Performance Of Routing Protocols Research Articles

Monitoring of Gas Distribution Pipelines Network Using Wireless Sensor Networks

The Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) usually consist of several wirelessly connected sensors, to accumulate the data from some geographically scattered field and communicate it to a central database. Thus WSNs become an expedient tool to monitor the widespread gas distribution network such as Sui Northern Gas Pipelines Ltd. Pakistan. In this paper, some routing protocols performance has been investigated for gas pipeline monitoring applications. Simulated comparison of various routing protocols for WSNs deployed over gas distribution pipeline networks can give a valuable insight into the workability of the system, its performance, and other critical design parameters. The estimated lifetime of the network, node deployment for encyclopedic operation, the impact of energy harvesting from the field, and placement of the sink node at an optimal location are the key issues in the design of the WSN for pipeline network monitoring. All these issues are studied through simulation of various protocols for WSNs based upon real geographic locations of the nodes, real-world power levels and power consumptions by various processes of the wireless sensor networks. The simulations results show that DDEEC based WSN, for monitoring an actual Gas Distribution Network with a substantial quantity of nodes, can run with about 99.9% alive nodes for a benchmark period of 10 years. It was also evident from the comparison of the simulation results that the routing protocol DDEEC based system performs 0.4 to 34% better than the system based on LEACH, SEP, DEEC, and its other variants.

Yates Algorithm to Analyze the Performance of MANET Routing Protocol

To test the performance of any routing protocol in Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET), the re-searchers simulate their scenarios several times with different simulators to get either positive or negative results. This operation of the simulation can last many hours and sometimes several days depending on the performance either of the software or the hardware, and the number of factors used to analyze. In this paper, we propose a new method reckons on the Yates algorithm that are considered as a solution to evaluate the performance of any MANET routing protocols under the effect of any number of factors. This approach allows creating a simulation model in the form of mathematical formulas. To check the efficiency of our proposed method we chose Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (OLSR) as MANET routing protocol and the effect of four factors which are: The Black Hole attack, Worm Hole attack, Node Speed and the Pause Time.

Hierarchical Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks: Functional and Performance Analysis

Wireless sensor network (WSN) comprises of spatially distributed autonomous sensors to monitor physical or environmental conditions, such as temperature, sound, and pressure, and to cooperatively forward the collected information to the destination through the network infrastructure. As sensor nodes are energy constraint devices, therefore, the importance of energy efficient routing protocols has been increased. In order to minimize energy consumption, recently, a number of hierarchical routing protocols are proposed. For instance, LEACH is an elementary hierarchical routing protocol that employs clustering technique to achieve energy efficiency. A lot of research work has been performed to remove shortcomings and to improve the performance of hierarchical routing protocols. Therefore, a comprehensive review is required which can review state‐of‐the‐art technologies, analyze functional and performance aspects, and highlight hierarchical routing protocol issues and challenges in WSNs. This paper proposes a taxonomy for the classification of existing hierarchical routing protocols for WSNs and analyzes the functionality and performance of existing hierarchical routing protocols. Moreover, it compares existing routing protocols to highlight key technological differences and provides performance comparison for the selected LEACH based routing protocols. Finally, the paper spotlights issues and challenges in existing routing protocols of WSNs, which can assist in future research for the selection of appropriate research domain and provide guidance in selection of energy efficient techniques in the design of energy efficient of routing protocols for WSNs.

A Survey of Routing Protocols for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

Underwater wireless sensor network (UWSN) is currently a hot research field in academia and industry with many underwater applications, such as ocean monitoring, seismic monitoring, environment monitoring, and seabed exploration. However, UWSNs suffer from various limitations and challenges: high ocean interference and noise, high propagation delay, narrow bandwidth, dynamic network topology, and limited battery energy of sensor nodes. The design of routing protocols is one of the solutions to address these issues. A routing protocol can efficiently transfer the data from the source node to the destination node in the network. This article presents a review of underwater routing protocols for UWSNs. We classify the existing underwater routing protocols into three categories: energy-based, data-based, and geographic information-based protocols. In this article, we summarize the underwater routing protocols proposed in recent years. The proposed protocols are described in detail and give advantages and disadvantages. Meanwhile, the performance of different underwater routing protocols is analyzed in detail. Besides, we also present the research challenges and future directions of underwater routing protocols, which can help the researcher better explore in the future.

