Performance Of Routing Protocols Research Articles

Novel Optimized Strategy Based on Multi-Next-Hops Election to Reduce Video Transmission Delay for GPSR Protocol over VANETs

Reducing transmission traffic delay is one of the most important issues that need to be considered for routing protocols, especially in the case of multimedia applications over vehicular ad hoc networks (VANET). To this end, we propose an extension of the FzGR (fuzzy geographical routing protocol), named MNH-FGR (multi-next-hops fuzzy geographical routing protocol). MNH-FGR is a multipath protocol that gains great extensibility by employing different link metrics and weight functions. To schedule multimedia traffic among multiple heterogeneous links, MNH-FGR integrates the weighted round-robin (WRR) scheduling algorithm, where the link weights, needed for scheduling, are computed using the multi-constrained QoS metric provided by the FzGR. The main goal is to ensure the stability of the network and the continuity of data flow during transmission. Simulation experiments with NS-2 are presented in order to validate our proposal. Additionally, we present a neural network algorithm to analyze and optimize the performance of routing protocols. The results show that MNH-FGR could satisfy critical multimedia applications with high on-time constraints. Also, the DNN model used can provide insights about which features had an impact on protocol performance.

Design, Simulation, and Performance Evaluation of Reactive and Proactive Ad-Hoc Routing Protocols

The primary goal of this study is to investigate and evaluate the performance of wireless Ad-Hoc routing protocols using the OPNET simulation tool, as well as to recommend the most effective routing strategies for the wireless mesh environment. Investigations have been testified to analyze the performance of the reactive and proactive Ad-Hoc routing protocols in different scenarios. Application and wireless metrics were configured that were used to test and evaluate the performance of routing protocols. The application metric includes web browsing metrics such as HTTP page response time, voice and video metrics such as end-to-end delay, and delay variation. The wireless network metrics include wireless media access delay, data dropped, wireless load, wireless retransmission attempts, and Packet Delivery Ratio. The simulation results show that the AODV overcome DSR and OLSR in terms of PDR (76%), wireless load (22.692 Mbps), voice delay variation (102.685 ms), HTTP page response time (15.317 sec), voice and video packet end-to-end delay (206.527 and 25.294 ms), wireless media access delay (90.150 ms), data dropped (10.003 Mbps), wireless load (22.692 Mbps), and wireless retransmission attempts (0.392 packets).

A Systematic Review Paper on Energy-Efficient Routing Protocols in Internet of Things

The Internet of Things (IoT) has witnessed remarkable growth, leading to the emergence of numerous applications and services. However, energy efficiency remains a critical concern in IoT networks due to the resource-constrained nature of many IoT devices. Energy-efficient routing protocols play a pivotal role in mitigating this challenge, optimizing energy consumption, and extending the operational lifetime of IoT deployments. This survey paper aims to provide a holistic understanding of the state-of-the-art approaches, their characteristics, strengths, limitations, and performance metrics. The survey encompasses a wide range of energy-efficient routing protocols proposed in the literature, including traditional routing protocols adapted for IoT scenarios and protocols specifically tailored for energy optimization. We discuss the impact of different network characteristics on the performance of energy-efficient routing protocols, such as network size, node density, mobility, and heterogeneity. Through this systematic survey, we aim to provide researchers, engineers, and practitioners with a comprehensive overview of energy-efficient routing protocols for IoT networks. The survey findings can serve as a valuable reference for protocol selection, performance evaluation, and the development of novel energy-efficient routing strategies in future IoT deployments.

On the Use of Wireless Technologies for Wildlife Monitoring: Wireless Sensor Network Routing Protocols

Traditional methods for wildlife monitoring are labor-intensive and time-consuming. Therefore, advanced technologies and remote monitoring methods are becoming increasingly popular. This paper presents a study on wireless technologies for wildlife monitoring. In the study, a review of the literature was done to identify the most commonly used wireless technologies. Various technologies were explored including unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), Internet of Things (IoT), wireless sensor networks (WSNs), artificial intelligence (AI), global positioning system (GPS), and very high frequency (VHF) radio. Then, a more detailed study was done on WSN technology. Investigations were done to observe the performance of routing protocols in WSNs. The use of source location privacy (SLP) routing protocols was considered for secure wildlife monitoring in areas such as game reserves. In such areas, sensor node energy consumption minimization and battery lifetime maximization are crucial. Hence, energy-efficient SLP protocols are more suitable for deployment. Using MATLAB simulation environment, performance analysis of various phantom- based SLP protocols was done to identify effective and energy-efficient SLP protocols. Simulation results show that two-level phantom with a backbone route protocol (TBP) and phantom with angle protocol (PAP) exhibit advantageous performance features in terms of SLP protection, energy efficiency, effective long-term SLP protection, and scalability. Thus, TBP and PAP are suitable for deployment in wildlife monitoring WSNs.

