Movement Performance Research Articles

Aerodynamic Investigation of Shrouded Rotors with Dual Exit Channels

The growing need for rotary-wing aerial vehicles with high-speed forward movement and dependable hover performance is critical in various applications. Shrouded rotors enhance aerodynamic performance, create more overall thrust with the same power consumption as open rotors, and have a more uniform induced velocity flow field. This paper presents a parametric computational investigation centered on the hypothesis, that dividing the shroud exit channel into convergent inner and divergent outer channels would enhance flow uniformity, reducing power losses, and preventing airflow separation from the main shroud’s inner walls. The validity of this hypothesized concept is demonstrated through extensive Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) simulations. The paper includes a case analysis utilizing experimental data from a highly- maneuverable drone, named Navig8, equipped with a 9-inch shrouded propeller where various shrouded configurations are examined using Computational Fluid Dynamics. Results typically show an increase in total thrust with the incorporation of an inner shroud for a given power.

A51: A Study on Improvement of Sensory Integration Disorder in Children Aged 6-7 Years with Fancy Skipping Rope

Purpose: At present, the number of children with sensory unison disorder continues to rise in our country, which is a kind of disease that mainly happens in the children of the nervous system, so that the young children's physical quality drops, the uncoordinated movement, attention, and poor performance, affecting the normal healthy development. In the face of the disorder, the intervention can be improved by games in PE class and sensory integration training. Methods: In this paper, literature, mathematical statistics, questionnaire, and other research methods were used to test and study the vestibular function, proprioception, tactile defense and learning ability of freshmen. Two classes of experimental group (N=128) and two classes of control group (N=128) were randomly selected. The experimental group carried out the teaching of the first and second level of fancy rope skipping for the public in physical education class, while the control group carried out the routine physical education activities and carried out the exercise experiment intervention for four months, and the data before and after the experiment were compared. Results: 1) After the first and second action intervention of the general public, the experimental group of students improved in the four ability indicators of sensory integration, and the experimental group of students' sensory integration disorder significantly improved (P < 0.01), and compared with ordinary physical education activities, fancy rope skipping has more significant improvement on the transformation of students with sensory integration disorder into normal students. 2) After 16 weeks of fancy rope skipping intervention, the vestibular function and tactile defense of students in the experimental group were significantly improved, which were to improve their balance ability, concentration, and interest in physical fitness. 3) Both the fancy rope skipping, and the routine physical education activities can significantly improve the proprioceptive ability of the tested students, and their muscle control ability is more significantly improved; The coordination of physical quality and balance ability have improved significantly. Conclusion: It is of great significance for the healthy growth of freshmen to classify the symptoms of sensory dysregulation by means of systematic and targeted integrated training of skipping rope, and gradually increase the intensity and frequency of training.

Persistence of primitive reflexes associated with asymmetries in fixation and ocular motility values.

This cross-sectional study examined eye movement performance in patients aged 4 to 16 years. Measurements of eye movements were obtained before and after performing therapy for inhibition of four primitive reflexes, asymmetric tonic neck reflex, symmetric tonic neck reflex, labyrinthine tonic reflex and Moro reflex. Subsequently the scores of the four primitive reflexes were compared with the results of five variables: fixation maintenance, % mean saccade size, motility excursions, fixations during excursions and mean duration of fixations. The comparisons showed a significant reduction in evidence of fixation maintenance as well as mean saccade size due to the inhibition of the four primitive reflexes. There was also a significant increase in ocular motility while fixations per saccade and average duration of fixations also decreased significantly. Visual balance between values of both eyes improved in all tests. A device called VisagraphTM III, which measures eye movements, was used for data collection. These results suggest that the oculomotor improvements reflect the involvement of other maturational processes such as the emergence and inhibition of primitive reflexes, the whole reorganization being key to future reading and attentional processes.

