanal, eucalyptol, and nonanal (22.51 ≤ ROAV ≤ 100), imparting citrusy and herbal aromas. The fragrance of T. ‘Lion King’ is likely a blend of citrus, grassy, and green scents due to the presence of nonanal and hexanal (71.81 ≤ ROAV ≤ 100). In T. ‘Red Judo’, octanal, nonanal, and decanal (10.64 ≤ ROAV ≤ 100) combined to create its pure citrus aroma. These findings are expected to provide a valuable reference for tulip floral fragrance analysis, establish a theoretical foundation for its fragrant germplasm breeding, and promote the development of tulip fragrance industry.

IoT revolutionizes orchid cultivation in Indonesia with precision and efficiency

The Orchidaceae family is highly valued in ornamental, perfume, medical, and cosmetic industries, but cultivation often fails due to human error. This research aims to design an IoT-integrated automation system to monitor and control key parameters such as air temperature, humidity, and moss moisture for orchid cultivation. Using the research and development method, we observed plant needs, reviewed relevant literature, designed an effective system, and tested sensor accuracy and system reliability. Results showed the DHT-22 sensor had a minimal error in temperature (0.9%) and humidity (2.1%) readings, and the soil moisture sensor had a 3.65% error. The system maintained optimal conditions, and the Blynk app effectively displayed data. This innovation reduces human error and enhances orchid cultivation efficiency, with potential applications in other sensitive plant systems. Highlight: Error Reduction: IoT system minimizes human error in orchid cultivation. Sensor Accuracy: DHT-22 sensors show minimal temperature (0.9%) and humidity (2.1%) errors. Optimal Conditions: Maintains air humidity 40%-80%RH and moss moisture 50%-80%RH. Keyword: Orchidaceae, IoT automation, sensor accuracy, environmental control, orchid cultivation

Sound of freshness: Crafting multisensory experience in perfumery

The current landscape of the perfume industry faces the challenge of enhancing product appeal and captivating consumers through innovation. Integrating multisensory elements into perfume experiences has the potential to drive this innovation forward. This research presents a novel methodology for characterizing sounds that evoke the perception of freshness in fragrances. Three experiments were conducted to explore the transferability of identified sound characteristics into the experience of certain fragrances. Experiment 1 assessed selected sounds to identify auditory parameters that effectively triggered primary freshness attributes. Based on these results, originally composed brand-aligned soundtracks were tested in Experiment 2 using the Implicit Association Test (IAT) to investigate associations with freshness and brand values. Experiment 3 examined whether these soundtracks effectively modulated the implicit olfactory experience of two commercial fragrances. The findings showed that the soundtracks successfully elicited specific enhanced effects in how people implicitly perceived the freshness of a fragrance. These outcomes revealed how soundtracks can enhance the perceptions of freshness attributes (e.g., cold, blue, light) in the fragrance experience, consistencies and variations between self-report and implicit measures, and practical applications in multisensory strategies for cosmetic companies.

Highly efficient production of 2-phenylethanol by wild-type Saccharomyces bayanus strain

2-Phenylethanol (2-PE) is a highly valuable aromatic alcohol utilized in fragrance, cosmetics and food industries. Due to the toxic by-products from chemical synthesis and the low productivity of the extraction method, bioproduction of 2-PE by yeast is considered promising. In this study, a wild-type Saccharomyces bayanus L1 strain producing 2-PE was isolated from soy sauce mash. Transcriptional analysis showed that 2-PE was synthesized via the Ehrlich pathway and Shikimate pathway in S. bayanus L1. By improving the fermentation conditions in shaking flasks, the maximum 2-PE titer reached 4.2 g/L with a productivity of 0.058 g/L/h within 72 h. In fed-batch fermentation, S. bayanus L1 strain produced 6.5 g/L of 2-PE within 60 h, achieving a productivity of 0.108 g/L/h. These findings suggest that S. bayanus L1 strain is an efficient 2-PE producer, paving the way for highly efficient 2-PE production.

A simulation‐guided tri‐spiral condenser design for enhancing lemongrass essential oil recovery

AbstractWe present a groundbreaking achievement in essential oil extraction, showcasing the development of a highly efficient tri‐spiral condenser for use in microwave‐assisted extraction (MAE) setups. This innovative condenser is specifically designed to swiftly cool vapors, optimizing oil yield during the MAE process. Our investigations demonstrate a notable improvement in oil purity, attributed to the expedited condensation facilitated by the tri‐spiral design. Traditional heat exchangers, like the Liebig condenser, fall short in efficiently handling the high vapor production rates of MAE. In response to this challenge, our tri‐spiral condenser design enhances condensation speed, resulting in a remarkable 12.2% increase in oil yield compared with the Liebig condenser (2.1% with tri‐spiral vs. 1.87% with Liebig), as validated by Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry. Beyond elevating oil purity, our design holds promise for diverse applications requiring rapid cooling. This work not only advances laboratory practices but also contributes to the broader societal need for efficient and sustainable methods in the essential oil extraction industry.Practical applicationsThe innovative tri‐spiral condenser design, as elucidated in this article, presents significant practical applications, especially in the realm of lemongrass essential oil recovery. This breakthrough technology holds promise for the fragrance and cosmetics industries, where lemongrass essential oil is a valuable ingredient. The novel condenser design enhances extraction efficiency, leading to a higher concentration of essential oil with improved aromatic compounds. Cosmetic manufacturers can benefit from a more potent and fragrant lemongrass oil for skincare and aromatherapy products. Additionally, the pharmaceutical sector could leverage this advancement for developing therapeutic products harnessing the medicinal properties of lemongrass. By optimizing essential oil recovery, the tri‐spiral condenser design not only caters to the needs of the fragrance, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries, but also aligns with a broader trend towards sustainable and efficient manufacturing practices, ensuring the accessibility of high‐quality lemongrass essential oil for diverse applications.