Cooperative IDS for Detecting Collaborative Attacks in RPL-AODV Protocol in Internet of Everything

Internet of everything (IoET) is one of the key integrators in Industry 4.0, which contributes to large-scale deployment of low-power and lossy (LLN) networks to connecting people, processes, data, and things. The RPL is one of the unique standardized routing protocols that enable efficient use of smart devices energy, compute resources to address the properties and constraints of LLN networks. The authors investigate the RPL-AODV routing protocol's performance in combining the advantages of both RPL and AODV routing protocol, which works together in a low power resource-constrained network. The main challenging issue is collaborating the AODV and RPL routing protocol in the LLN network. This paper also models the collaborative attacks such as wormhole, blackhole attack for AODV, and rank and sinkhole attacks to exploit the vulnerability of RPL protocol. Finally, the cooperative IDS combining specification-based and signature-based IDS is proposed to detect the collaborative attacks against the RPL-AODV routing protocol that effectively monitors and provides security to the LLN networks.

Mobility Based Routing Protocol Performance Oriented Comparative Analysis in the ADHOC Networks FANET, MANET and VANET using OPNET Modeler for FTP and Web Applications

In FANET (Flying ad-hoc network), VANET (Vehicular ad-hoc network), MANET (Mobile Ad-hoc Network), the phenomena routing happens without the support of infrastructure. To accomplish these tasks, the nodes used to act as both router and the host. The design of routing protocol is very complex and challenging, because of the unpredictable varying topologies in these ad-hoc networks. In this paper the performance of the three ad-hoc networks are analysed in terms of its response from the network parameters such as delay, throughput, media access delay, load, retransmission attempts network loads and throughputs. The simulation is carried out in riverbed modeler academic edition 17.5. In this paper, based on simulation results, the routing protocols are categorized in terms of performance for the network parameters. Also, the performance of routing protocols is analysed based on its individual performance on the network parameters.

A Deep Learning Approach for Wireless Network Performance Classification Based on UAV Mobility Features

The unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) has drawn attention from the military and researchers worldwide, which has advantages such as robust survivability and execution ability. Mobility models are usually used to describe the movement of nodes in drone networks. Different mobility models have been proposed for different application scenarios; currently, there is no unified mobility model that can be adapted to all scenarios. The mobility of nodes is an essential characteristic of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), and the motion state of nodes significantly impacts the network’s performance. Currently, most related studies focus on the establishment of mathematical models that describe the motion and connectivity characteristics of the mobility models with limited universality. In this study, we use a backpropagation neural network (BPNN) to explore the relationship between the motion characteristics of mobile nodes and the performance of routing protocols. The neural network is trained by extracting five indicators that describe the relationship between nodes and the global features of nodes. Our model shows good performance and accuracy of classification on new datasets with different motion features, verifying the correctness of the proposed idea, which can help the selection of mobility models and routing protocols in different application scenarios having the ability to avoid repeated experiments to obtain relevant network performance. This will help in the selection of mobility models for drone networks and the setting and optimization of routing protocols in future practical application scenarios.

An Energy-Efficient Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks Using AI Techniques

In the past many years different types of routing protocols, single-path and Multipath, have been designed for wireless sensor networks. We have also found various multipath routing protocols available that send similar data to the base station via multiple paths to increase reliability. We have found that a new simulation environment Castalia is developed based on OMNET++. They have provided implementation of Multipath rings routing protocol. We found that it is based on a technique called Synopsis Diffusion. We observed that although the implementation of the protocol is there, a detailed understanding of the technique is not available in the literature. Hence, in this paper, we have discussed the Multipath rings routing protocol for wireless sensor networks implemented by Castalia Simulator. Here, we have also, evaluated the performance (and hence verified its working) of the Multipath rings routing protocol through simulation. We have taken a view that the Multipath rings routing protocol can route the packet from source to Sink via multiple paths so the network becomes more robust and fault tolerant than the Single path routing. Simulation results also show that the Multipath rings routing protocol is more robust than the Proposed EE routing technique.