The effects of core training on endurance in different trunk movements

Core muscle endurance involves the trunk muscles’ capability to maintain a particular position for as much time as possible. It is essential to know how specific training aimed at this area affects endurance of different trunk movements performance and to what extent. The objective was to assess the effects of trunk training on different core muscle endurance measurements in flexion, extension, and right and left lateral flexion. A literature search was performed using different databases. The studies included: (a) cohorts of healthy people or subjects with chronic low back pain; (b) a core training intervention; (c) pre-post intervention parameters of interest; (d) a minimum of 4 out of 10 on the PEDro scale, and (e) randomised controlled trials. A random-effects model for meta-analyses was used. Fifteen studies were selected for the systematic review and 11 for the meta-analysis, comprising 1,213 participants. Compared to the control condition, core training induced a moderate effect on trunk flexion endurance (ES = 0.67), right-lateral trunk flexion endurance (ES = 0.77), left-lateral trunk flexion endurance (ES = 0.94), and a small effect on trunk extension endurance (ES = 0.49). To back up the results presented in this study, more research into the effects of trunk training on core muscle endurance is needed to confirm these results significantly. Core training improves core muscle endurance in four trunk movements. Core training is more effective in participants with pre-intervention poor results.

A Generalized Cortico-Muscular-Cortical Network to Evaluate the Effects of Three-Week Brain Stimulation.

Post-stroke transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has gradually become a brain intervention to assist patients in the recovery of motor function. The long lasting regulatory of TMS may involve the coupling changes between cortex and muscles. However, the effects of multi-day TMS on motor recovery after stroke is unclear. This study proposed to quantify the effects of three-week TMS on brain activity and muscles movement performance based on a generalized cortico-muscular-cortical network (gCMCN). The gCMCN-based features were further extracted and combined with the partial least squares (PLS) method to predict the Fugl-Meyer of upper extremity (FMUE) in stroke patients, thereby establishing an objective rehabilitation method that can evaluate the positive effects of continuous TMS on motor function. We found that the improvement of motor function after three-week TMS was significantly correlated with the complexity trend of information interaction between hemispheres and the intensity of corticomuscular coupling. In addition, the fitting coefficient ([Formula: see text]) for predicted and actual FMUE before and after TMS were 0.856 and 0.963, respectively, suggesting that the gCMCN-based measurement may be a promising method for evaluating the therapeutic effect of TMS. From the perspective of a novel brain-muscles network with dynamic contraction as the entry point, this work quantified TMS-induced connectivity differences while evaluating the potential efficacy of multi-day TMS. It provides a unique insight for the further application of intervention therapy in the field of brain diseases.

Influence of daily physical activity on fine motor skills of adults around a Fitts task.

Achieving our daily tasks depends on the speed-accuracy conflict. Physical activity plays a role in the development of our motor skills. However, the relationship between physical activity level (PAL) and fine motor skills remains largely unexplored.

CHANGES IN MOTOR PERFORMANCE IN EARLY SCHOOL-AGED ROMA CHILDREN

In their contribution, the authors approach the issue of the movement performance of Roma children of younger school age by following the trends in the development of somatic and movement characteristics over a 20-year period. Our research was attended by (668 children) from elementary schools from five cities in the East Slovak region. The aim of the contribution is to identify the current state and level of somatic and motor characteristics of Roma children in primary education in primary schools of the East Slovak region in relation to age and gender. To determine the level of movement skills, we used selected tests from the EUROFIT battery. We compared the achieved research results of all children in our research (File: R 2019) with the research results of twenty years ago (Horváth: R 2001). By analyzing and comparing the results, we point out development trends after a 20-year period and at the same time provide an analysis of the causes of possible changes.

Evaluation of the complexity of the motor task from the point of view of muscle activation

Today, many specialists from various fields, such as physiology, biology, rehabilitation, traumatology and others, are actively researching the functioning of the musculoskeletal system and its relationship with the central nervous system. This is a very relevant topic in today's world, as various factors such as traumatic injury, chronic or hereditary disease, neurological impairment and the aging process have a direct impact on the state of the musculoskeletal system, muscle function and movement coordination. One of our goals is to study the dynamics of two-joint equilibrium muscle contraction in order to determine the final forces created by the right upper limb of a person in the horizontal plane. We are conducting a study in which the electromyographic (EMG) activity of the muscles of the shoulder and shoulder girdle, as well as the spatial and force parameters of movements that occur during free two-joint efforts, are studied. The purpose of this study is the process and mechanism of central coordination of motor commands sent to the muscles of the shoulder and shoulder girdle during bicondylar movements, especially when performing targeted efforts with the hand, in the presence of visual control. Synchronization and coordination of the muscles of the shoulder and shoulder girdle during the performance of two-joint movements were studied in an experiment with experimental subjects. By recording the electromyographic activity of 8 muscles and calculating the moments of forces generated by the muscles, it was found that muscle synchronization was more pronounced during elbow flexion, and muscle coordination - during shoulder extension. The findings of the study indicate that the muscles of the shoulder and shoulder girdle work in a synchronous and coordinated mode during two-joint movements. Muscle synchronization and coordination appeared to be important for precise movement control, with elbow flexion and shoulder extension showing greater accuracy compared to other movements.

