Performance Of Routing Protocols Research Articles

Analysing the performance of AODV, OLSR, and DSDV routing protocols in VANET based on the ECIE method

Analysing the performance of AODV, OLSR, and DSDV routing protocols in VANET based on the ECIE method

Encounter based energy sharing in wildlife communication systems

In this work, the concept of peer-to-peer energy sharing in wildlife communication systems is explored. In this context, wild animals can share energy wirelessly besides their data communications as they opportunistically come into range of each other. Our goal is to find a way to balance the energy among the nodes and minimize this energy loss. We propose a novel encounter-based energy-sharing scheme, called EBES, that utilizes single and multi-hop transmission to achieve energy balance, minimize energy losses, and maximize the lifetime of the wildlife communication system. EBES is based on a variety of parameters, including the amount of energy left in the system and the nodes’ encounter rate, and buffer sizes. In the simulation studies, we considered a wildlife communication network that is involved in data communication and applied EBES over the opportunistic routing protocols such as EBR, Spray&Wait, and Epidemic resulting in a network lifetime increase of 35% and improving the routing protocols performance. Additionally, we compared EBES with the other well-known energy balancing techniques that also contribute to data communication such as EA-Epidemic, EERPFAnt, and OE-OLSR and the results show the remaining energy was improved by 31%, 26%, and 15%, respectively.

Quality of Service and Congestion Control in Software-Defined Networking Using Policy-Based Routing

Managing queuing delays is crucial for maintaining Quality of Service (QoS) in real-time media communications. Customizing traditional routing protocols to meet specific QoS requirements—particularly in terms of minimizing delay and jitter for real-time media—can be both complex and time-intensive. Furthermore, these protocols often encounter challenges when adapted for vendor-specific hardware implementations. To address these issues, this paper leverages the programmable features of Software-Defined Networking (SDN) to simplify the process of achieving user-defined QoS, bypassing the limitations of traditional routing protocols. In this work, we propose a policy-based routing module that integrates with traditional routing protocols to ensure QoS for real-time media flows. QoS is achieved by rerouting the flow along a new low-latency path calculated by the proposed module when the queuing delay exceeds a certain threshold. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed solution significantly enhances the performance of traditional routing protocols within an SDN framework, effectively reducing the average end-to-end delay by 80% and total packet loss by 73%, while also improving jitter and alleviating network congestion.

Survey broach for clustering in wireless sensors protocols and types

Sensor network applications have become part of everyday life applications. Creating such networks needs to meet its own constraints, such as: the energy consumption, scalability, fault tolerance, estimated cost, and the possibility of changing the network topography and the environment. In this work, a survey on hierarchical routing protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) was performed. WSNs hold tiny nodes with ability of sensing, communications, and computation. Due to the power limitation of the sensor unit, several hierarchical routing protocols have been proposed for minimizing power exhaustion. Much research labor has been implemented to overcome weakness and to upgrade the performance of hierarchical routing protocols. So, a universal review is needed which can review latest technologies, construe functional and performance sides, and focus on issues and challenges of hierarchical routing protocol in WSNs. lastly, the paper focus on issues and challenges in current routing protocols of WSNs, which can aide in outlook research for election of appropriate research field and supply guidance in selection of energy awareness techniques in the design of improving energy of routing protocols for WSNs.

Retraction Note: Analyzing the impacts of node density and speed on routing protocol performance in firefighting applications

This article has been retracted. Please see the Retraction Notice for more detail: https://doi.org/10.1186/s42408-023-00220-4.

