Performance Of Mortar Research Articles

Investigation of electromagnetic interference shielding performance of ultra-high-performance mortar incorporating single-walled carbon nanotubes and steel fiber

For security amenities and key infrastructure, construction materials with extraordinary mechanical, durability, and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding performance are essential. This study investigates the EMI shielding performance of ultra-high performance mortar (UHPM) incorporating single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) and steel fibers. Currently, no such work is present in the existing literature. Eight mixtures were prepared with varying SWCNT dosages (0%–0.03 % by weight of cement) and steel fiber additions (1.2 % of the volume of the UHPM mixture). The performance of UHPM incorporating SWCNT and steel fibers was evaluated through flow diameter, compressive strength, flexural strength, Schmidt hardness, ultrasonic pulse velocity, EMI shielding performance, and scanning electron microscopy analysis tests. It is observed that increasing the SWCNT content enhances the compressive strength, flexural strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity, and Schmidt hardness of UHPM. The addition of steel fibers further enhances compressive (up to 22 %) and flexural (up to 92 %) strengths. In terms of the transmittance behavior, the improved EMI shielding performance of UHPM with the increasing SWCNT content is observed prominently at high electromagnetic frequencies (i.e., 2500 MHz–5100 MHz). However, the improved shielding performance is observed to be quite low, limited to 10 dB. Moreover, combining steel fibers and SWCNT enhances the EMI shielding performance of UHPM in terms of the transmittance behavior. As a result, UHPM incorporating SWCNT and steel fibers behaves as an absorbent material, shielding a significant amount of energy, approximately 45 dB, at a frequency of 5000 MHz. Based on the results, UHPM incorporating SWCNT and steel fibers can be used effectively as EMI shielding material. The findings of this study will enhance the practical applications of UHPM incorporating SWCNT and steel fibers.

Enhancing mechanical performance and durability of high strength mortar with incineration bottom ash via Al2O3 micro-powder: An experimental study

The untreated application of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash (IBA) in cementitious materials can lead to compromised workability, deterioration of mechanical properties, and compromise durability. This paper examines the potential of utilizing Al2O3 micro-powder (ALMP) to enhance the mechanical performance and durability of cementitious materials fabricated with IBA. This paper focuses on the effect of different dosages of ALMP on the workability, mechanical performance and durability of high strength mortar (HSM) prepared by IBA. In addition, effect of ALMP on the ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), dynamic modulus of elasticity (DME) and microstructure of HSM was also investigated. Finally, the micro-mechanical performance of HSM paste was determined via nanoindentation experiment. Our study discovered that the integration of ALMP in HSM contrived with IBA notably amplified the flexural and compressive strengths by ranges of 1.12 %∼9.84 % and 3.78 %∼21.26 %, respectively. Simultaneously, the ALMP improved the UPV by an interval of 3.16 %∼9.49 %, and the DME by a parameter of 9.64 %∼18.69 %. Additionally, we observed considerable lowering of drying shrinkage in HSM by 4.96 %∼28.36 % and decline in the chloride migration coefficient by 7.45 %∼38.75 % due to ALMP's presence. Overall, based on the observed impact of ALMP on HSM's workability, mechanical properties, and microstructure, we suggest 10 wt% as the optimal doping amount for ALMP in HSM. Our investigation puts forward that implementing IBA in place of traditional quartz sand in the preparation of HSM could potentially attenuate energy consumption, carbon emissions, and production overheads. The findings of this study may offer instructive significance for improving the resource utilization of IBA in cement-based materials.

Two scale models for fracture behaviours of cementitious materials subjected to static and cyclic loadings

This study employs a lattice fracture model to simulate static and fatigue fracture behaviour of Interfacial Transition Zone (ITZ) at microscale and mortar at mesoscale. The heterogeneous microstructure of ITZ and mesostructure of mortar are explicitly considered in the models. The initial step involves calibrating and validating the microscopic model of the ITZ through micro-cantilever bending tests. Subsequently, this validated ITZ model serves as a constitutive law to simulate the fracture behavior of mortar at the mesoscale using an uncoupled upscaling method. The influence of microstructural features, such as w/c ratio and microscopic roughness, on the fracture behaviour of ITZ is investigated. Moreover, the effect of ITZ properties and stress level on the fracture performance and fatigue damage evolution of mortar is also studied. The simulation results for both the ITZ and mortar demonstrate good agreement with experimental results. The proposed two models provide insights into the fracture mechanisms and fatigue damage evolution in cementitious materials subjected to static and cyclic loadings.