CCJRF-ICN: A Novel Mechanism for Coadjuvant Caching Joint Request Forwarding in Information Centric Networks

Information centric networking (ICN) shifts the focus of existing internet architecture from host-oriented to content-oriented model by enabling in-network caching and content-based forwarding. These ICN features help to increase network performance by decreasing content discovery delay, content server load, and network congestion. To route a content interest inside network such that content can be fetched with minimal time is a challenging task in ICN. The performance of the ICN routing protocol can be significantly improved if the decisions related to content chunk placement and request forwarding are taken in a cooperative fashion. This paper describes a novel strategy for co-operative caching joint request forwarding in ICN, focusing on decreasing content retrieval latency. To do so, the caching strategy leverages the concept of connected dominating set (CDS) for creating a virtual backbone network to eliminate caching redundancy and reduce content discovery delay. It considers content chunk placement and request forwarding tasks as strongly co-related procedures. It exploits the caching information so that the request is forwarded to a content router (CR) with the maximum likelihood of carrying needed data using the betweenness centrality (BC) of CR. The proposed approach also uses the Markov chain-based model to estimate CS hit likelihood and use it as decisional parameter while forwarding the interest packet. This mechanism helps to fetch the content within the shortest possible time duration. The CCJRF-ICN adopts the Dijkstra's shortest path routing and works in collaboration with the CDS-driven caching joint forwarding mechanism. The simulation study of CCJRF-ICN is done inside ns-3 based ndnSIM-2.0 simulator with performance measures like content store (CS) hit ratio, content discovery delay, mean hop distance, network load, and network overhead. The simulation outcomes demonstrate that CCJRF-ICN outperforms the state-of-the-art strategies for realistic topologies (GEANT, US-26, Euro-28) and shows improvement up to 5-35% against stated performance measures.

Mobile adhoc network routing protocols: Performance evaluation & assessment

Mobile Adhoc Networks (MANETs) is a form of wireless networks that lack fixed infrastructure and centralized routers, as opposed to wired networks’ routers or managed wireless networks’ access points. One of the most difficult difficulties with MANETs is routing. The primary goal of routing algorithms is to construct efficient routes between nodes so that messages can be sent on time. Many routing protocols have been created to aid in the routing of MANETs. The aim of this study is to give a study on several popular MANET routing protocols, including OLSR, TORA and AODV. The goal of this study is to analyze MANET's routing protocol performances based on performance metrics such as data packet, overhead, delivery ratio, throughput, and end-point delay using the OPNET simulation program. We model a MANET in which all nodes receive FTP traffic from a single source (FTP server). As a result of this research, the results would also represent a case in which the MANET gets traffic from another network through a similar. According to our findings, OLSR dominated the network with the most routing traffic. TORA is the second, AODV third and DSR is the last. All protocols have a poor packet delivery ratio of up to 59 percent. This degradation is anticipated as a result of massive retransmissions in the network caused by the use of TCP traffic. In terms of throughput and end-to-end latency, OLSR outperforms TORA, DSR and DSR.

Performance Evaluation of OMDV and DSDV Routing Protocols with Video Streaming on the Wireless Mesh Network

<p>Video Streaming is a method to deliver multimedia content that allow files to be used or watched directly without the need to download and save it. Video streaming also include image processing, in image processing there is a component to compare the value of an image, that is PSNR. This research will compare the reactive and proactive routing protocol performance of AOMDV and DSDV using PSNR, Packetloss, and Throughput parameters in Wireless Mesh Network (WMN) for video streaming. The simulation uses 4, 16, 36, 64, and 100 nodes. The results of this research is AOMDV routing protocol with the greater variation in the number of nodes and the distance between nodes resulting in higher packet loss, decreasing throughput and decreasing values of PSNR. While in DSDV routing protocol with the greater variation in the number of nodes and distance between nodes has an impact on the increase of packetloss value, a very drastic decrease throughput value compared with the AOMDV routing protocol, a decrease in PSNR value and in some scenarios does not produce PSNR values. The comparison of PSNR values between the two routing protocols are also influenced by variations in the number of nodes and distances between nodes along with packetloss and throughput parameters. The greater packetloss will decrease the PSNR value generated.</p>

Total energy consumption analysis in wireless mobile ad hoc network with varying mobile nodes

The energy protocols that have a mechanisms of shortest path routing considered predominant in the networking scenarios. The interesting matter in the routing protocols designing deal with mobile ad hoc network (MANET) must have an energy efficient network for better network performances. The Performances of such routing protocols that can be assessed will be focused on many metrics like delay, throughput, and packet delivery. MANET is a distribution network, having no infrastructure and network decentralization. There routing protocols are utilized for detecting paths among mobile nodes to simplify network communication. The performance comparison of three protocols are Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR), the second is Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), while the third is Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) routing protocols concerning to average energy consumption and mobile node numbers are described thoroughly by NS-3 simulator. The nodes number is changing between 10 and 25 nodes, with various mobility models. The performance analysis shows that the suggested protocols are superior in relations to the energy consumption for networking data transmission and the performance of the wireless network can be improved greatly.