Hybrid Tasmanian Devil and Elephant Herding Model-Based Optimal Cluster Head Selection and Routing in MANET

MANETs (Mobile AdHoc Networks) have major problems due to the resource-constrained nature of mobile nodes. MANET topology is highly uncertain due to the mobility of MANET nodes that affect the stability of interconnected links. This scenario results in an increased traffic overhead which affects the routing protocol performance and results in increased energy consumption. A routing scheme designed for MANET should be able to handle energy depletion issues and nodes’ mobility. This paper designs two novel schemes to enhance energy efficiency and network lifetime by performing clustering and routing in MANET. The Hybrid Tasmanian devil and Elephant herding optimization (HTDEHO) is used for clustering the MANET nodes to minimize the overhead, enhance the stability of the network topology, and reduce collision. The HTDEHO selects the optimal cluster head (CH) from a set of nodes based on their fitness value calculated by various parameters such as mobility-based node ranking, residual energy, distance, node degree, and optimal next hop CH selection. Dwarf mongoose optimization algorithm with Fuzzy variable (FDMO) algorithm selects optimal routing cost from CH to the base station based on various parameters such as throughput, delay, and distance. The efficiency of the proposed model is evaluated with different performance metrics such as energy consumption, throughput, end-to-end delay, and packet-dropping analysis. The performance of the proposed HTDEHO-FDMO classifier is compared with different techniques such as RDOAICRP, BFOA, MARP-HO, and FEKHO-QBA. Even after 170 iterations, the HTDEHO model retains a total of 10 alive nodes.

Impact of Propagation Environment on the Performance of Direction Oriented Forwarding through Minimum Number of Edge Nodes (DOF-MEN) Routing Protocol In Ad Hoc Networks

One sort of wireless ad-hoc network is called MANET (Mobile Ad-hoc Network), which is an autonomous network made up of wireless nodes and routers connected by wireless connections. Transmission of data in effective way is important. The DOF-MEN (Direction Oriented Forwarding through Minimum Number of Edge Nodes) protocol is the protocol which lessens the amount of messages for route discovery. It attempts to choose just single node as the next following hop. The node's address is added by the sender. Therefore, only the chosen node will receive and subsequently transmit the data. This protocol increases the throughput, Packet Delivery Ratio, and cuts down on the Routing Overhead. Several aspects affect the routing protocol's execution accuracy in mobile ad hoc networks (MANET). The propagation model is a crucial thing to be considered among many. MANET experiences an enormous loss in performance due to blockage between transmission devices and fluctuation in the receiver's signal intensity. Therefore, it's crucial to determine how Radio Propagation Model and study of performance of routing protocol in MANET. Here we do simulation and analysis using NS2 (Network Simulator 2). The outcome demonstrates that the MANET routing protocol's performance is more influenced by the propagation model.

Comprehensive Study and Review Various Routing Protocols in MANET

Mobile Ad-hoc networks are composed of various interconnections among large number of nodes deployed for monitoring the system by means of measurement of its parameters. Recent research in wireless sensor networks has led to various new protocols which are particularly designed for routing in MANETs. To design these networks, the factors needed to be considered are the coverage area, mobility, power consumption, communication capabilities etc. These papers discuss characteristics and performance of AODV, DSR, GRP, OLSR and TORA routing protocol. The paper attempts to explores the best suited routing protocol in various conditions and environments.

Performance Analysis of Non-Realistic Routing Protocol using Random Waypoint Model in MANET

A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a collection of wireless nodes connected via wireless networks and has no set structure. MANETs feature a self-organized routing topology in which mobile nodes are free to move, making it difficult and crucial to construct a stable and reliable network. Thus, failure of the route is also regarded as a prime factor affecting the efficiency of any MANET routing protocol. The breaking of the connection between two routes or more nodes will cause the failure of the route specifically in the non-realistic routing protocol. In a network of mobile nodes, the link break is mainly based on the mobility of individual nodes. Therefore, the objective of this research is to investigate the performance of proactive DSDV and reactive AODV routing protocol using the Random Waypoint(RWP) mobility model in MANET. NS-2 network simulator is used to simulate the MANET environment and BonnMotion is to create a movement of mobile nodes that integrate with the routing protocol. The network performance metrics used are throughput, packet delivery ratio, and average end-to-end delay. In addition, three simulation scenarios have been conducted to compare AODV and DSDV routing protocols with varying numbers of nodes, a comparison of AODV and DSDV routing protocols with varying pause time, and a comparison of AODV and DSDV routing protocols with varying mobility speed. The result from the three scenarios analysed and concluded that the RWP mobility model with AODV gives a better performance of throughput with 869.69 kbps and Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) with 83.00% meanwhile, RWP with DSDV is better for the average end-to-end delay(EED) with 212.970 bps.