Impact of pre-soaked lime water carbonized recycled fine aggregate on mechanical properties and pore structure of 3D printed mortar

Compared to natural fine aggregate, recycled fine aggregate has disadvantages such as high water absorption and poor strength. Accelerated carbonization is considered a method to enhance recycled aggregate performance. However, the lack of substances available for carbonation reaction in old cement mortar restricts the enhancement of RFA performance. In this study, a pre-soaked lime-water carbonization method was employed to enhance carbonization efficiency and improve cement mortar performance by introducing additional sources of calcium. Therefore, the focus was on investigating the effects of pre-soaked lime-water carbonization-treated recycled fine aggregate with different replacement ratios (0%, 30%, 50%, 70%, 100%) on the mechanical properties of 3D printed mortar. In addition, combining XRD、SEM-EDS, and X-CT microscale testing methods, the study analyzed the influence of carbonized recycled fine aggregate on the pore structure of 3D printed recycled mortar. The purpose was to reveal the reinforcement mechanism of pre-soaked lime water composite carbonization. Experimental results showed that the pre-soaked lime water carbonization method improved the physical properties of recycled fine aggregate, with the most significant decrease in the water absorption ratio, which decreased by 53.89%. Incorporating appropriate carbonized recycled fine aggregate can enhance the mechanical properties of 3D printed mortar, increase interlayer bonding strength, reduce mechanical anisotropy and overall porosity, and improve pore defects. Defects on the aggregate surface are filled with CaCO3 carbonization products, improving the pore structure and strengthening the interfacial transition zone, thus enhancing the resistance of 3D printed recycled mortar to external forces. The findings of the present work not only improve the utilization of recycled sand but also provide methods and ideas for improving the properties of 3D printed recycled mortar.

Enhancing permeability and mechanical properties of rubber cement-based materials through surface modification of waste tire rubber powder

In this study, the authors present a detailed investigation into the surface mineralization of recycled rubber powder (RP) to enhance its performance in cement mortars. A modified rubber, referred to as RTC, is produced by employing a straightforward and efficient method involving the deposition of tannic acid (TA) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3, <5 μm) on the surface of RP. The main objective of this research is to elucidate the impact of RTC on the impermeability, mechanical properties, and pore structure of rubberized mortar. Through a comprehensive set of characterizations and tests, we demonstrate the successful deposition of TA and CaCO3 on the RP surface, resulting in RTC with excellent chemical activity and hydrophilicity, while also providing nucleation sites for hydration products. This modification process facilitated improved interfacial affinity with cement paste, enhancing bonding between rubber and cement paste. Remarkably, the incorporation of rubber into mortars with markedly enhanced resistance to permeation, with RTC mortars demonstrating particularly noticeable improvement. The marginal decrease in density in comparison to conventional mortars arises from the rubber's lightweight properties. Moreover, rubber exerts a minor adverse influence on hydration kinetics, yet this detrimental impact is alleviated in mortars incorporating RTC. Notably, the study elucidates the nuanced changes in porosity induced by rubber incorporation, underscoring its influence on the mechanical performance of rubberized cement mortars. The RTC5 mortar with a 5% content demonstrates the most remarkable enhancement compared to RP5 mortar. Overall, this study highlights the potential of surface mineralization of RP as a promising approach for improving the performance of rubberized cement mortars.

Fly Ash and Fiber Waste As Principal Geopolymer Mortar Material: A Review

Geopolymer mortar is an innovative mortar using fly ash waste as an alternative to cement. The development of advanced fiber geopolymer mortar materials is an alternative solution to the weaknesses and shortcomings of conventional materials so that they have the ability to reduce and even absorb sound intensity and prevent noise propagation in overcoming noise problems in the field of building construction. Many factors can affect sound absorption, including the type of aggregate, modification of material composition that has a density level in fiber geopolymer mortar. The development of fiber geopolymer mortar can be developed in the construction field to reduce sound frequency and improve sound insulation. There are also different measurement mechanisms to determine the performance of the material in improving sound quality. This paper aims to review the performance of sound-absorbing fiber geopolymer mortar. This review is expected to provide insight into the development of fiber geopolymer mortar in building construction to improve comfort and reduce noise pollution.