Elimination method of sliding blockage effect in discrete element simulation of rolling stone based on discrete fracture network and damping joint model

The particle essence of the discrete element method could prevent the rock block from sliding on the slope surface due to the stress concentration between the convex particles of the sliding block and the slope. To eliminate this sliding blockage effect and simulate more realistic rockfall, slope surface was transformed into a series of successive joints by the discrete fracture network technique, and a damping joint model was developed by adding a normal dashpot and a shear dashpot on the smooth joint model that does not have damping properties. The motion processes of sliding, rolling, and collision were simulated by the proposed method, and the damping and movement performances were investigated. The macroscopic sliding and rolling friction coefficients significantly increase with the microscopic friction coefficient and the shear damping ratio. The normal restitution coefficient of collision decreases with the normal damping ratio, while the shear restitution coefficient of collision decreases with both the shear damping ratio and the friction coefficient. Furthermore, the simulation of a rockfall case demonstrates the proposed method represented a more realistic movement process and more plentiful characteristics of collision, sliding and rolling, compared with the simulated results of Rocfall software.

The influence of saccades on yaw gaze stabilization in fly flight.

In a way analogous to human vision, the fruit fly D. melanogaster and many other flying insects generate smooth and saccadic movements to stabilize and shift their gaze in flight, respectively. It has been hypothesized that this combination of continuous and discrete movements benefits both flight stability and performance, particularly at high frequencies or speeds. Here we develop a hybrid control system model to explore the effects of saccades on the yaw stabilization reflex of D. melanogaster. Inspired from experimental data, the model includes a first order plant, a Proportional-Integral (PI) continuous controller, and a saccadic reset system that fires based on the integrated error of the continuous controller. We explore the gain, delay and switching threshold parameter space to quantify the optimum regions for yaw stability and performance. We show that the addition of saccades to a continuous controller provides benefits to both stability and performance across a range of frequencies. Our model suggests that Drosophila operates near its optimal switching threshold for its experimental gain set. We also show that based on experimental data, D. melanogaster operates in a region that trades off performance and stability. This trade-off increases flight robustness to compensate for internal perturbations such as wing damage.

Dataset Creation for Semantic Segmentation Using Colored Point Clouds Considering Shadows on Traversable Area

Semantic segmentation, which provides pixel-wise class labels for an input image, is expected to improve the movement performance of autonomous robots significantly. However, it is difficult to train a good classifier for target applications; public large-scale datasets are often unsuitable. Actually, a classifier trained using Cityscapes is not enough accurate for the Tsukuba Challenge. To generate an appropriate dataset for the target environment, we attempt to construct a semi-automatic method using a colored point cloud obtained with a 3D scanner. Although some degree of accuracy is achieved, it is not practical. Hence, we propose a novel method that creates images with shadows by rendering them in the 3D space to improve the classification accuracy of actual images with shadows, for which existing methods do not output appropriate results. Experimental results using datasets captured around the Tsukuba City Hall demonstrate that the proposed method was superior when appropriate constraints were applied for shadow generation; the mIoU was improved from 0.358 to 0.491 when testing images were obtained at different locations.

Annoying noise: effect of anthropogenic underwater noise on the movement and feeding performance in the red cherry shrimp, Neocaridina davidi

