Performing Arts Organizations Research Articles

A Study on the Financial Performance for Nonprofit Performing Arts Organizations: Focusing on American Symphony Orchestras

본 연구는 비영리 공연조직의 재정성과를 살펴보고 조직의 생존 전략 방안을 제시하는 데 있다. 미국오케스트라의 상위 73개 단체의 IRS 990tax의 데이터를 최종분석에 사용하였다. 종속변수인 재정성과는 후원성과와 매출성과로 구분하였고, 독립변수는 외부환경, 문화자본, 내부역량, 정부요인, 사회자본으로 하였다. 분석기법은 패널 GLS를 사용했다. 후원성과의 결정요인으로 주별 취업자 수, 오케스트라 연령, 규모, 지휘자의 미국국적, 정부지원금, 자원봉사자수가 정(+)의 관계로 나타났으며 주별 문화예술시장의 크기는 부(-)의 관계가 나타났다. 주별 1인당 총생산량과 학사학위 이상 소지자 비율, 1인당 여가지출비용은 유의미한 관계가 나타나지 않았다. 매출성과의 경우 주별 취업자 수, 교육수준, 오케스트라 연령, 규모, 지휘자의 미국국적, 정부지원금, 자원봉사자 수는 정(+)의 관계가 나타났고 문화예술시장의 규모는 부(-)의 관계가 나타났다. 이번 연구는 비영리 공연조직의 성과측정 방안을 제시하며, 특별히 사회자본이 조직의 성과를 내는데 영향을 끼치는 요인이란 것을 발견하는데 의미가 있다. 하지만 문화자본이 재정성과에 절대적인 영향을 주지 않는다는 점이 나타났고, 조직의 크기별로 다소 다른 결과가 나온 것은 추후 연구로 살펴봐야 할 것이다. 본 연구를 통해 앞으로 국내외 비영리 공연조직의 성과를 향상시키고 지속가능한 경영을 위한 전략을 세우는 데 도움을 줄 것으로 기대한다.This study examines financial performance of nonprofit performing arts organizations to provide concrete suggestions and improve their financial performance so that they can build strategies to continue organizational activities. This study investigates empirical data of IRS 990 tax form of top 73 US orchestras and analyzed GLS pannel. Dependent variables are measured as contributions and ticket sales, and independent variables are measured as economic environment, cultural capital, orchestra characters, government grants, and social capital. Based on the finding from the research, determination of contribution outcomes is positively affected by state employment and orchestra’s internal characteristics including age, size and conductor’s US nationality, government grants, and volunteer. Ticket sales are affected by employment, education level, orchestra’s resources, government grants, and volunteer. However, a size of cultural market negatively influences on financial outcomes and cultural capital doesn’t influence on results. Interesting finding is a relationship between volunteers and organizations is vital of their fiscal achievement. This is significant in empirical analysis on nonprofit performing arts organizations from an economic view point, and will contribute on organizations to improve their strategic plan to sustain a business.

Marketing the Performing Arts: Efficacy of Web 2.0 Social Networks

Social media platforms such as Twitter and Facebook have grown rapidly with the widespread adoption of Web 2.0 applications (Hausmann, 2012b). Increasingly, non-traditional communication tools are being sought to engage with stakeholders. Given the prevalence of social media adoption, researchers examine whether this approach is a more relevant and useful one to promoting the performing arts. There is minimal research on this concept. This paper explores the utility of social media for performing arts organizations to reach and engage potential audience members. The results of a case study of the effectiveness of viral marketing using Web2.0 social media for a small performing arts organization is presented.

MANAJEMEN SENI PERTUNJUKAN DI SANGGAR PUTI LIMO JURAI KOTA BUKITTINGGI

AbstractThe research aims to describe the Management of the performing arts in the workshop of Puti Limo Jurai Bukittinggi. Type of this research is descriptive research using qualitative methods. The main instrument in this study is the researchers themselves and supporting instruments such as assisted with writing instruments and cameras. The type of the data in the research is the primary data and secondary data. Engineering data collection done by the study of librarianship, observation/observation, interview and documentation. Technique of data analysis performed with the measures include: the reduction of the data, the presentation of data, conclusions and make a report. The results showed that Sangar Puti Limo Jurai still retain cultural values in the performing arts. As an organization that is engaged in the arts with a democratic system, where all the decisions taken based on the results of the mutual agreement. All the process is carried out by management as good as possible. System performance or the workings of the organization performing arts at Sanggar Puti Limo Jurai belongs to the semi professional performing arts organizations because the Sanggar Puti Limo has been working with the Kings ' management approach, both in terms of function or process. In terms of personal profession, and the members of the Sanggar Puti Limo Emblem also has a profession other than the workers of art. But in terms of their ethics remain subject to rules that have been set.Keywords: performing arts management

