Performance Of Hybrid System Research Articles

Experimental Study on the Performance of a Novel Data Center Air Conditioner Combining Air Cooling and Evaporative Cooling

Addressing challenges of high-temperature shutdowns, low energy efficiency, and limited natural cooling utilization in data center air conditioning, a novel hybrid air cooling and evaporative cooling air-conditioning(ACEC-AC) system has been developed. The system is well-suited for application in data centers located in regions with high outdoor temperatures and large dry-bulb to wet-bulb temperature differences during summer. Experimental evaluations in an enthalpy difference laboratory revealed that the hybrid system's performance in wet mode (combining air cooling and evaporative cooling) significantly outperforms its dry mode (solely air cooling) and traditional cooling units. At an outdoor temperature of 35.60°C dry-bulb and 29.95°C wet-bulb, the system achieved a COP of 3.85, a 21.45% improvement over dry mode and 16.16% higher than conventional Packaged computer room air conditioning (CRAC). Notably, the system maximizes its benefits in regions like Guangzhou, where the temperature difference between the dry bulb and wet bulb is significant, resulting in an annual operational cost savings of over 34.16%. In conclusion, the hybrid air cooling and evaporative cooling system represents an effective energy-saving technology with great potential to enhance data center performance and reduce energy consumption.

Deriving 2D in-plane heterostructures in TMDC nanosheets via electron beam irradiation

2D in-plane heterostructures can enhance the electronic performance of hybrid systems, allowing for a variety of electronic device applications. However, precisely achieving uniform in-plane heterostructures with seamless interfaces at the same atomic planes remains a challenge. In this work, 2D in-plane heterostructures were successfully fabricated through electron beam irradiation-induced phase transformation in transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs). The transformed phases were seamlessly connected to the pristine TMDCs, forming ultraclean and atomically sharp interfaces of heterostructures. The phases were stable and determined to be novel tetragonal-like atomic structures by experimental and theoretical analyses. In situ transmission electron microscopy revealed that the phase transition involved atomic loss, lattice contraction, and then significant structural reconstruction in the pristine TMDCs. These results demonstrate that electron irradiation can efficiently achieve precise manufacturing of 2D in-plane heterostructures, offering new opportunities for the development of high-quality 2D in-plane heterostructures and novel 2D devices with high performance.

Integration of deep eutectic solvent with adsorption and membrane-based processes for CO2 capture: An innovative approach

CO2 capture strategies have been implemented to address climate change by reducing CO2 emissions from large-scale sources such as fossil fuel power plants and natural gas upgrading. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are a new class of green solvents with good CO2 affinity, simple synthesis steps, inexpensive raw materials, non-toxic and non-volatile properties. For these reasons, they are a promising platform for CO2 capture applications and have tremendous untapped potential to enhance the performance of the adsorption and membrane-based separation processes. Unlike existing reviews which have focused on the functionalities of DESs, as well as the physicochemical and CO2 solubility properties of DESs, this mini-review discusses the integration of DESs with adsorption and membrane processes to evaluate their CO2 separation performance. Moreover, simulation and computational studies on DES-based systems, including confinement in porous solids and membranes, are discussed. Finally, perspectives on developing DES-based adsorbents and DES-based membranes for the CO2 separation field are presented. This review provides insight into the potential of integrating DESs with CO2 capture technologies to enhance the performance of hybrid systems in relation to standalone approaches.

Machine Learning Investigation For Tri-Magnetized Sutterby Nanofluidic Model with Joule Heating In Agrivoltaics Technology

This paper aims to establish a panoramic foundation for investigating the impact of sunlight on a recently formulated water-based tri-nano hybrid Sutterby liquid (TNHF) under provided magnetic field, directed through photovoltaic solar panels by exploiting the knacks of machine intelligent computing paradigm. The comparative performance of hybrid and tri-nano fluidic system with water as a base fluid is exhaustively analyzed and discussed. This research is unique, as it has a distinguished figurative comparison analysis between two different types of nanofluidic materials, which helps to choose the best one for use in agrivoltaics systems, and replace the materials already in use to enhance the efficiency and performance coefficients. Furthermore, the description of the composition scheme makes this research more feasible and applicable. A numerical dataset of nonlinear mathematical model is generated by employing finite difference scheme in the recently introduced Python bvp-solver algorithm, then it is embedded into artificial intelligence (AI)-based Levenberg Marquardt neural network algorithm (LMNNA). A significant outcome of the research indicates that the integration TNHF results in a notably faster enhancement of heat transfer rate and temperature framework as compared to traditional hybrid fluid. It is observed that introducing three distinct nanomaterials of specific thermophysical characteristics enhances the thermal exchanging profile and faces an obvious flow rate dissipation in solar plate channels. The standard numerical and AI-generated results are documented to portray the stability, accuracy and efficacy of scheme in terms of iterative learning curves on MSE, error analysis, histograms and regression statistics. Additional perquisites of the methodology include cost effectiveness, time-saving ability, robustness, stability and its extendibility.