Anthropogenic noise in marine and freshwater environments has increased dramatically, with a range of negative impacts and detrimental consequences on many aquatic animals across taxa. Benthic organisms, including many invertebrates, can sense underwater sounds, yet the responses they trigger in these organisms have received little attention. We conducted two laboratory-based experiments to investigate the effect of underwater sound playback on the movement behavior and feeding performance of the red cherry shrimp Neocaridina davidi as a model of freshwater decapod. Movement speed decreased significantly upon opening the divider in both the sound and control treatments. However, there were no significant sound-dependent changes overall between the control and sound treatments. The spatial distribution of shrimp in response to the sound treatment showed significant changes; shrimp spent more time at the farthest one-third position from the sound source. Feeding latency (latency to find food) also increased in the sound treatment compared to the control. Moreover, in terms of the number of successes and failures in finding the food source in the control treatment, significantly more shrimp succeeded in finding the food source. The number of revisits to the food source decreased in the sound treatment compared to control and more shrimp were significantly distracted in the sound treatment. Our study highlights the potential for human-made sound to impact on crustacean activity. Thus, they are prone to the impacts of anthropogenic noise, causing negative impacts on their movement-swimming activities, and feeding behavior. Behavioral changes observed, namely altered feeding and locomotory behavior may have wider-reaching negative effects, including detrimental impacts on animal fitness.

Problems of Motor Development of 6-7 Years Old Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders

Original Research<strong>Problems of Motor Development of 6-7 Years Old Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders</strong>Lyudmila N. Voloshina <sup>1, *</sup>, Viktor L. Kondakov <sup>1</sup>, Karina E. Panasenko <sup>1</sup>, Lyudmila K. Buslovskaya <sup>1</sup>, Dmitry V. Shcherbin <sup>2</sup>* <strong>Correspondence: </strong>Lyudmila N. Voloshina; E-Mail: <a href="mailto:voloshina_l@bsu.edu.ru">voloshina_l@bsu.edu.ru</a><strong>Academic Editor: </strong>Fabrizio Stasolla<strong>Special Issue</strong>: <a href="https://www.lidsen.com/journals/genetics/genetics-special-issues/rare-genetic-syndromes-from-diagnosis-treatment">Rare Genetic Syndromes: From Diagnosis to Treatment</a><em>OBM Genetics</em>2023, volume 7, issue 4doi:10.21926/obm.genet.2304205<strong>Received:</strong> September 21, 2023<strong>Accepted:</strong> December 05, 2023<strong>Published:</strong> December 11, 2023<strong>A</strong><strong>b</strong><strong>stract</strong>According to modern research, there is a high risk of motor development disorders in children 6-7 years old with autism spectrum disorders. This determines the relevance of studying the problem of individual differences in motor development of children 6-7 years old with autism spectrum disorders, the need for objective assessment of its level, and the determination of group and individual strategies for correction of motor development. The study identifies and evaluates the motor development problems of 6-7-year-old children with autism spectrum disorders. Materials and methods of the study. Analysis and comparison of the results of observations of the motor development of 27 children 6-7 years old with autism spectrum disorders attending compensatory and combined orientation groups and 100 children of the same age with homotypic product attending general developmental and combined orientation groups of preschool institutions in Belgorod. The following methods were used: theoretical (analysis, generalization, comparison), empirical (observation of the performance of motor tasks, and methods of mathematical statistics (Student's t-criterion): results and their discussion. The comparative analysis of motor development indicators of 6-7-year-old children with autism spectrum disorders and normotypically developing children shows the reliability of their differences (p < 0.05) in qualitative and quantitative indicators. The research confirmed the presence of problems in children with autism spectrum disorders related to the development of balance function (51.85%), impaired regulation of muscle activity, and difficulties in purposeful performance of movements (44.44%). Movement coordination disorders are observed in 55.85% of children: conclusions and conclusion. The study results indicate the relevance of the search for new means of correction of motor development of 6-7-year-old children with autism spectrum disorders at this age stage. The study confirmed the high risk of motor disorder development in children of this nosological group.

The effect of different depth planes during a manual tracking task in three-dimensional virtual reality space

Unlike ballistic arm movements such as reaching, the contribution of depth information to the performance of manual tracking movements is unclear. Thus, to understand how the brain handles information, we investigated how a required movement along the depth axis would affect behavioral tracking performance, postulating that it would be affected by the amount of depth movement. We designed a visually guided planar tracking task that requires movement on three planes with different depths: a fronto-parallel plane called ROT (0), a sagittal plane called ROT (90), and a plane rotated by 45° with respect to the sagittal plane called ROT (45). Fifteen participants performed a circular manual tracking task under binocular and monocular visions in a three-dimensional (3D) virtual reality space. As a result, under binocular vision, ROT (90), which required the largest depth movement among the tasks, showed the greatest error in 3D. Similarly, the errors (deviation from the target path) on the depth axis revealed significant differences among the tasks. Under monocular vision, significant differences in errors were observed only on the lateral axis. Moreover, we observed that the errors in the lateral and depth axes were proportional to the required movement on these axes under binocular vision and confirmed that the required depth movement under binocular vision determined depth error independent of the other axes. This finding implies that the brain may independently process binocular vision information on each axis. Meanwhile, the required depth movement under monocular vision was independent of performance along the depth axis, indicating an intractable behavior. Our findings highlight the importance of handling depth movement, especially when a virtual reality situation, involving tracking tasks, is generated.