Does Resource Diversity Confer Organizational Autonomy In Arts Organizations? Extending Resource Dependence Theory

Resource dependence theory holds that organizations adopt a variety of strategies to manage their dependence on resources drawn from the external environment. Most research on resource dependence theory, however, has focused on empirical contexts in which the organization is dependent upon a dominant single external source of resources. We have little understanding of which dependencies take priority over others in contexts where multiple critical dependencies co-exist. More importantly, we don't know how different types of dependencies differentially affect organizational autonomy. We address these questions in this study of over six hundred performing arts organizations. Our analysis reveals a powerful configurational effect in which different categories of resources differentially affect organizational action. We also demonstrate how organizations strategically manage their portfolio of resources in an effort to maximize their autonomy.

Analysis of the Structural Relationship between Task Environment and Task Characteristics in Relation to Organizational Capacity and Job Satisfaction of Performing arts Organizations

Analysis of the Structural Relationship between Task Environment and Task Characteristics in Relation to Organizational Capacity and Job Satisfaction of Performing arts Organizations

Students Speak: The Impact of Personal Narrative Performance on Student Experience

ABSTRACTThe Moth is a nonprofit performing arts organization dedicated to true stories told live, and its education programs make space for students and educators to tell their stories. In this edited transcript of a panel discussion given by student alumni of Moth storytelling programs, participants discuss the impact of personal narrative performance on their lives and perspectives, as well as the challenges and surprises of doing personal narrative performance work.

Institutional and artistic changes in Estonian performing arts with a case study of Vaba Lava / Open Space

The article gives an insight into the theatre system of Estonia, the development of the system in the turmoil of history and the current situation in the 21st century.
 The first part of the article looks back at the period of 30 years: what happened with the Estonian theatre system when it moved from the Soviet occupation period into the Republic of Estonia. We show the developments in the funding system of theatres during the big changes in the socio-economic environment. We give an insight into how theatres are funded nowadays: how the funding of public and private theatres is connected with the quantitative (the number of premieres, performances and visits to the theatre) and qualitative (nominations, awards and artistic tendencies) results.
 The second part of the article is a case study. We introduce a new type of performing arts organization in the Nordic and Baltic countries – Vaba Lava (Open Space) in Tallinn, which is funded as a PPP (public private partnership) in cooperation between the private and the public sector. Vaba Lava offers an open platform to all private theatres and companies offering them both a stage for performing as well as support services. The core of the Vaba Lava programme is its International Curated Programme. Performances of the programme are selected by a team of curators, who announce an International Open Call. The projects are selected from the applications submitted to the competition. We show how this kind of theatre is adapting to the funding system and what kind of performance strategies and working practices have been developed. We analyse what are the main artistic ideas of the international programme that also gives voice to underprivileged people talking about socially relevant themes.
 The general research questions of the article are: how Estonian theatre has developed during the last decades and how it is adapting to the prevailing financial system? What kind of performance strategies and working practices have been developed and how do the economic conditions affect the artistic outcome?

A Study on the Performance Appraisal Systems of Public Performing Arts Organizations in Seoul, Gyeonggi, and Busan

A Study on the Performance Appraisal Systems of Public Performing Arts Organizations in Seoul, Gyeonggi, and Busan

How We Underestimate the Arts in Long-Term Care

How We Underestimate the Arts in Long-Term Care

Working with boards: The experiences of Australian managers in performing arts organisations

AbstractCorporate governance has long been a feature of the arts and cultural sector and is a requirement for all cultural organisations seeking public funding, regardless of their size. However, despite the ubiquity of corporate governance in the arts and cultural sector, there is little research addressing the experiences of managers. This study examines the experiences of managers in performing arts organisations in working with their boards, based on data collected across 20 performing arts organisations in Australia using a stakeholder salience lens. Our results indicate that while the board is seen as a key organisational stakeholder, managers have a range of concerns about the governance role of boards, and in particular their limited effectiveness on the dimensions of legitimacy and urgency. We find that arts managers often must wrestle with competing agendas around creative autonomy and the low‐risk appetite of their management boards. Our findings highlight the need to re‐align, particularly in small‐ and medium‐sized organisations, the organisational needs of arts managers with corporate governance arrangements, without detracting from creative endeavours.