Performance evaluation of Energy Efficient algorithm using Spatial Trusted and Energy Aware Trusted Distance routing in WSN

Energy efficient routing is the most important design criterion for WSN (Wireless Sensor Network) as the nodes are either powered by batteries, or by other external power sources. In a Sensor network, the nodes communicate with each other in a multi-hop fashion. The availability of each node is equally important to the proper functioning of the network. The power failure of nodes greatly affects the overall performance of the network. The Quality of Service (QoS) has been measured using the parameters of data quality, energy utilization and position of the sensor nodes. In this paper Energy efficient routing algorithm called Location and Energy Aware Trusted distance source routing (LEATDSR), Energy-aware Spatial Trusted Routing algorithm (ESTR) and Intelligent Weighted Fuzzy Cluster based Secure Routing Algorithm (IWFCSRA) were analyzed in term of energy efficiency performance. This paper implements LEATDSR, ESTR and IWFCSRA by using NS2 simulator. Energy Consumption and Security Analysis are used to evaluate LEATDSR, ESTR and IWFCSRA routing protocols performance analysis in WSN.

Optimized link state routing protocol performance in flying ad-hoc networks for various data rates of Un manned aerial network

In the wireless communication, nowadays Flying adhoc network or UAV networks hold the most important place in the field of recent research topic. The drones or Un manned aerial vehicles which are enabled with camera, special circuit, sensors and advanced communication systems are coordinated among each other under the Network called as Flying adhoc network. FANET plays vital role in both military and civil applications. In spite of all these pros there are some unavoidable challenges and issues bonds around FANET. Since FANET possess the characteristics of dynamic rapid changing mobility, the choice of Routing protocol in FANET also open wide space in the field of Research. In our previous papers the topology based Routing protocols are analysed under different network scenarios and described the best performed one. It has been also found that the type OLSR is the better choice of FANET in terms of delay, Network load, Throughput and retransmission attempts. The OLSR routing protocol mechanism depends on the link state algorithm. It is proactive and table driven in nature. In order to maintain the topology information of the network, it completely supports the periodic exchanges of messages among themselves. OLSR is good in compacting the size of information sent in the messages. It avoids flooding by controlling the retransmissions. To exhibits this, the protocol utilizes multi point relaying techniques. It also provides optimal routes and this is completely suitable for dense and large networks. In this paper the performance of OLSR is investigated and analysed under 4 different network scenarios and different data rates. In a simulation using OPNET, the results show that the Optimized link state routing protocol has greater improved key indicators.

Performance and evaluation of location energy aware trusted distance source routing protocol for secure routing in WSNs

Objectives: To propose a suitable algorithm for improving the network lifetime of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Methods/Findings: We proposed a suitable Location and Energy Aware Trusted Distance Source Routing (LEATDSR) algorithm. Here, the energy consumption, location and the data quality are equalized by the Quality of Service (QoS) based routing algorithms. In addition to this algorithm, an existing clustering algorithm is also incorporates for grouping the sensor nodes based on the trust, location, energy and distance. In this LEATDSR is capable of deciding the evaluation metrics which express the QoS. Moreover, a new trust mechanism is also introduced in this model that incorporates multi-attributes of various sensor nodes in terms of communication, data, energy, and recommendation. This new trust mechanism relies on an enhanced sliding window time by considering the occurrences of attack frequency for facilitating the discovery of anomalous behaviours of attackers. The enhanced energy utilization is established within the sensor nodes for performing the active data transmission. The performance of the proposed model is evaluated by conducting various experiments in a simulation environment which creates by using NS2. From the experiments conducted in this work, the average packet transfer rate is increased drastically when compared to existing models available in the literature.