Improved Routing Protocols: A First Step Towards Quality of Service in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks

The recent developments in wireless technology have piqued academics' curiosity. Mobile Adhoc Networks (MANET) is a fast-growing networking architecture used in emergency, disaster, and tactical operations applications. It covers a wide range of applications with some degradation due to its flexible and expandable nature. Because routing is the primary function of wireless networks, routing protocol design is critical in Adhoc networks. Various methods have been used to improve the performance of current routing protocols in different categories. Technical advances in routing protocols have recently been achieved, combined with optimization approaches to improve the overall performance of MANETs routing protocols. This research initially looked at several sorts of routing protocols before going through their variations for energy economy and latency reduction. The previous protocols, which were created utilizing optimization methods, will then illustrate the current requirement. Finally, the review analysis delves into many aspects such as commonly used protocols, optimization techniques, QoS parameters, performance metrics, and future paths. Keywords: MANETs, Energy, Delay, Optimized Protocols, QoS.

Impact of Network Size on Routing Protocols Performance in Wireless Sensor Network: A Simulation

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are a decentralized kind of network which is equipped with sensor nodes and is rapidly being utilized to intelligently monitor different environmental conditions at a minimal cost. Sensor nodes are often battery-powered and the essential issue to address is how to decrease node energy consumption so that the network lifetime may be prolonged to realistic lengths. Routing is one of the primary operations performed within the network which consumes a sufficient amount of energy. Therefore, it is very much essential to consider the finest routing protocol so that it consumes less energy. In this article, we look at several routing protocols used in WSNs, including AODV, DSDV, DSR, OSLR and M-GEAR. Furthermore, we studied the execution of selected protocols based on network factors such as network latency, packet delivery ratio, and network throughput against multiple network sizes. The simulation findings show that protocol performance varies depending on network size and that selecting the optimum protocol based on network parameters is also crucial.

Investigation Performance Analysis and Evaluation of VANET Routing Protocol on Urban Scenario Simulation: A Case Study of Melaka

Vehicles on the road create a VANET network using IEEE 802.11P for wireless data exchange. However, VANET is challenging since the characteristics of VANET such as high mobility and frequent topology making it harder to design an effective routing protocol. The needs of an efficient performance routing protocol are crucial since it is to ensure a better network Quality of Service (QoS). In this paper, the evaluation of the IEEE 802.11P performance is simulated in real-world scenario using the Melaka City roadmap. In an urban setting, the impact of vehicle density on the performance of VANET routing protocols including OLSR, AODV, and DSDV are examined. Reviewing the effectiveness of the current VANET routing protocols is the goal of this research since it is crucial to know which routing has high performance under specific circumstances. Quantitative measurements including Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), Packet Loss Ratio (PLR), and end-to-end delay are evaluated using the Network Simulator NS-3 and SUMO. Findings from the investigation show that while proactive routing protocols like OLSR and DSDV perform better in terms of end-to-end delay, AODV performs exceptionally well in terms of PDR and PLR.

Impact of Network Size on Routing Protocols Performance in Wireless Sensor Network: A Simulation

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are a decentralized kind of network which is equipped with sensor nodes and is rapidly being utilized to intelligently monitor different environmental conditions at a minimal cost. Sensor nodes are often battery-powered and the essential issue to address is how to decrease node energy consumption so that the network lifetime may be prolonged to realistic lengths. Routing is one of the primary operations performed within the network which consumes a sufficient amount of energy. Therefore, it is very much essential to consider the finest routing protocol so that it consumes less energy. In this article, we look at several routing protocols used in WSNs, including AODV, DSDV, DSR, OSLR and M-GEAR. Furthermore, we studied the execution of selected protocols based on network factors such as network latency, packet delivery ratio, and network throughput against multiple network sizes. The simulation findings show that protocol performance varies depending on network size and that selecting the optimum protocol based on network parameters is also crucial.