Social forces and decision‐making by gatekeepers in arts organizations

AbstractGatekeepers in arts organizations have an important role to play in determining which artistic works the public gets to experience. Performing arts organizations provide a good example of how these decisions made by gatekeepers necessarily delimit the art that the audiences will experience. This article catalogs the social forces that influence individual decision‐makers. Individual level forces like social background, embeddedness in social networks, and perceptions of the organization and organizational level forces like organizational structure, funding, and size all affect what they ultimately produce. This, in turn, allows us to better understand the work these companies produce form a sociological perspective.

국내 공연예술단체의 관객 충성도 제고 방안에 관한 연구

국내 공연예술단체의 관객 충성도 제고 방안에 관한 연구

The Study for Qualitative Evaluation of the Public Support for Performing Arts Organizations

The Study for Qualitative Evaluation of the Public Support for Performing Arts Organizations

Revenue and attendance simultaneous optimization in performing arts organizations

Performing arts organizations are characterized by different objectives other than revenue. Even if, on the one hand, theaters aim to increase revenue from box office as a consequence of the systematic reduction in public funds; on the other hand, they pursue the objective to increase its attendance. A common practice by theaters is to provide incentives to customers to discriminate among themselves according to their reservation price, offering a schedule of different prices corresponding to different seats in the venue. In this context, price and allocation of the theater seating area is decision variables that allow theater managers to manage their two conflicting goals to be pursued. In this paper, we introduce a multi-objective optimization model that jointly considers pricing and seat allocation. The framework proposed integrates a choice model estimated by multinomial logit model and the demand forecast, taking into account the impact of heterogeneity among customer categories in both choice and demand. The proposed model is validated with booking data referring to the Royal Danish theater during the period 2010–2015.

Knowledge centricity and organizational performance: an empirical study of the performing arts

PurposeThis paper explores the concepts of knowledge-centric organizations in the performing arts sector to understand how specific organizational practices relate to measures of financial and operational performance.Design/methodology/approachA quantitative analysis of 368 small and mid-sized nonprofit performing arts organizations in the USA was undertaken via primary data on organizational practices and secondary data on performance metrics. Structural equation modeling was used to validate the latent construct of knowledge centricity and to test hypotheses on how knowledge centricity impacts financial and operational performance, and is influenced by firm-level demographic variables.FindingsResults show several distinct performance metrics that are statistically associated with knowledge-centric practices of the organizations analyzed.Research limitations/implicationsThis article investigates the knowledge centricity of organizations, a relatively nascent theoretical concept, which is of significant relevance in today’s knowledge-driven economy. The findings can serve as a basis to further investigate strategic approaches that arts organizations can undertake to remain sustainable and operate effectively in a knowledge-driven society.Practical/implicationsIt provides critical insights into management practices and approaches that can be instituted to drive improved organizational performance.Originality/valueBuilding on the extant literature, this article develops a conceptual framework of knowledge centricity and defines a knowledge-centric organization. It thoroughly investigates the latent construct of knowledge centricity, identifies how knowledge centricity impacts financial and operational performance of nonprofit performing arts organizations, and provides grounding for future studies.

Design, innovation, and rural creative places: Are the arts the cherry on top, or the secret sauce?

ObjectiveCreative class theory explains the positive relationship between the arts and commercial innovation as the mutual attraction of artists and other creative workers by an unobserved creative milieu. This study explores alternative theories for rural settings, by analyzing establishment-level survey data combined with data on the local arts scene. The study identifies the local contextual factors associated with a strong design orientation, and estimates the impact that a strong design orientation has on the local economy.MethodData on innovation and design come from a nationally representative sample of establishments in tradable industries. Latent class analysis allows identifying unobserved subpopulations comprised of establishments with different design and innovation orientations. Logistic regression allows estimating the association between an establishment’s design orientation and local contextual factors. A quantile instrumental variable regression allows assessing the robustness of the logistic regression results with respect to endogeneity. An estimate of design orientation at the local level derived from the survey is used to examine variation in economic performance during the period of recovery from the Great Recession (2010–2014).ResultsThree distinct innovation (substantive, nominal, and non-innovators) and design orientations (design-integrated, “design last finish,” and no systematic approach to design) are identified. Innovation- and design-intensive establishments were identified in both rural and urban areas. Rural design-integrated establishments tended to locate in counties with more highly educated workforces and containing at least one performing arts organization. A quantile instrumental variable regression confirmed that the logistic regression result is robust to endogeneity concerns. Finally, rural areas characterized by design-integrated establishments experienced faster growth in wages relative to rural areas characterized by establishments using no systematic approach to design.