A Versatile Resilience Packet Ring Protocol Model for Homogeneous Networks

Optimizing routes and paths improves network performance. Due to the encapsulation and tunneling of the packets, mobile IP-based communication contributes to packet drops or significant delays between the sender and receiver. Packet loss during handoff reduces TCP throughput as well. One solution is to use the IEEE 802.11 Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol and TCP or UDP models to increase routing protocol performance. In the linkage of homogeneous networks, it is challenging to determine route failure. In addition, the 802.11 MAC also uses a link connection. As a result, re-covering the entire route path takes a longer time. Thus, improving wired and wireless mobile node communication and handover is both challenging and critical. To overcome this challenge, we propose to use the Versatile Resilience Packet Ring protocol (VRPR)-based model. In this paper, we propose a novel VRPR-based network model that allows uninterrupted communication in both wired and wireless media. VRPR is used in the network layer to avoid buffer overflow and client mobility. Our new model also identifies the cause of the route failure, whether it is due to client mobility (handover), due to link breakage (channel degradation), or due to buffer overflow. We evaluate our network model based on three performance factors, namely, the delay, packet, and packet loss, and compared it between wired and wireless media. Our Enhanced-VRPR-based network model outperforms the current VRPR wired and wireless network models. We validate our model through OMNet++ simulations.

A Comparative Performance Evaluation of GRP and MDORA Protocols for VANET

The vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is a kind of mobile ad hoc network (MANET). VANET is a wireless communication network that offers vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) or vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) dialogue. They have a dynamic topology and are often ad hoc networks, meaning they lack communication management and control infrastructure. Vehicle communication must be used for comfort and safety. The effectiveness of a communication link is determined by how successfully routing protocols are implemented in the network. This work aims to compare the performance of the geographical routing protocol (GRP) with that of the maximum distance on-demand routing algorithm (MDORA). Packet delivery ratio, communication overhead, and end-to-end delay are the performance parameters evaluated in this study.

Hybrid Extend Particle Swarm Optimization (EPSO) model for Enhancing the performance of MANET Routing Protocols

The routing protocols in MANETs are designed to provide efficient and reliable communication in a highly dynamic and resource-constrained environment. It is very efficient and requires low computational and memory resources compared to most routing protocols. Therefore, mobility and the number of nodes significantly impact the performance and reliability of routing protocols. This paper proposes a hybrid extended particle swarm optimization (EPSO) model to improve the performance of MANET routing protocols. It determines the optimal mobility and the number of hubs and nodes that satisfy the best possible version of MANET. MANET requires a robust routing algorithm that can adapt to a network that arbitrarily changes its topology at any time. The proposed model in the NS2 simulator proves the model's validity in improving the performance of MANET. The proposed model sets the general parameters of routing protocols and achieves high performance with fewer discarded packets and low delay when sending and receiving over MANET. The MANET sent 167 packets in the proposed model, and the number of discarded packets was less than 1%.

Fuzzy-ZRP: An Adaptive MANET Radius Zone Routing Protocol

A Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is a group of active mobile nodes wirelessly connected in a self-configuring and self-healing network without a preexisting centralized infrastructure. Several studies have been conducted to improve the stability and lifetime of routes for communicating between source and destination nodes, integrating new techniques with existing protocols. This paper presents a fuzzy-based approach to improve the performance of the standard Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) by selecting the optimal value of the zone radius. Each node has a fuzzy inference system that is periodically fed with parameters, such as the remaining energy and mobility of the node, to calculate the optimal value of the zone routing radius, which makes the node autonomous and intelligent. The simulation results obtained using the NS-2 simulator showed that the proposed fuzzy radius approach outperformed the standard ZRP, OVBAZRP, and PSOZRP routing protocols in all measures considered: PDR, NRL, and E2ED.

Performance Evaluation of ERGR-EMHC Routing Protocol using LSWTS and 3DUL Localization Schemes in UWSNs

This paper studies the impact of different localization schemes on the performance of location-based routing for UWSNs. Particularly, LSWTS and 3DUL localization schemes available in the literature are used to study their effects on the performance of the ERGR-EMHC routing protocol. First, we assess the performance of two localization schemes by measuring their localization coverage, accuracy, control packets overhead, and required localization time. We then study the performance of the ERGR-EMHC protocol using location information provided by the selected localization schemes. The results are compared with the performance of the routing protocol when using exact nodes’ locations. The obtained results show that LSWTS outperforms 3DUL in terms of localization accuracy by 83% and localization overhead by 70%. In addition, the results indicate that the localization error has a significant impact on the performance of the routing protocol. For instance, ERGR-EMHC with LSWTS is better in delivering data packets by an average of 175% compared to 3DUL.