The effect of network size and density to the choice of zone radius in ZRP

<span>Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a network that consists of several nodes that connect without using a permanent infrastructure. Each node in MANET moves inside and outside of the network freely and randomly. The free and random movements of nodes may cause the topology of the network to change constantly. Therefore, the task of finding routes between nodes is a big challenge. Routing protocols in MANET can be divided into three categories, namely, proactive, reactive and hybrid routing protocols. Hybrid routing protocols such as the Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) combines the advantages of both proactive and reactive routing protocols by dividing the network area into many overlapping zones. Data transmission to nodes within the zone is done using a proactive routing mechanism, while data transmission to nodes outside the zone is done using a reactive routing mechanism. The zone radius in ZRP determines how much proactive and reactive routing is used, and therefore plays a key role in determining the performance of the network. In this paper, the performance of the ZRP routing protocol is evaluated using the NS2.33 network simulator. The focus of the research is to evaluate the ZRP performance concerning the network size and density to identify an optimum ZRP zone size that will provide good performance. The performance is evaluated by using four performance metrics which are normalized routing load, average end-to-end delay, throughput, and packet delivery fraction. The results show that ZRP produces the best performance when the zone radius size is equal to two hops.</span>

On Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks Routing Protocols: A Review

Underwater sensor networks (UWSNs) play a significant role in ocean exploration and monitoring by gathering information and routing it to the ground stations. Therefore, the design of efficient routing protocols is necessary as it guarantees robust and reliable data delivery from the source nodes to the destination nodes. However, the effects of underwater environment, dynamic nature of the channel for acoustic, radio and optical waves, and harsh underwater noise conditions, make the routing protocol design a challenging task. This article overviews various issues which are faced in designing the routing protocols and summarizes the popular routing protocols for UWSNs alongside their pros and cons. More specifically, the routing protocols are characterized into three main categories; localization-based, localization-free and cooperative schemes. The performance of these protocols are discussed with respect to various network parameters such as energy consumption, network lifetime, delay, reliability, and communication overheads. Towards the end, new directions for potential research in improving routing protocols performance in UWSNs are highlighted.

UAV-Assisted Hybrid Scheme for Urban Road Safety Based on VANETs

Traffic congestion control is becoming a popular field of research due to the rapid development of the automotive market. Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) have become the core research technology for numerous application possibilities related to road safety. Road congestions have been a serious issue of all time since the nodes have high mobility and transmission range is limited, resulting in an interruption of communication. One of the significant technical challenges faced in implementing VANET is the design of the routing protocol, providing adequate information and a reliable source for the destination. We proposed a novel mechanism unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-assisted ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) routing protocol (UAVa) for current-time traffic information accumulation and sharing to the entire traffic network and to control congestions before it happens. The UAV-assisted (UAVa) protocol is dedicated to urban environments, and its primary goal is to enhance the performance of routing protocols based on intersections. We compared the overall performance of existing routing protocols, namely ad hoc on-demand distance vector. The simulations were done by using OpenStreetMap (OSM), Network Simulator (NS-2.35), Simulation of Urban Mobility (SUMO), and VanetMobiSim. Furthermore, we compared the simulation results with AODV, and it shows that UAV-assisted (UAVa) AODV has significantly enhanced the packet delivery ratio, reduced the end-to-end delay, improved the average and instant throughput, and saved more energy. The results show that the UAVa is more robust and effective and we can conclude that UAVa is more suitable for VANETs.

A three-tier cluster-based routing protocol for mobile wireless sensor networks

Background/Objectives: Based on the recent advances in the area of wireless networking, computing, and storage devices, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) has emerged as an evolving and future-enabled technology in recent decades. The objective of the research work is to design, analyse, and evaluate the performance of A Three-Tier Cluster-Based Routing Protocol for Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks. Methods/Statistical analysis: The proposed protocol is based on autonomous sensor nodes, distributed techniques on cluster development; cluster heads collected at random, multi-hop routing method, and transferring the data towards the base station used by the assistance of MDC maximum residual energy LEACH. Findings: WSN is used globally in different forms of networking technologies; these systems come with the ability to be applied worldwide at an unrivaled scale and to add a consistent viewpoint to production. Routing protocols in these networks act as middleware, which is responsible for enhancing the network performance with less energy consumption and the cluster-based routing protocol is a massive solution to improve node’s energy efficiency and reliability of data toward the base station. Moreover, the simulation results showed that the proposed protocol achieves not only better network lifetime and data reliability but also decreased energy dissipation of the sensor nodes when compared with prominent WSN cluster-based routing protocols. Novelty/Applications:The main outcomes of MDC maximum residual energy LEACH are: Minimize the energy consumption of sensor nodes, Enhance the overall network lifetime, Resolve communication (energy and routing) holes issues, Maintain data reliability, and finally reach tradeoff between energy efficiency and latency in terms of End-to-End and channel access delays. This proposed protocol has been substantially applicable in an extensive variety of environmental and civil surveillance applications. Keywords: Wireless sensor network; mobile data collector; three-tier architecture; data gathering method; cluster-based routing