A Dual-Mode Hybrid System Combining Solar Thermal With Pumped Thermal Energy Storage

A hybrid system that delivers renewable electricity generation and electricity storage capabilities is introduced. This dual-mode hybrid system is based on Pumped Thermal Energy Storage (PTES) which uses a heat pump to convert electricity into thermal energy that is transferred to silica particles which are stored in concrete silos. The stored heat is later converted back to electricity in a heat engine. The heat pump and heat engine use a closed Joule-Brayton cycle and fluidized bed heat exchangers. If the PTES system is co-located with an array of concentrating solar mirrors and a particle receiver, then the silica particles may also be heated up by the concentrating solar power (CSP) system. The PTES heat engine may also be used to convert the stored solar heat into electricity, thereby sharing this system between the PTES and CSP systems and reducing costs. However, this requires careful management of the heat engine off-design parameters. A thermodynamic model is used to evaluate the performance of the dual mode PTES-CSP hybrid system. The model accounts for turbomachinery efficiency, and approach temperature and pressure loss in heat exchangers, as well as other sources of inefficiency, such as motor-generator losses, and air fan power. The hybrid system also requires the evaluation of the turbomachinery efficiency and pressure ratio at off-design conditions since the CSP system operates over different temperature ratios than the Carnot Battery. Several design variables and design modifications are investigated, such as pressure ratios and maximum temperatures.

Membrane hybrid system assembled with MXene@h-BN for efficient typical pharmaceuticals removal and self-cleaning: Synergetic effect on adsorption-photocatalytic process

Membrane filtration is regarded as one of the promising technologies for water treatment. However, insufficient micropollutants removal and membrane fouling still limited the further application. Herein, this study engineered a novel membrane hybrid system integrating typical pharmaceuticals removal and membrane self-cleaning by assembled layered MXene and hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN). By doping a small amount of MXene into h-BN (mass ratio of 1 to 10), the synergetic process of adsorption and photocatalytic degradation were achieved. Based on experimental and density functional theory (DFT) calculation results, the chemisorption-photodegradation performance of the membrane hybrid system assembled with 1/10 MXene@h-BN was significantly enhanced due to the termination group and conductive property of MXene. In addition, trimethoprim (TMP) degradation by the above membrane followed the Langmuir–Hinshelwood model, indicating pollutants removal initiated not only on the membrane surface but also in the bulk solution under simulated solar irradiation. This phenomenon was attributed to the generation of •OH and 1O2 by forming Ohmic contact with altered internal band structure. The durability and practical experiments with secondary effluent from local wastewater treatment were also tested. The exceptional self-cleaning performance of the membrane hybrid system assembled with 1/10 MXene@h-BN was demonstrated by lower membrane fouling and maintaining durability even after five cycles. Furthermore, the performance (both pollutants removal and flux) of the modified membrane for secondary effluent treatment was also considerable, validating its potential for practical application. Owing to the excellent features, the membrane assembled with MXene@h-BN is anticipated to be an ideal candidate for advanced wastewater treatment.

Synergistic effects of nonionic surfactants ethoxylated alkylamines and sodium dodecyl sulfate in mixed systems

HypothesisIn general, the performance of surfactant hybrid systems is better than that of single surfactants, so surfactant hybrid systems are widely used in various industries. As a very important class of nonionic surfactants, ethoxylated alkylamines have been widely used in industries such as washing, coating, and pesticide, but little research has been conducted on their mixed systems. In order to improve the utilization efficiency of surfactants and reduce wastage, the surface properties and aggregation behavior of ethoxylated alkylamine mixed systems should be further explored. ExperimentIn this study, the nonionic surfactant ethoxylated dodecylamine (AC-1202) and the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) were used to form a mixed system. The static surface tension and interaction parameters of the mixed system under the influence of inorganic salt ions were investigated using a KRÜSS K12 surface tensiometer. The diffusion process of the mixed system was investigated using a KRÜSS bubble pressure tensiometer. At the same time, the aggregate behavior of the mixed system was studied by particle size analyzer. In addition, the contact angle and rheological properties of the mixed solution were also investigated. FindingsThe SDS/AC-1202 mixture system formed a synergistic effect that could reduce the CMC value to 24.20 mN/m and the CMC value was as low as 22.89 mN/m after the addition of inorganic salts. The mixed system conforms to the kinetic mechanism of mixing and diffusion and the Ostwald de model for non-Newtonian fluids. Finally, there is a good aggregation pattern in the mixed system, and the stronger synergistic effect will lead to the reduction of the average particle size of the mixture to 45.41 nm.