Investigating how prior knowledge influences perception and action in developmental coordination disorder.

Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) is characterised by a broad spectrum of difficulties in performing motor tasks. It has recently been proposed that a specific deficit in sensorimotor prediction and feedforward planning might underpin these motoric impairments. The purpose of this study was to use a naturalistic object lifting paradigm to examine whether deficits in sensorimotor prediction might underpin the broad spectrum of difficulties individuals with DCD face when interacting with objects in their environment. We recruited 60 children with probable DCD and 61 children without DCD and measured perceptions of heaviness and fingertip force rate application when interacting with objects which varied in their apparent weight. If deficits in sensorimotor prediction do underpin the broad-ranging motor difficulties seen in DCD, we would expect to see a reduced effect of visual size cues on fingertip force rates and illusory misperceptions of object heaviness. We found no evidence of differences in any metrics of sensorimotor prediction between children with (n = 46) and without DCD (n = 61). Furthermore, there was no correlation between any metrics of sensorimotor prediction and motor performance (as assessed by the standard diagnostic movement assessment battery). Illusory misperceptions of object weight also did not appear to differ between groups. These findings suggest that issues with sensorimotor prediction are unlikely to affect the performance of simple real-world movements in those with DCD.

Animal design advantage from the analogy between friction and body heat loss

When a fluid accelerates as it sweeps a solid surface there are two consequences: the friction and the heat transfer (thermal contact) between fluid and solid increase simultaneously. This is known as the universal analogy between fluid friction and heat transfer. In thermal engineering these two effects are problematic because improved thermal contact is beneficial, and increased friction (i.e., pumping power) is detrimental to overall performance. In the present article we question whether the ‘analogy’ between these conflicting effects hampers the performance of animal movement. The theory focuses on warm-blooded swimmers and the effects (friction, heat transfer) that result from one change in the configuration of the body. Selected for analysis is a breaststroke swimmer. During gliding while reaching forward the ‘one change’ is from (a) legs spread apart, to (b) legs held tight together. The theory shows that the change from (a) to (b) has two consequences: greater swimming speed, and reduced body heat loss. In animal design both effects are beneficial, unlike in engineered flow systems. The analogy between fluid friction and heat transfer accelerated the evolution of animal design, and accounts for the 'divergent evolution' of fish and mammals.

Post-stroke deficits in the anticipatory control and bimanual coordination during naturalistic cooperative bimanual action

BackgroundUnilateral stroke leads to asymmetric deficits in movement performance; yet its effects on naturalistic bimanual actions, a key aspect of everyday functions, are understudied. Particularly, how naturalistic bimanual actions that require the two hands to cooperatively interact with each other while manipulating a single common object are planned, executed, and coordinated after stroke is not known. In the present study, we compared the anticipatory planning, execution, and coordination of force between individuals with left and right hemisphere stroke and neurotypical controls in a naturalistic bimanual common-goal task, lifting a box.MethodThirty-three individuals with chronic stroke (15 LCVA, 18 RCVA) and 8 neurotypical age-matched controls used both hands to lift a box fitted with force transducers under unweighted and weighted conditions. Primary dependent variables included measures of anticipation (peak grip and load force rate), execution (peak grip force, load force), and measures of within-hand (grip-load force coordination) and between-hand coordination (force rate cross-correlations). Primary analyses were performed using linear mixed effects modeling. Exploratory backward stepwise regression examined predictors of individual variability within participants with stroke.ResultsParticipants with stroke, particularly the RCVA group, showed impaired scaling of grip and load force rates with the addition of weight, indicating deficits in anticipatory control. While there were no group differences in peak grip force, participants with stroke showed significant impairments in peak load force and in grip-load force coordination with specific deficits in the evolution of load force prior to object lift-off. Finally, there were differences in spatial coordination of load force rates for participants with stroke, and especially the RCVA group, as compared to controls. Unimanual motor performance of the paretic arm and hemisphere of lesion (right hemisphere) were the key predictors of impairments in anticipatory planning of grip force and bimanual coordination among participants with stroke.ConclusionsThese results suggest that individuals with stroke, particularly those with right hemisphere damage, have impairments in anticipatory planning and interlimb coordination of symmetric cooperative bimanual tasks.