Simulation Modeling of OLSR Routing Protocol Performance in Video Data Transmission from Unmanned Area Vehicle Using Various Mobility Models

Simulation Modeling of OLSR Routing Protocol Performance in Video Data Transmission from Unmanned Area Vehicle Using Various Mobility Models

Performance Analysis of BGP Dynamic Routing Protocol using QOS for TCP and UDP Services

The Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is commonly used for TCP and UDP services, but it poses challenges in terms of Quality of Service (QoS) analysis. Parameters like throughput, packet loss, delay, and jitter are crucial for assessing network service quality. This study aims to analyze the performance and influence of the BGP routing protocol on TCP and UDP services using QoS parameters. The research used a GNS3 network simulation to conduct multiple packet transmission tests for TCP and UDP protocols, lasting 15, 30, and 60 seconds; and monitored using Wireshark. For TCP services, the average QoS index value is 3.75, categorizing the quality as "Good". The tested network topology and routing configuration exhibit reliable performance, providing good throughput, low packet loss rates, minimal delays, and stable jitter. Similarly, UDP services demonstrate “Good” performance with an average QoS index of 3.75. The BGP routing protocol in the tested network topology ensures high-quality service with good delivery speed, low packet loss rate, minimal delay, and stable jitter. Overall, the study concludes that the BGP routing protocol effectively provides satisfactory QoS for TCP and UDP services. This research contributes to understanding network performance and optimizing routing protocols for improved telecommunications services. The findings highlight the significance of routing protocols in facilitating efficient data transmission on the Internet, reinforcing the importance of QoS analysis for enhancing service quality.

Modifikasi Protokol Routing DSDV Menggunakan Algoritma Dynamic-power transmission untuk Mengurangi Interferensi Sinyal dalam Pengiriman Data Berdasarkan Tingkat Kepadatan Node di Jaringan MANET

Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) is a decentralized collection of nodes that exchange information temporarily via wireless transmission. When nodes communicate, all nodes in the communication range will be affected by signal interference from other nodes. The problem that arises due to this signal interference is that it will affect or interfere with the signal transmitted to the receiver, resulting in a decrease in network performance which will impact the quality of service (QoS). To overcome the problem of signal interference, use interference management. This study applies the Dynamic-Power Transmission (DPT) algorithm to the Destination Sequence Distance Vector (DSDV) routing protocol framework. DPT-DSDV will adjust the communication range automatically based on the node density level. When a node sends data packets to neighbouring nodes, the communication range will be adjusted automatically based on the selected level. The performance of DPT-DSDV will be compared with standard DSDV and standard AODV by looking at performance based on three parameters, namely throughput, packet delivery ratio (PDR), and end-to-end delay. Based on the results of research trials, applying the dynamic-power transmission algorithm can improve the performance of the standard DSDV routing protocol. Throughput results on DPT-DSDV increased by 0.90%. The packet delivery ratio (PDR) increased by 0.50%, and end-to-end delay decreased by 2.80%.
 Key words: MANET, Interference, Quality of Service, Routing, DSDV, Dynamic-Power Transmission.

Location Privacy Protection and Coverage Hole Effects in Event Monitoring Wireless Networks for Internet of Things Applications

Source-location privacy (SLP) protection improves security in event monitoring wireless sensor networks (WSNs) for Internet of Things (IoT) applications. However, due to constrained energy resources, WSNs incur coverage holes that affect the level of SLP protection. Existing studies have ineffectively analysed the effects of coverage holes on SLP protection. Noting the limitation, this study investigated the coverage hole effects. Performance of various SLP routing protocols was evaluated based on the sensor node utilization ratio, attack success rate, end-to-end delay, and packet delivery ratio. Then, considering the challenge of limited battery power in IoT sensors, the performance gains and limitations of the protocols were identified. Simulation results demonstrate that the data dissemination SLP routing protocol (DIRP) outperforms other protocols. However, the performance of DIRP is significantly affected by coverage holes. The results suggest that for DIRP to be viable in IoT applications, the integration of distributed energy resources should be considered.