Conceptual design and multi-objective optimization of a hybrid system based on direct ammonia protonic ceramic fuel cell and alkali metal thermal electric converter

As a power generation device, direct ammonia protonic ceramic fuel cells (NH3–PCFCs) also produce a significant amount waste heat, which not only results in energy wastage but also abnormal operation if the waste heat is not removed. To address these concerns and enhance generation electricity capacity, a novel waste heat recovery system based upon NH3-PCFC and alkali metal thermal electric converter (AMTEC) is first proposed, wherein the AMTEC converts the high-grade exhaust heat produced by the NH3-PCFC to extra electricity. Considering ammonia decomposition sluggish kinetics, various irreversible overpotential losses of NH3-PCFC as well as thermodynamic losses within the integrated system, the energetic/exergetic performance parameters evaluating the NH3-PCFC, AMTEC and the hybrid system are formulated. The general performance characteristics of the proposed system are revealed, along with a sensitive analysis conducted under specific operational conditions or structural parameters. Numerical calculation exhibited that the maximum attainable power density of the hybrid system has been promoted 20.5 % than that of stand-alone NH3-PCFC system. The multi-objective genetic algorithm is utilized to optimize the hybrid system performance for trade-off the power output and efficiency. Optimized results show the power density and corresponding efficiency of proposed system can respectively reach 6762.3 W m−2 and 49.8 % in the corresponding optimization conditions.

Dually boosting the performance of photovoltaic module via integrating elastocaloric cooler

Photovoltaic module (PVM) only can utilize visible and ultra-violet parts of solar spectrum, constrained by the Shockley-Queisser limit. To fully use solar spectrum, in this study, solar selective absorber (SSA) and elastocaloric cooler (ECC) are gradually hybridized with PVM to form a new hybrid system for the first time. The performance metrics of PVM, ECC, and hybrid system, taking into account various irreversible effects, are mathematically derived. The hybrid system achieves approximately a 63% enhancement in both energy efficiency and power output density compared to a standalone PVM, outperforming other similar PVM-based hybrid systems. Exhaustive parametric studies show that increasing the operating temperature, solar irradiance, diode ideality factor, length ratio or section area ratio can enhance the hybrid system performance. The optimal combination of refrigerant and actuator materials are, respectively, Ni–Ti and Cu–Zn–Al alloys. Furthermore, a case study conducted to forecast practical performance under southeast China's weather conditions reveals that the hybrid system attains significant annual maximum energy efficiency and power output density, reaching 29.3% and 54.66 W m−2, respectively. The findings from this study provide valuable insights and recommendations for the optimum design and operation for such a hybrid system.

A comprehensive numerical study of the effects of the air distribution terminals on the performance of a novel VRF-SV hybrid system

This study aims to numerically investigate the impact of air supply terminal devices (ASTDs) on the performance of novel variable refrigerant flow (VRF) integrated stratum ventilation (SV) system. The novel VRF-SV hybrid system was designed and analyzed in the authors’ previous work, where different design configurations were tested and their performances were compared. However, the effect of ASTDs on the performance of novel system has not yet been thoroughly explored. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the effect of four types of ASTDs, including bar grille, double deflection grille, drum louver and jet slot diffusers installed in the laboratory and meeting room environments. The temperature and velocity field distribution, thermal comfort and indoor air quality (IAQ) were examined as performance indicators. The Re-Normalization Group (RNG), Realizable and Standard k-ϵ turbulence models were also employed in this study to verify and validate the numerical predictions with the experimental measurements. The experimental results found relatively close to the predictions obtained through RNG k-ϵ model with maximum deviations at any location were found to be 0.28 m/s in terms of velocity and 1.6°C in terms of temperature magnitude. Further research demonstrated that among the studied ASTDs, the bar grille diffuser provided an adequate thermal environment for the occupants with an acceptable jet throw and IAQ. This benefit also suggests that if the bar grille is installed with the VRF-SV system, the system would require less fan power, and thus, it reduces the energy use by the fan.