Insights into the enzymatic synthesis of alcoholic flavor esters with molecular docking analysis

The enzymatic synthesis is essential for the flavor esters in the food and fragrance industries. This paper introduces a novel preparation method for lipase microarrays (CALB@PMHOS-TEOS) with loadings up to 229 ± 1.4 mg/g. Using surfactant-free hydrophobic silica-hybridized mesoporous materials and Candida antarctica lipase, this resulted in the effective synthesis of flavor esters. Using CALB@PMHOS-TEOS a Pickering emulsion system was formed at the oil-water interface for the sustainable synthesis of flavor esters. This resulted in a 93.5 ± 0.5 % conversion of hexanoic acid within 2 h at an optimal temperature of 35 °C, which is the highest level recorded in the literature to date. Furthermore, the conversion of hexanoic acid was maintained at 63.9 ± 1.2 % after 9 cycles of CALB@PMHOS-TEOS reuse. The application of the enzyme to the synthesis in a variety of flavor esters achieved a new benchmark in the existing literature. A molecular docking model was evaluated to understand the molecular mechanism underpinning the immobilized lipase. This work introduces a novel method for the eco-friendly and efficient synthesis of flavor esters for applications across various fields including food and cosmetics.

Differences in olfactory functioning: The role of personality and gender

AbstractThis study aimed to investigate the relationship between the gender and personality traits of individuals and their ability to detect, identify, and discriminate odors. The dataset on olfactory performance was compiled from a panel of 207 healthy human volunteers. The dataset for the odor identification test was collected using a set of 10 distinct odorants, and the odor discrimination test dataset was collected using a well‐established “Sniffin sticks” (Burghardt®, Wedel, Germany) odor discrimination test kit. To assess the Big Five personality traits of study participants, a self‐report survey questionnaire based on the International Personality Item Pool‐Neuroticism, Extraversion, and Openness (IPIP‐NEO) was used. Here, we conducted a statistical analysis to investigate the role of personality measures and gender on olfactory performance, as well as the relationship between olfactory performance and perceived odor intensity, pleasantness, and familiarity. The findings of the study suggest the existence of some relationships between gender and personality traits and odor discrimination and identification, but not odor detection. Conscientiousness and openness to experience personality traits were positively correlated with odor identification, while agreeableness and conscientiousness personality traits were positively correlated with odor discrimination. The extroversion personality scale was negatively correlated with odor discrimination. Additionally, male participants performed better than females in odor identification tasks, while females performed better in odor discrimination. The neuroticism personality domain was associated with odor identification tasks in males but not in females when analyzed separately. Correct identification of odors was also associated with their perceived familiarity.Practical ApplicationsThe results of this study may have important practical implications for a range of industries, including the fragrance and food industries. These findings may help tailor products to specific consumer preferences based on personality and gender, enhancing product appeal. Further, the fragrance and food industries can develop targeted marketing campaigns using fragrances and flavors associated with particular personality types or genders. Similarly, product testing can also be improved by representing a diverse range of personality types and genders to obtain more accurate feedback. The study insights can further guide the development of flavor and taste pairings that resonate with specific personality and gender groups. Overall, by considering olfactory differences related to personality and gender, the fragrance and food industries can segment their target markets more effectively and design products that appeal to different consumer groups.

The use of genetic resources in rose breeding and creation of new rose cultivars through hybridization and selection

Despite the existence of more than 37,000 different varieties of roses worldwide, there remains a significant interest and high relevance in rose breeding. The rose is the most beloved flower in the world, commonly named the “queen of flowers”. In addition to its remarkable ornamental significance, the rose possesses various ecological, environmental, landscaping, food, pharmaceutical and medicinal, cosmetic, and industrial attributes, among others, thereby contributing to its overall socio-economic value. The current study investigated the results of rose breeding in a horticulture research center in the northwest of Romania with over 70 years of experience. The main method used to generate variability for the selection of new genotypes was artificial hybridization. After 1970, an average of 15-20 crossings per year were carried out, in different parental formulas or types of crosses, with approximately 1000-2000 flowers per pollinated per parental combination. Thousands of F1 hybrids were obtained annually (approximately 10,000-12,000 hybrids per year per hybrid combination), and dozens of elites were selected, grafted, and promoted as clonal selections in comparative trials. The success rate in obtaining new varieties through hybridization was 5.1% from total hybrid combinations, 0.72% from total hybrids, and 1.6% from total clonal selections. Of the total new varieties, hybrid teas represent 11.9%, floribundas 64.2%, shrubs 16.6%, and others 7.1%. 38 new cultivars suitable for open field cultivation were obtained, showing different habits, decorative value, flowering behavior, flower color, fragrance, resistance to frost or major diseases, and intended use. The exploration of new research directions aimed at harnessing the potential of roses, the region, and the socio-economic requirements was undertaken to enhance and beauty degraded, or landslide-prone lands, as well as to introduce damascene roses for the oil perfume and cosmetics industry.