RPL routing protocol performance under sinkhole and selective forwarding attack: experimental and simulated evaluation

To make possible dream of connecting 30 billion smart devices assessable from anywhere, anytime and to fuel the engine growth of Internet of things (IoT) both in terms of physical and virtual things, Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) came up with a concept of 6LoWPAN possessing characteristics like low power, bandwidth and cost. To bridge the routing gap and to collaborate between low power private area network and the outside world, IETF ROLL group proposed IPv6 based lightweight standard RPL (Routing protocol for low power and lossy networks). Due to large chunks of random data generated on daily basis security either externally or internally always remain bigger threat which may lead to devastation and eventually degrades the quality of service parameters affecting network resources. This paper evaluates and compare the effect of internal attacks like sinkhole and selective forwarding attacks on routing protocol for low power and lossy network topology. Widely known IoT operating system Contiki and Cooja as the simulator are used to analyse different consequences on low power and lossy network.

Comparison of routing protocol performance on multimedia services on software defined network

Software defined network (SDN) is a new paradigm in network engineering, where control plane and data plane are separated. Data plane is carried out on each node, while a control plane is centrally located. In conventional networks, the planes are implemented in the firmware of the router. In this paper, we implemented multimedia services on SDN using exterior and interior routing protocols, such as open shortest path first (OSPF), border gateway protocol (BGP) and routing information protocol (RIP), measured the quality of service (QoS), and analyze the measurement results. The test results showed that the greater the background traffic provided, the smaller the throughput. Traffic on the network will be congested, so the available bandwidth is also increasingly used up so that the number of bits sent every second decrease. Mean opinion score (MOS) test results are 4 showing good categories based on ITU-T standards.

Performance Analysis of Routing Protocols with Roadside Unit Infrastructure in a Vehicular Ad Hoc Network

Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) represent a powerful and active field of research and have given rise to many challenges related to routing protocols and communication problems with other vehicles or fixed infrastructure called roadside units (RSU). The dynamic topology and the obstacles encountered in VANET environments mean that the routing of data and the communication between vehicles is confronted with many problems, and particularly in vehicular applications that require reliable communication and satisfactory quality of service (QoS). This paper promotes the intention of infrastructure in an urban scenario and studies the performance of routing protocols considering the constraint of mobility. This leads us to analyze a wide range of routing protocols to ensure optimal coverage and continuous connectivity, taking into consideration two types of data traffic in realistic environments that depend on certain performance metrics. The paper also investigates which protocols provide better performance with RSUs by ranking the results for QoS.

An Evaluation of EIGRP and OSPF Routing Protocols using OPNET Simulator

Routing protocols are the key for communication network. OSPF and EIGRP are dynamic routing protocols used in a network to propagate topology information to neighbouring routers. There are a large number of dynamic and static routing protocols to be configured on a network but making the right choice of the protocol still remains an issue. This paper plans to evaluate the network performance of EIGRP and OSPF routing protocols. In order to achieve accurate results, two network scenarios are designed and configured respectively with EIGRP and OSPF and are simulated to observe how the performance varies between the two protocols. This is measured based on four parameters: FTP, Web browsing (HTTP), E-mail and Database. The results derived from these experiments aims to provide better understanding on Interior gateway protocols and general knowledge on how or which routing protocol should be configured on a given network.

Performance of Delay Tolerant Network Protocol in Smart City Scenario

The smart city is being developed in many big cities to support local governments for resources and infrastructure optimization in terms of enhancing services for the citizen. Large investment costs are required to implement a communication network for the smart city infrastructure (i.e. Internet of Things (IoT) devices) using 4G or Wi-Fi networks. This study aims to implement Delay Tolerant Network (DTN) as a low-cost alternative network for the smart city. We use Surabaya smart city plan scenario in which smart mobility services are provided in city transportation and infrastructure. The IoT devices are installed in numerous locations and continuously transmit messages to the monitoring server located in the city hall, bus and car employed as a DTN node. In this paper, as a preliminary research, we investigate the performance of well-known DTN routing protocols (Epidemic, Maxprop, and ProphetV2) with our proposed protocol called Spray and Hop Distance (SNHD). The evaluation is performed using the ONE simulator in terms of the number of delivered messages, the average latency, and the overhead ratio. The results show the performance of SNHD is better than the well-known DTN protocols in various conditions when the total size of delivered messages is large. Unfortunately, none of those routing protocols has a good performance in all of the scenario conditions. In the future, we desire to implement this system in real smart city system in Surabaya and do simulation with more realistic scenario such as real traffic-trace.