Techno-Economic Performance and Sensitivity Analysis of an Off-Grid Renewable Energy-Based Hybrid System: A Case Study of Kuakata, Bangladesh

Hybrid renewable energy sources (HRES) are increasingly being utilized to meet global energy demands, particularly in rural areas that rely on diesel generators and are disconnected from the utility grid, due to their environmental and human health benefits. This study investigates the performance of an off-grid, hybrid PV/diesel generator/battery system for a decentralized power plant in Kuakata, Bangladesh, meeting a load demand of 3000 kWh/day with a 501.61 kW peak load demand. HOMER Pro (hybrid optimization model for electric renewable) software (version 3.11) was used to simulate and optimize system operations utilizing real-time solar radiation and load profile data from that location. This study also includes a sensitivity analysis of the off-grid HRES system under different electrical load demands, project longevity, and derating variables. The results reveal that CO2 emissions have potentially decreased by more than 30% and over 10 tons per year, respectively, when compared to traditional power plants. The optimized system’s net present cost (NPC) was determined to be around USD 5.19 million, with a cost of energy (COE) of USD 0.367 per kWh per unit with a 100% renewable component. Furthermore, the current study’s findings are compared to previous research that has resulted in an economical hybrid renewable energy system with an affordable COE. The hybrid energy system under consideration might also be applicable to other parts of the world with comparable climate conditions.

Assessing the performance of hydro-solar hybrid (HSH) grid integration: A case study of Bui Generating Station, Ghana

Renewable energy sources (RES) are rapidly expanding as a result of energy security and environmental concerns. Despite their numerous benefits, they pose significant challenges to power grid operation. Ghana is dedicated to reaching a 10 % renewable energy mix target by 2030 to promote low-emission development. Ghana has the first hybrid power plant made up of 400MW hydropower plant and 50 MW solar PV plant supplying power to the national grid. The study designs a hydro-solar hybrid system configuration for Ghana's Bui generation unit, using data from the 50 MW ground-mounted solar PV and 133.33 MW hydropower units to assess the performance and challenges of the hydro-solar hybrid system at the Bui Generating Station. Methodology involves modeling and simulation in the DIgSILENT power factory software environment. Utilizing quasi-dynamic simulations, the study investigates variations in active power generation, voltage fluctuations, grid losses, and reactive power generation. Results highlight technical challenges such as voltage fluctuations and power loss, and propose mitigation measures. Comparisons between simulated and field data reveal discrepancies attributed to factors such as temperature effects, dust accumulation, and conductor resistance. Mitigation strategies are proposed, including energy storage expansion, smart grid implementation, advanced control techniques, FACTS device deployment and grid monitoring improvements. Despite limitations in data availability and simulation accuracy, the study underscores the system's reliability and provides insights for enhancing renewable energy integration in the region. Generally, the study contributes to advancing renewable energy integration efforts, with implications for sustainable development and climate action in Ghana and West Africa at large.

Bağımsız Bir Hibrit Güç Sisteminin Tasarımı ve Akıllı MPPT Algoritmaları ile Optimizasyon Kontrolü

In this paper, a stand-alone hybrid power system has been proposed using both: photovoltaic generator (PVG) and permanent magnets synchronous generator (PMSG), integrated with a lithium-type battery connected to the DC bus. The improvement of performance and reliability of the overall system are guaranteed. For this aim, the efficiency of the PVG system can be enhanced firstly by using two MPPT's techniques, such as the Perturb and Observe (P&O) method and the Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC) approach. The Genetic Algorithms (GA’s), using the principles of evolution, natural selection, and genetic mutation, are then introduced to address difficulties in the adjustment of the FLC gains. A lithium-ion battery model is presented to ensure stability and energy storage. Furthermore, the model of the wind energy conversion system (WECS) based on PMSG is presented. Hence, the control by the gradient method, allowing designing an MPPT based on the delivered power and mechanical speed of the generator. Both sources are connected to the grid via a two-level voltage source inverter controlled by Space Vector Modulation (SVM) technique. Finally, simulation results obtained using MATLAB / SIMULINK software proved the effectiveness of proposed control strategies with high performance which is manifested clearly when the suggested controllers employed and shed light on the performance of the stand-alone hybrid system.