Reliable Fuzzy-Based Multi-Path Routing Protocol Based on Whale Optimization Algorithm to Improve QOS in 5G Networks for IOMT Applications

The Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) faces stiff competition from the 5th Generation (5G) communication standard, which includes attributes like short and long transmission ranges, Device to Device (D2D) connectivity, low latency, and high node density. To function in the linked ecosystem, IoMT based on 5G is anticipated to have a diversity of energy and mobility. It is currently difficult to create an IoMT routing system based on 5G that maximizes energy efficiency, lowers transmission latency, and increases network lifespan. The "Quality of Services (QoS)" in 5G-based IoMT is improved by the Reliable Fuzzy-based Multi-path routing system shown in this study. The Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA) enhances the routing protocol performance. The residual energy-based Cluster Head (CH) selection strategy rotates the CH location among nodes with greater energy levels than the others. The method chooses the following set of CHs for the network that is suitable for IoMT applications by considering initial energy, residual energy, and an ideal value of CHs. According to the simulation results, our suggested routing technique enhances QoS in comparison to current approaches.

Design and analysis of energy aware interior gateway routing algorithm with particle swarm optimization

SummaryIn wireless sensor networks (WSNs), the data must reach a processing node with less energy consumption and delay rate. However, with the specific consideration of the unique properties of sensor networks such as limited power, stringent bandwidth, dynamic topology due to node failures, adding/removing nodes, or even physical mobility, high network density and large‐scale deployments have posed many challenges in the design and management of sensor networks. These challenges have demanded energy awareness and robust protocol design. Efficient utilization of the sensor's energy resources and maximizing the network lifetime were the primary design considerations for the proposed work. As a result, the new interior gateway routing with particle swarm optimization (IGRPSO) is presented with minimal latency and a higher packet delivery ratio in WSN; optimum link weights are calculated in a fraction of the original data to the new protocol. Network entropy maximization is a conceptual framework that guides the development of the protocol and the computational techniques required to determine which traffic distributions are not only best but also realizable through link‐state routing. Therefore, a routing algorithm provides the optimal and economically optimal route. We used the MATLAB simulation environment to compare and contrast the performance of the dynamic source routing (DSR) protocol and enhanced interior gateway routing protocol, DSR protocol with particle swarm optimization with that of the IGRPSO protocol, which has the maximum packet delivery ratio of 75.74% and less packet drop of 25.37%, less energy consumption of 0.3674 J.

Analysis of Latency and Bandwidth for Edge-Based Short Length in Edge Computing Devices for Short Ranges and Long Ranges

Objectives: To propose an IoT-based design in an edge computing environment for short ranges and long ranges of real-time data streaming to the client. Methods: Multimedia data is used in this work. Here we have used Opnet for creating a physical architecture and to analyze the quality-of-service parameters like delay, throughput, and jitter for different Ad-hoc routing protocols like Ad-hoc on-Demand Distance vector routing, Dynamic source routing, Optimized Link State Routing, Temporally ordered routing algorithm and Geographic Routing Protocol for edge-based short length in edge computing devices for short ranges and long ranges. Riverbed academic modeler (formerly known as OPNET) has been used as a simulation tool to analyze the latency and bandwidth for edge computing under the pre-configured set-up. The simulation is accomplished using MATLAB to find the fluctuation of the delay, throughput, and jitter for edge-based short length in edge computing devices for short ranges and long ranges by applying the datasets in the edge computing environment. Findings: The results we got through simulations from different routing protocols like AODV, DSR, OLSR, TORA, and GRP of delay, throughput, and jitter shows that the proposed system strengthens the existing cloud-based system, leading to greater QoS.AODV surpasses all other protocols with a minimal delay of 0.24 msec and OLSR achieves the best performance with an average delay of 0.3 msec, better throughput of 180 bits/sec, and a load of 1410 bits/sec for the three key parameters of latency, throughput, and jitter. Novelty: The study compares the performance of different routing protocols and shows a reduction in the delay of 0.24 msec with respect to time as compared to other existing works. The proposed research is designed for a media streaming application based on the mobile nodes regarded as an edge devices fordifferent QoS parameters like throughput, delay, and load, and by comparing the existing work we found that AODV outperforms all other routing protocols with a minimum delay. Keywords: Edge Computing; Cloud Computing; Latency; Bandwidth; Throughput; Jitter

Wireless Ad Hoc Network Routing Protocols Performance Evaluation under Security Attack