Behavior of earth mortars at high temperature

This study investigates the behavior of different earth mortar compositions when exposed to elevated temperatures, considering factors such as the mineralogical nature and volumetric fraction of the aggregates used. Earth mortars made from a combination of a silty-clay earth, silica-calcareous sand and fired red ceramic bricks waste were investigated. Density, thermal conductivity, ultrasonic wave velocity, flexural and compressive strength are determined at 200°C, 400°C, 600°C and 600°C. Results show that incorporating aggregates reduces linear shrinkage and bulk density. The use of fired brick waste reduces the density, thermal conductivity and ultrasonic wave velocity. As the temperature increases up to 600°C, thermophysical properties of the mortars decrease but their compressive strength increases. At the temperature of 800°C, the mortars with silica-calcareous aggregate show a significant degradation but the addition of fired brick waste reduces the damage. TG/DSC analysis and SEM observations provided a better understanding of the reactions. The results obtained can be used to optimize the performance of earth mortars at elevated temperatures.

The synergistic mechanism of hydration regulation and carbonation curing on the carbon sequestration and impermeability enhancement of cementitious materials

Carbonation curing, as a novel curing method, gradually plays an important role in the reduction of carbon emissions and the improvement of durability for cementitious materials. This study considers the intervention of carbonation at different ages of hydration and investigates the synergistic effect of nano-titanium dioxide (NT) regulating cement hydration and 20% CO2 carbonation curing on the enhancement of carbon sequestration and durability performance of cement mortar. The results show that early-age carbonation curing and the addition of NT increase the unit area carbon sequestration of cement mortar at the age of 28 days by 242.75% (0.41 kg/m2); meanwhile, some micro-nano-sized calcite crystals and NT jointly play a nucleation and filling role during hydration, optimizing the pore structure. As a result, the unit area capillary water absorption coefficient and gas permeability coefficient decrease by 70.55% and 91.89%, respectively, inhibiting the continuous diffusion of CO2 and achieving controlled surface carbonation. Based on the pore characteristics of the carbonated surface, this study also proposes a “Sieve filter” structure hypothesis model, which suggests a negative correlation between pore structure and surface depth under the synergistic mechanism. This can provide innovative ideas for the cement industry to enhance the durability performance of reinforced concrete prefabricated components using carbon sequestration technology.

Assessment of the mechanical and physical characteristics of PET bricks with different aggregates

Construction and demolition waste, along with discarded PET plastic bottles, have evolved into a widespread global resource. However, their current disposal in landfills poses a significant environmental pollution challenge. This research is centered on evaluating the performance of cement mortar composed by larger PET particles in conjunction with sand, construction and demolition waste, and lightweight expanded polystyrene aggregates. The primary objective of this study is to formulate a blend suitable for non-structural elements that can be easily manufactured for social housing construction. This modified blend extends upon the original certified mixture employed at CEVE for brick production, which encompasses cement and 3 mm-long PET particles. The experimental analysis revealed that blend containing 8 mm-long PET particles, in combination with fine aggregates of construction and demolition waste, attained a required mechanical strength of 2 MPa, while preserving the bulk density and hydric properties of the initial PET bricks developed at CEVE in Argentina.

Mechanical and Durability Investigation of Composite Mortar with Carbon Microfibers (CMF)

This paper investigates the mechanical properties and the durability implications of innovative cement-based mortars doped with carbon microfibers. In particular, mixes with different amounts of carbon additions are produced, and the properties of fresh and hardened samples are analyzed through workability, water absorption, and compressive and flexural tests under specific environmental conditions. These composites can be employed to enhance construction performance or provide structures with strain-monitoring capabilities. However, the analysis of their mechanical properties and their durability behavior is needed before extensive structural use. In this work, the preparation procedure is defined for the various mix designs, considering different amounts of carbon microfibers; then, fresh properties are evaluated, and different types of samples formed. After various curing times, the specific rheological and hardened properties of the specimens are tested in different conditions to consider the durability of the composites, essential for the real-scale adoption in structural elements. Preliminary electrical and sensing tests are first conducted to evaluate the monitoring potential of the investigated composites. The findings highlight the impact of carbon inclusions on the performance of cement-based mortars, offering valuable insights for their utilization in masonry construction or for repairing concrete structures. In particular, sensing capabilities are found to be highly enhanced by the presence of CMF. Additionally, the results of this research pinpoint key areas for further analysis in the material’s development process.