Highly sensitive hybrid silicon carbonitride piezoresistive sensors enabled by coupling piezoelectric effect

Piezoresistive sensors with high working temperature and excellent sensitivity are highly desired for in-situ measuring pressure in various high temperature applications. Polymer-derived silicon carbonitrides (SiCNs) are a novel class of materials with excellent stability and piezoresistive performance at high temperature, yet challenging to build to meet the rapid growth of large-area electronics. This work demonstrates a thin and highly sensitive hybrid SiCN piezoresistive films enabled by coupling piezoelectric effect of Al-doped ZnO (AZO). The hybrid thin films with the optimal nano-domain phase of SiCN features ultrahigh gauge factors of 6518 to 31,195 upon various compressive stresses, which are significantly larger than those of single-layer SiCN and other existing piezoresistive materials. First-principles calculations reveal that the charges from AZO layer accumulate and move toward the carbon clusters in SiCN under compressive stress, resulting in greater tunneling currents between carbon clusters and more significant piezoresistive effect. Moreover, superior piezoresistive performance of the optimal hybrid system can be characterized by atomic-scale binding energy and band gap change, as formation of the hybrid structure facilitates interfacial charge separation and increases density of electron at conduction band. This work opens an avenue for improving sensitivity of piezoresistive sensors by effective coupling of piezoelectric materials.

Evaluation and deployment of a unified MPPT controller for hybrid Luo converter in combined PV and wind energy systems

This work emphasizes the development and examination of a Hybrid Luo Converter integrated with a unified Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) for both grid and independent hybrid systems. The primary objectives of this hybrid system are to efficiently harness power from intermittent and variable renewable sources while elevating low-voltage energy inputs to utility-grade levels. Unlike previous studies employing specific MPPT algorithms for solar and wind sources, this work aims to simplify the control system by utilizing a unified MPPT controller. This research also introduces a novel approach involving dual-lift hybrid Luo converters to create hybrid systems, operating exclusively or concurrently based on the availability of renewable resources. To maximize power generation from all renewable sources, a unified MPPT algorithm is developed. The hybrid system, incorporates 500 W wind and 560 W PV systems, the innovative Luo converter, and the unified MPPT controller. A comprehensive comparative analysis is presented, comparing the hybrid system's performance with that of traditional control algorithms, such as the Perturb & Observe, and Radial Basis Function Network controllers. The successful prototype of the converter validates the practicality of the proposed approach.

A hybrid traffic controller system based on flower pollination algorithm and type-2 fuzzy logic optimized with crow search algorithm for signalized intersections

In this study, a hybrid traffic signal control (HTSC) system based on phase and time optimization was developed. The Flower Pollination Algorithm (FPA) approach was used for phase optimization, while Type-2 Fuzzy Logic, optimized with the Crow Search Algorithm (CSA), was utilized for time optimization. The hybrid system's performance was investigated using nine different traffic conditions and four different intersection geometries. The hybrid system was compared with three controller systems which are a fixed-time signal controller, a signal controller based on the FPA approach (FPA_TSC), and the optimized Type-1 fuzzy logic signal controller (Type-1 FL-TSC). The HTSC approach achieved the best performance with about 32% improvement over the fixed-time traffic controller and it showed 5% and 6% better performance than the FPA_TSC and Type-1 FL-TSC, respectively. Considering the performance of the new hybrid system, it is effective in minimizing delays and driver dissatisfaction occurring from signalization. It also contributes to the reduction of emissions and fuel consumption. The HTSC approach can be used as an alternative signal control method in the control of intersections with high traffic volume due to its fast and effective performance.

A comparative investigation into the dynamic performance of multiple wind-wave hybrid systems utilizing a full-process analytical model

An analytical model is applied to investigate the dynamic performance of a type of hybrid system (PAWT) with a semi-submersible floating offshore wind turbine (FOWT) coupled to an array of point-absorbing wave energy converters (PA). In this process, the linear potential flow theory and eigenfunction matching method are employed to study the wave–structure interactions, and a coupled set of equations is proposed to evaluate the motion response in frequency-domain. To account for the pronounced impact of nonlinear factors inherent in the hybrid system, a constellation of mathematical models has been integrated into Cummins equation framework, including aerodynamic, mooring lines, power take-off (PTO), and viscosity modeling. After running the convergence analysis and model validation, the present model is employed to clarify the effects of PTO damping, WEC radius, layout, and real sea states on the motion response and wave energy capture efficiency. Results demonstrate that integrating Wavestar-type WECs is more beneficial for improving the pitch stability of FOWT than heaving-type. Although augmenting the number of integrated WECs cannot enhance FOWT stability, it does contribute to broadening the bandwidth of the capture width ratio (CWR). Notably, the power take-off (PTO) is simplified as a linear damping to model a linear permanent magnet generator (PMG) in this study. Furthermore, the interest of this work lies in the full-process analytical model itself, which is found to be efficient in modeling the interaction of the wind-wave field and can be used in future hybrid system projects.