Abstract: A mobile ad hoc network is made up of portable wireless nodes (MANET). The communication between these mobile nodes is not managed centralized. A self-organizing, self-configuring network known as MANET allows mobile nodes to roam around at whim. The mobile nodes can act as a router by receiving and sending packets. Due to the significance of routing in MANET, this thesis also evaluates several routing systems' efficacy. We compared the three routing protocols AODV, DSR, OLSR, and DSDV. Throughput, network load, and latency are the three metrics used to gauge how well-performing different routing systems are. The three routing techniques are well described using metrics. Information is transmitted end-to-end and hop-by-hop over the connections to the destination nodes using the proactive and reactive protocols of MANET. In multi-hop mobile ad hoc networks, energy consumption at the mobile nodes' end and its effective use are crucial factors. Nodes and other routing resources in MANETs cannot afford to run out of battery power while carrying out mission-critical operations like military or rescue missions. The effectiveness of MANET protocols such AODV, DSDV, OLSR, and DSR is studied in this study. Throughput, packet delivery ratio, and energy use are included while computing the Mobile Ad-hoc Networks' performance parameters. The circumstances that were simulated using various simulators are included in the research. The related research compared the performance of several protocols in MANETs with varying node mobility, stop length, and node density while examining the NS-2 scenario. The optimum routing system for mobile ad hoc networks will be identified after a comparison and analysis of these protocols.

An Energy-Aware and Fault-Tolerant WSN Routing Approach Using Serial Exponential Newton Metaheuristic Algorithm for Agricultural Lands

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is becoming a promising platform, in which Sensor Nodes (SNs) can sense and monitor the physical or environmental conditions and send the data to the Base Station (BS) through multi-hop routing. Here, opting for the right Cluster Head Selection (CHS) is the key to enhancing the clustering routing protocol performance. Here, a new optimization model to prolong the lifetime of the network and progress the energy efficiency in the routing process is anticipated. The Serial Exponential Newton Meta heuristic algorithm (SExpNMA) is developed for CHS and routing. The parameters like energy, Link Lifetime (LLT), and delay, are considered as the fitness function of the proposed SExpNMA to select the optimal solution. Ultimately, the performance analysis clearly reveals that the SExpNMA technique attains the maximum residual energy of 0.515 J, LLT of 0.346, the throughput of 0.617, and minimum delay of 0.236 s, respectively.

Analysis of OLSR Routing Protocol Performance Based on Gauss-Markov Mobility and Random Walk in Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET)

MANET is included in the network without infrastructure from a collection of nodes that are interconnected to communicate. Routing protocol performance is a measure of the performance of how the ability of the routing protocol works. A routing protocol is needed where the routing table information must be kept up to date at regular intervals such as Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR). MANET is dynamic, so node mobility increases the risk of node failure. Gauss-Markov and random walk are mobility that has a significant impact on the performance of the routing protocol. This study analyzes the effect of mobility on the OLSR protocol in MANET topology using Network Simulator 3.25 with packet delivery ratio (PDR) parameters, end to end delay and routing overhead. The test scenario is done by varying the number of nodes as many as 20, 40, 60, and 80 nodes as well as the minimum and maximum speed of nodes 0-5 m/s, 5-10 m / s, 10-15 m/s, and 15-20 m/s. PDR results show the highest value on Gauss-Markov with 80 nodes and a minimum and maximum speed of 10-15 m/s of 69.36%. The best end to end delay results is seen in Gauss-Markov with 20 nodes and a minimum and maximum speed of 15-20 m/s of 10.22 ms. The routing overhead results display the best value on a random walk with 20 nodes and a minimum and maximum speed of 0-5 m/s of 8100 packets.

CEER: Cooperative Energy-Efficient Routing Mechanism for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks Using Clusters

Underwater acoustic sensor networks (UWASNs) aim to find varied offshore ocean monitoring and exploration applications. In most of these applications, the network is composed of several sensor nodes deployed at different depths in the water. Sensor nodes located at depth on the seafloor cannot invariably communicate with nodes close to the surface level; these nodes need multi-hop communication facilitated by a suitable routing scheme. In this research work, a Cluster-based Cooperative Energy Efficient Routing (CEER) mechanism for UWSNs is proposed to overcome the shortcomings of the Co-UWSN and LEACH mechanisms. The optimal role of clustering and cooperation provides load balancing and improves the network profoundly. The simulation results using MATLAB show better performance of CEER routing protocol in terms of various parameters as compared to Co-UWSN routing protocol, i.e., the average end-to-end delay of CEER was 17.39, Co-UWSN was 55.819 and LEACH was 70.08. In addition, the average total energy consumption of CEER was 9.273, Co-UWSN was 12.198, and LEACH was 45.33. The packet delivery ratio of CEER was 53.955, CO-UWSN was 42.047, and LEACH was 30.31. The stability period CEER was 130.9, CO-UWSN was 129.3, and LEACH was 119.1. The obtained results maximized the lifetime and improved the overall performance of the CEER routing protocol.