Experimental and Numerical Study on Flexural Behavior of Concrete Beams Using Notches and Repair Materials

In a concrete beam, cracking is generated on the tension side under the effect of flexure, shear, and torsional loadings. Accordingly, these weak concrete members require repair and/or strengthening to increase or restore their internal load capacity. In the current experimental and numerical investigations on concrete beams, the impact of using notches with different width to depth ratios on the ultimate flexural load under a three-point test was considered. Further, the flexural behavior performance of a notched concrete beam repaired using the three repair materials—cement mortar, bacterial mortar, and adhesive—was also examined. Consequently, a comparative study was implemented between the experimental and numerical results. A concrete damage plasticity (CDP) model was used for the finite element numerical analysis of the beams. The differences in numerical and experimental measured results ranged from 0.65 to 22.20% for the ultimate load carrying capacity. As the notch size increased, the ultimate load carrying capacity of the beam reduced. Additionally, a linear regression model was used to predict the ultimate load values at a notch width interval of 5 mm up to a maximum notch width of 100 mm. It was observed that the ultimate load capacity for a repaired beam increased as compared to the notched beam for all three repair materials under consideration. And the maximum ultimate load increased in the case of notched beams repaired using adhesive. Furthermore, in comparison to the cement mortar, the performance of the bacterial mortar in terms of the ultimate load was more. The bacterial mortar was found to be more sustainable and more durable as a repair material for concrete structures.

Effect of Iron Ore and Copper Ore Tailings on Engineering Properties and Hydration Products of Sustainable Cement Mortar

Abstract The prohibition of river sand mining has drawn the attention of researchers in finding practicable alternatives. In the approach of finding these alternatives, it is essential to ensure minimal or zero impairment to the ecological balance, which can be mainly attained by making use of industrial waste/byproducts. The wastes from the mining industry are the major contributors in causing impairment to the environment, and their influence on the stability of mortars on using as fine aggregates needs to be systematically investigated with the view of long-term performance concerns. Thus, the present study explores the applicability of mine tailings and finding the optimum dosage in cement mortars by investigating the engineering properties and microstructure development with the aid of qualitative and quantitative analysis associated with hydration products. The studies confirm that the increased consumption of portlandite for secondary hydration reactions followed by the additional formation of calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) and calcium aluminum silicate hydrate (CASH) phases in mine tailing-based mortars helped in achieving a quality microstructure. These additional formations of CSH and CASH phases are also confirmed through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy by identifying the shift of Si-O-Si stretching vibration bands toward a lower wavenumber. The lowering of calcium/silicate atomic ratio and increased formation of mineralogical compounds related to CSH and CASH in x-ray diffraction patterns also confirms the same. Gismondine, chabazite, and hillebrandite are the additional phases formed and found to take part in refining the pore structure. This enhanced performance of mine tailing mortars was also verified with the aid of a modified Andreasen and Andersen particle packing model. The formation of high-quality microstructure is reflected in the hardened properties of optimized cement mortar in the proportion of 20 % for iron ore tailing and 30 % for copper ore tailing.

A Review of Waterborne Polymer–Cementitious Composite Repair Materials for Application in Saline Soil Environments: Properties and Progress

The properties of a large number of concrete infrastructures in China are deteriorating year by year, raising the need for repairing and strengthening these infrastructures. By introducing waterborne polymers into a cement concrete system, brittle cracks and easy bonding performance defects of concrete can be compensated for to form a long-life, semi rigid, waterborne polymer-modified cementitious repair material with a promising development prospect. This paper investigates the modification effect of polymer emulsions on ordinary cement mortar. Our research mainly focused on the physical and mechanical properties, durability, microstructure and application status of waterborne polymer-modified cementitious composites. Literature studies show that with the increase in waterborne polymer content (0 wt%~20 wt%), the performance of cement mortar significantly improves, which in turn expands its application range. Compared with ordinary cement mortar, the introduction of waterborne polymers blocks some of the pores in the cement to a certain extent, thus improving its permeability, freeze–thaw resistance and durability. Finally, this paper describes the application of waterborne polymer–cementitious composites in western saline soil environments, as well as discusses the prospects of their development.