Enhancing solar hybrid system efficiency in Libya through PSO & flower pollination optimization

The integration and optimization of Concentrated Solar Power-Photovoltaic (CSP-PV) hybrid systems have become a focal point in the field of solar energy research and development. The fusion of the strengths from both forms of power generation in the CSP-PV hybrid system offers the potential to deliver affordable and manageable solar energy solutions. However, the key parameters of the CSP plant can vary in different situations. Taking these variations into account is crucial for optimizing the overall performance of the CSP-PV hybrid system and ensuring its adaptability to different scenarios. Therefore, there is a need for a method that can optimize all the main parameters of the CSP and the hybrid system at the same time. The maximum acquired energy from the CSP is 7 kWh with meeting the objective of Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE). In this paper utilized the Flower Pollination Algorithm (FPA). method to globally optimize the CSP-PV Hybrid System. The experimental results prove the effectiveness of this method.

Performance analysis of AUV-carried RISs-aided multihop UWOC convergent with RF MRC systems over WGG oceanic turbulence

To establish reliable connection between Internet of Underwater Things (IoUT) devices and terrestrial data centers, this work first proposes a reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) aided multihop underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC) convergent with radio frequency (RF) uplink system. Specifically, the RIS carried by an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) is introduced into UWOC link to relax the line-of-sight (LOS) requirement and the maximal-ratio combining (MRC) receiver is adopted at the terrestrial data center to mitigate the RF link fading. It is assumed that the underwater thermocline channel is subject to the newly proposed Weibull-generalized gamma (WGG) turbulence distribution and the RF link composite fading follows Fisher-Snedecor F distribution. Additionally, the optical link misalignment is characterized by the zero-boresight pointing errors model. With the decode-and-forward (DF) relaying scheme, the analytical closed-form expressions of the outage probability (OP) and average bit error rate (ABER) of this system are mathematically achieved, and then the impacts of air bubbles, thermohaline gradient, the number of RIS elements, pointing errors, system structure, and the number of receive antennas are further investigated. Meanwhile, the analytical results are verified by Monte Carlo (MC) simulations. Results reveal that this hybrid system performance would degrade with the increased air bubble levels and thermohaline gradients. Notably, RIS can effectively alleviate the impact of underwater turbulence and this effect would be more pronounced as the number of RIS elements increases. This work will benefit the design and research of hybrid UWOC-RF system.

Experimental investigation on parameter optimization of liquid spectral beam splitter for continuous photocatalytic hydrogen production accompanied with photovoltaic power generation under solar full spectrum

Effective utilization of solar energy is of great significance for a sustainable future. Herein, we report a cascade system for hydrogen-electricity co-production (PH-PV) utilizing solar full spectrum. The output performance of the system can be precisely adjusted by controlling certain parameters of liquid spectral beam splitter (LSBS) which contains TiO2 nanoparticle suspension simultaneously generating hydrogen via a photocatalytic reaction process. Typically, the thickness of LSBS, the loading amount of TiO2, the flowrate of suspension and the light intensity have been investigated in detail. It is found that LSBS is necessary in our system as it could ensure the safe operation of PV while the light intensities larger than 8 suns. With the decrease of the thickness or loading amount of photocatalyst, more electricity could be produced by PV module but less hydrogen from PH module. Further increase of above two parameters simultaneously could lead to aggregation and settlement of particle suspension in LSBS, which is detrimental to the optical absorbance of the system. Besides, changing the flowrate will diversify the surface features of particles by shear-induced effect. At optimal flowrate, the particles in LSBS could exhibit oscillation characteristics under synergistic effect of shear force and gravity, which would lead to excellent light absorption and transmittance. Furthermore, an obvious gain for both hydrogen and electricity output and system efficiency could be obtained through increasing light intensity appropriately. Finally, the improved merit function (MF) was employed to evaluate the performance of hybrid system and more obvious effect of flowrate on MF value than other parameters was found. The optimal MF value of 3.07 was reached when flowrate was 60 mL/min. Our work is expected to provide important guidance for the optimization of PH-PV cascade system driven by outdoor direct solar energy.