Can Twitter Add to Performance Evaluation in the Area of Performing Arts? Reflections from La Scala Opera House

ABSTRACTSocial media are continuously diffusing in performing arts organizations. Yet little is known on how social media data can contribute to the performing arts evaluation process. This article addresses this issue by investigating if and how Twitter data can add a valuable source of information to the performance evaluation process. A literature review with an empirical application on the evaluation of the performance Aida at Teatro Alla Scala provides evidence about the type of indicators that can be derived from Twitter and support a discussion about potentialities and pitfalls connected to their adoption for the evaluation of performing arts.

A ‘natural experiment’ in Australian cultural policy: Australian Government funding cuts disproportionately affect companies that produce more new work and have larger audiences

In Australia, cultural policy settings differentiate between purported ‘small-to-medium’ and ‘major’ performing arts organisations, primarily in relation to their revenue size and institutional stability. This article publishes a quantitative analysis of the relative creative outputs of these Australian performing arts organisations, focusing primarily on the production of so-called ‘new works’: original cultural texts, created and performed recently. Using survey data from 21 Australian performing arts organisations, as well as aggregated government data regarding 173 performing arts organisations, and repertoire data for 8 symphony orchestras, across 7 years, we set out to determine the relationship (if any) of organisational scale and artform to the amount of new work in the Australian publicly subsidised performing arts sector. We find that the majority of the new work is produced by the small-to-medium sector. Smaller organisations are more likely to produce new work than larger ones, and large organisations produce relatively little new work. The small-to-medium sector has, in aggregate, larger audiences than the major companies. These findings have specific implications for Australia’s lively cultural policy debate.

Some Customers Would Rather Leave Without Saying Goodbye

We investigate the increasingly common business setting in which companies face the possibility of both observed and unobserved customer attrition (i.e., “overt” and “silent” churn) in the same pool of customers. This is the case for many online-based services where customers have the choice to stop interacting with the firm either by formally terminating the relationship (e.g., canceling their account) or by simply ignoring all communications coming from the firm. The standard contractual versus noncontractual categorization of customer–firm relationships does not apply in such hybrid settings, which means the standard models for analyzing customer attrition do not apply. We propose a hidden Markov model (HMM)-based framework to capture silent and overt churn. We apply our modeling framework to two different contexts—a daily deal website and a performing arts organization. In contrast to previous studies that have not separated the two types of churn, we find that overt churners in these hybrid settings tend to interact more, rather than less, with the firm prior to churning; that is, in settings where both types of churn are present, a high level of activity—such as customers actively opening emails received from the firm—is not necessarily a good indicator of future engagement; rather it is associated with higher risk of overt churn. We also identify a large number of “silent churners” in both empirical applications—customers who disengage with the company very early on, rarely exhibit any type of activity, and almost never churn overtly. Furthermore, we show how the two types of churners respond very differently to the firm’s communications, implying that a common retention strategy for proactive churn management is not appropriate in these hybrid settings. Data and the online appendix are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mksc.2017.1057 .

Co-creation of IT-value in a cluster of small enterprises

There is a growing emphasis on digital transformation in research and business practice. The creation of value from IT-investments is a critical factor in digital transformation. Research has documented that the ability to realize IT-value is a very challenging endeavor, especially for small enterprises who because of resource poverty are dependent on external input and cooperation with other companies. There is a general lack of research on the phenomenon of how IT-value is co-created, particularly in small firms.This paper reports from a study of a cluster of performing arts organizations, Blender Collective. They realized that audience data is a key issue, and that they lack the tools to work strategically with audiences. Blender Collective members therefore engaged in a project to develop a collaborative approach towards strategic audience development. The results expand our understanding of the dynamics related to co-creation in a cluster of small businesses. We find that co-creation can be an important avenue for small enterprises to invest in IT and realize IT-value. We propose a modified IT-value framework to explain how networks of small enterprises would co-create IT-value.