FMRI changes during multi-limb movements in Parkinson's disease.

BackgroundWhile motor coordination problems are frequently reported among individuals with Parkinson’s disease (PD), the effects of the disease on the performance of multi-limb movements and the brain changes underlying impaired coordination are not well-documented.ObjectiveFunctional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to examine differences in brain activity during a task that involved the coordination of non-homologous limbs (i.e., ipsilateral hand and foot) in individuals with and without PD.MethodsParticipants included 20 PD and 20 healthy control participants (HC). They were instructed to generate force in a coordinated manner by simultaneously contracting their ipsilateral hand and foot. PD were tested off their antiparkinsonian medication and on their more affected side, whereas the side in controls was randomized.ResultsAlthough both groups were able to coordinate the two limbs to produce the expected level of force, PD had a slower rate of force production and relaxation compared to HC. Additionally, their globus pallidus and primary motor cortex were underactive, whereas their pre-supplementary motor area (pre-SMA) and lateral cerebellum were overactive relative to HC. Importantly, in PD, the fMRI activity within the pre-SMA correlated with the rate of force decrease.ConclusionMulti-limb force control deficits in PD appear to be related to widespread underactivation within the basal ganglia-cortical loop. An overactivation of higher-level motor regions within the prefrontal cortex and lateral cerebellum may reflect increased cognitive control and performance monitoring that emerges during more complex motor tasks such as those that involve the coordination of multiple limbs.

Testing the hormesis hypothesis on motor behavior under stress

While much research has focused on the deleterious effects of stress on goal-directed behavior in recent decades, current views increasingly discuss growth under stress, often assuming dose-dependent effects of stress in a curvilinear association. This is based on the concept of hormesis, which postulates a strengthening effect of stress at low-to-moderate doses. Leveraging this approach, hormetic curves indicate under which stress dose an individual is able to maintain or even increase goal-directed behavior. The present study aimed to test the hormetic effect of low-to-moderate stress on tactical movement performance in the context of police operational scenarios in virtual reality. In teams of three to four, 37 riot police officers had to search a building for a potentially aggressive perpetrator in three scenarios with escalating stress potential (i.e., increasing weapon violence and number of civilians). Tactical movement performance as behavioral response was quantified by the sample entropy of each officer's velocity derived from positional data. To account for inter-individuality in response to the scenarios, we assessed self-reported stress, anxiety, mental effort, and vagally mediated heart rate variability. Specifically, we tested the quadratic associations between tactical movement performance and stress parameters, respectively. Random-intercept-random-slope regressions revealed neither significant linear nor quadratic associations between any of the stress parameters and performance. While we did not find evidence for hormesis in the present study, it stimulates theoretical discussions about the definition of “baseline” functioning and how the understanding of hormesis can move from psychological to behavioral adaptations to stressors.

The influence of flexibility on maximum strength performance in the overhead squat movement in crossfit™ practitioners

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the influence of ankle, hip and shoulder flexibility on relative maximum strength performance, through the one repetition maximum (1RM) test, in the overhead squat movement (OHS) in CrossFit ™ practitioners. 52 individuals of both sexes who practiced CrossFit ™ were investigated in two boxes based in the cities of Canoas and Gravataí, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The results showed that general flexibility presents a positive, weak and non-significant correlation with the relative strength of OHS (ρ=0.0152; p=0.9159). Stratifying by joint and sex, for women, a weak, positive and non-significant correlation was found between relative OHS strength for the ankle joint (ρ=0.1556; p=0.4477) and weak, negative and non-significant correlations for the hip and shoulder joints (ρ=-0.0256, -0.0369; p=0.9008, 0.8579) respectively. For men, weak, positive and non-significant correlations were found in the ankle, hip and shoulder joints (ρ=0.0395, 0.3012, 0.2523; p=0.8480; 0.1348; 0.2136), respectively. Despite showing slightly greater positive associations for male individuals, linearity cannot be asserted between the variables analyzed.