Optimizing the development and field application of calcium stabilizing agents for preventing calcium leaching in tunnels

As a hidden engineering structure, tunnels are inevitably affected by the long-term erosion of groundwater, resulting in the phenomenon of calcium leaching in shotcrete. The effective components of the initial tunnel support are dissolved by groundwater, with a portion remaining in the tunnel drainage system and the rest discharged from the tunnel. This phenomenon can further accelerate the deterioration of the lining and cause blockages in the drainage system, posing new challenges to environmental protection and structural safety. To mitigate the problem of calcium leaching in tunnel shotcrete, new building materials, termed Calcium Stabilizing Agents (CSAs), were fabricated using industrial solid wasters such as silica fume, mineral powder, silicone zirconium, and metakaolin. An orthogonal experiment was implemented to investigate the influence of CSAs on the calcium ion (Ca2+) leaching concentration; the sensitivity analysis was conducted to identify the impact of each ingredient of CSAs on the calcium ion leaching concentration; and microscopic methods such as XRD, SEM, and TG were used to analyze the mechanism of the CSAs on anti-calcium leaching ability of mortar. The results showed that the addition of the CSAs can effectively improve the anti-calcium leaching ability of mortar. For the optimal dosage of the CSAs mortar, the calcium ion concentration of the 28-day CSAs mortar was reduced by 31.55 %, and the compressive strength and flexural strength were enhanced 31.09 % and 37.27 %, respectively. From the sensitivity analysis of calcium ion concentration, compressive strength, and flexural strength of CSAs mortar at 1 day, 7 days, and 28 days, silica fume and zirconium silicone show the greatest influence on the performance of mortar. Consequently, they are deemed as the core components of CSAs. The microscopic analysis showed that the internal cementitious structure of the cement stone grew denser after CSA was added. It also contained long-chain crystalline structures that effectively fill capillary pores to resist erosion. Finally, the CSAs product was applied to a tunnel under construction on site, and the results showed that the shotcrete mixed with CSAs had a good anti-calcium leaching effect and significantly improved compressive strength. The findings of this study can provide a new avenue for preventing and controling the tunnel crystallization diseases.

Acoustic Performance of Porous Mortar and Potential Use for Traffic Noise Mitigation: A Review

Porous mortar (PM) is a porous building material used to reduce noise levels in economic emerging cities to achieve acoustic comfort. This research paper provides a comprehensive review of PM’s sound absorption performance as reported in selected published works. The selection criteria are limited to experiments conducted on specimens with a thickness ranging from 20 to 75 mm, a range suitable for application as a sound-absorbing layer on noise barriers or building walls. This paper explains the underlying principles of sound absorption in PM and outlining methods for assessing sound absorption. This review paper includes the performance of conventional or typical PM with modified PM, considering elements such as mix design and significant factors that influence sound absorption, notably material density, and pore size. Subsequently, this paper reveals on the evaluation of PM’s suitability as a sound-absorbing material, encompassing an assessment of its mechanical properties. In conclusion, the paper identifies the potential of PM as an efficient sound absorber, particularly in the context of mitigating traffic-generated noise.

Evaluation of Alkali-Activated Mortar Incorporating Combined and Uncombined Fly Ash and GGBS Enhanced with Nano Alumina

The present research focuses on assessing the fresh and hardened properties as well as the durability performance of alkali-activated mortar in an ambient environment and the impact of integrating nano-alumina (NA) at a 2% ratio as a substitute for binder materials in alkali-activated mortar (AAM). Additionally, it assesses the effectiveness of alkali-activated mortar employing different blends of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and fly ash as environmentally friendly substitute building materials. Fly ash (FA), ground granulated blast slag (GGBS), and an equal mixture of GGBS and FA make up these binder ingredients. As a result, the main binders contain GGBS, FA, or a 50/50 mixture of GGBS and FA. The sodium hydroxide (NaOH) concentration is fixed at a 12-molarity level, and the alkali activator solution to binder ratio is kept at 0.5. In the alkali solution, the ratio of sodium silicate to sodium hydroxide is always 2.5. The study evaluates various properties of AAM, such as compressive strength, flowability, unit weight, flexural tensile strength, and durability, under ambient conditions at a steady room temperature of 23±3°C. Results indicate that AAM mixtures devoid of NA exhibit a higher flow rate compared to those containing NA. Nonetheless, the flowability of AAM mixtures aligns well with standard requirements, being modest yet adequate. Significantly, the inclusion of NA enhances the mechanical properties and durability of AAM, demonstrating its beneficial effects. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2024-010-03-016 Full Text: PDF