Performance of unique and secure routing protocol (USRP) in flying Adhoc Networks for healthcare applications

Nowadays, Flying Adhoc Networks play a vital role due to its high efficiency in fast communication. Unmanned aerial vehicles transmit data much faster than other networks and are useful in all aspects of communication. In healthcare applications, wireless body area network transmits the data, whereas the security, which is the most important concern to be focused in a flying adhoc network is not satisfactory. Many intruders tamper the network, degrading the overall network performance. To avoid security issues, a unique and secure routing protocol that provides a single solution for five different types of attacks such as, black hole attacks, grey hole attacks, yoyo attacks, conjoint attack and jamming attacks, is proposed. The simulation results analyses the network performance by using the proposed routing table. In comparison to the other solutions rendered to resolve the affected network, this proposed routing protocol has a higher throughput, higher delivery rate, and lower delay. The Unique and Secure Routing Protocol (USRP) provides an integrated solution for an efficient and secure communication in a flying adhoc network.

Performance Evaluation of Routing Protocols for Vehicle Re-Routing in ITS-based Vehicular Networks

This study aims to assess the performance of routing protocols in Intelligent Transportation System (ITS)-based vehicular networks, specifically in accident and highway scenarios. The effective management of traffic flow in these situations is crucial for ensuring the safety and smooth operation of vehicular networks. Therefore, it is imperative to evaluate routing protocols to identify the most suitable one for these scenarios. The evaluation considers various commonly used routing protocols in vehicular networks, including Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), Ad hoc On-Demand Multipath Distance Vector (AOMDV), and Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV). The evaluation is based on several performance metrics, such as packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, network throughput, normalized routing load, and routing overhead. These metrics provide insights into the effectiveness and efficiency of the routing protocols in handling re-routing in accident and highway scenarios. The research is divided into two modules, Module I and Module II, to evaluate the effectiveness of routing protocols in these distinct scenarios using the NS2 simulation tool. The simulation results are analyzed and compared to determine the performance of the routing protocols in each module. The findings indicate that AODV consistently achieves the highest throughput, packet delivery ratio, and lowest end-to-end delay, routing overhead, and normalized routing load, followed by AOMDV and then DSDV. The findings of this study contribute to the understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of different routing protocols in accident and highway scenarios. This knowledge can assist in the development of more efficient and reliable routing protocols for vehicular networks.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Analyzing the impacts of node density and speed on routing protocol performance in firefighting applications

BackgroundMobile ad hoc networks have piqued researchers’ interest in various applications, including forest fire detection. Because of the massive losses caused by this disaster, forest fires necessitate regular monitoring, good communication, and technology. As a result, disaster response and rescue applications are mobile ad hoc network’s primary applications. However, quality of service becomes a significant and difficult issue, and the capabilities of the basic routing protocol limit mobile ad hoc network’s ability to deliver reasonable quality of service.ResultsThe proposed research is for disaster-related scenarios, with nodes representing firefighters and vehicles (ambulances). Mobile nodes moving at 10 m/s are thought to be firefighters, while nodes moving at 20 m/s are thought to be vehicles (ambulances) delivering emergency healthcare. The NS-2 simulator is used in this research for the performance assessment of the two routing protocols, such as Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) and Temporally Order Routing Algorithm (TORA), in terms of average latency, average throughput, and average packet drop. The simulation was run with varying node velocities and network densities to examine the impact of scalability on the two mobile ad hoc network routing protocols.ConclusionsThis work presents two main protocols: TORA (for reactive networks) and OLSR (for proactive networks). The proposed methods had no impact on the end-to-end bandwidth delay or the packet delivery delay. The performance is evaluated in terms of varying network density and node speed (firefighter speed), i.e., varying network density and mobility speed. The simulation revealed that in a highly mobile network with varying network densities, OLSR outperforms TORA in terms of overall performance. TORA’s speed may have been enhanced by adding more nodes to the 20 nodes that used a significant amount of transmission control protocol traffic.