Feasibility of Non-Remanufactured Waste Bottle Glass as Supplementary Cementitious Material

Theoretically, glass can be recycled entirely, but there are several requirements for remanufacturing. For the first time, this work studied industrial bottle waste glass (WG), which cannot be used to remanufacture new glass as a cement replacement for concrete applications. Wet and dry milling treatments were performed to reduce the particle size of WG and remove fibre and plastic contaminants. The different waste glasses treated were characterised by chemical, physical, and morphological analysis. Afterwards, mortar-level studies followed, using raw WG and wet-milled WG (AGWG) as a 10% Portland cement replacement. Mechanical and several durability indicators were assessed. WG and AGWG incorporation improved mortar performance against water capillary absorption, chloride ingress, and alkali–silica reaction. The unfavourable effect, namely, mechanical strength loss on glass-modified mortars, was mainly due to fibre contaminants observed by SEM on WG and AGWG samples. Even though wet milling reduced the amount and length of the fibre contaminants, it still did not guarantee adequate mechanical strength for the mortar. Thus, additional or alternative treatments, such as thermal treatments, must be explored.

Sustainable Structural Lightweight Concrete with Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate Waste Aggregate

Plastic is a widely consumed material with a high decomposition time, occupying significant space in landfills and dumps. Thus, strategies to reuse plastic waste are imperative for environmental benefit. Plastic waste is a promising eco-friendly building material for cement-based composites due to its reduced specific gravity and thermal conductivity. However, this waste reduces the composites’ mechanical strength. This work aims to produce and evaluate lightweight concretes made with only lightweight aggregates and mostly recycled plastic aggregates. Initially, an optimized dosage approach for lightweight concrete is presented. The mixture proportion of the lightweight concrete was based on the performance of mortars with the complete replacement of natural aggregate by recycled polyethylene terephthalate (PET) aggregates. The PET aggregates showed irregular shapes, impairing workability and providing lightweight concretes with around 18% water absorption and 21% void index. However, the concretes presented significantly low-unit weight, approximately 1200 kg/m3. This work presented a structural lightweight concrete (ACI 213-R) using only lightweight aggregates and mostly plastic waste aggregate, with a compressive strength of up to 17.6 MPa, a unit weight of 1282 kg/m3, and an efficiency factor of 12.3 MPa·cm3/g. The study shows that with an optimum dosage, reusing plastic waste in concrete is a viable alternative contributing to environmental sustainability.

Evaluating the physico-mechanical performance of cement mortar reinforced with metakaolin/graphene oxide dual nano-additives

Researchers interested in producing high-mechanical-performance cement-based structures follow many strategies to achieve this purpose; one of these is the dual addition of materials. The current study was used thermal activation and chemical exfoliation to successfully prepare nano-metakaolin (NMK), whereas Hummers’ traditional technique was followed to prepare graphene oxide (GO). The key aim of this investigation was to promote the mechanical performance of cement mortars by incorporating both NMK and GO in the same matrix, where very few studies have examined the usage of both NMK and GO in the same cement matrix. For this purpose, six groups of plain and blended mortars were cast, with the cement being partially replaced with 10% NMK and GO being added at ratios of 0.01–0.04 wt.% of cement. The pore size distribution of the prepared mortars was studied using the nitrogen adsorption method, while phase composition/decomposition analysis was recognized by TGA and XRD. The microstructure was investigated by SEM. The obtained results revealed a great enhancement of splitting tensile strength by about 71% and about 20% for compressive strength, in addition to the refinement of the pore structure and promotion of the hydration reaction as confirmed by XRD, TGA, and SEM analysis.

Performance of sustainable mortars containing blast furnace slag and fine concrete waste: an environmental perspective

Performance of sustainable mortars containing blast furnace slag and fine concrete waste: an environmental perspective