Performance Of Microstrip Antenna Research Articles

Enhanced performance of microstrip antenna fabricated on a composite dielectric substrate coupled with multiple dielectric superstrates

In this study, we introduce a unique geometrical design of a rectangular patch antenna for sub-6 GHz 5G applications. The proposed antenna is designed at 5.2 GHz, and design criteria and performance characteristics have been investigated through numerical simulations and verified using measured data. A composite structure is suggested to overcome the restrictive parameters of conventional antennas. Two different materials, Rogers RT5880, and RT5870, are utilized, achieving a maximum gain of 6.210 dB, and a 90.2% radiation efficiency was attained. Four layers of superstrates are placed above the antenna to enhance the antenna's radiation performance further. The fabricated antenna is evaluated by measuring its radiation characteristics and return loss. The final antenna prototype offers a maximum bandwidth of about 896 MHz at a −10 dB reflection coefficient with a maximum gain of 9 dB. The proposed model achieved ultimate efficiency as high as 89% by employing four superstrates. The results showed good impedance matching (S11, VSWR), high efficiency, and appropriate radiation patterns. The outcomes from simulation and measurement are well aligned, making this antenna suitable for high-performance 5G applications.

Composite metamaterial antenna with super mechanical and electromagnetic performances integrated by three-dimensional weaving technique

The integration of structure and function was crucial for the application of microstrip antennas. Layered microstrip antennas were prone to delamination, which severely limits their performance stability. The textile conformal microstrip antenna with integrated structure design prevented the layered failure and greatly improved the damage resistance of the antenna. However, textiles had an inherent deficiency in suppressing surface waves due to their discontinuous mesh structure, critically deteriorating the radiation performance of microstrip antennas. Electromagnetic metamaterial with a specific pattern resonated in the excitation of electromagnetic waves to form a forbidden bandgap, which was expected to suppress surface wave radiation of microstrip antennas. In this study, a textile-based microstrip antenna integrated with electromagnetic metamaterials (MA-EBG) was proposed by embedding conductive copper wires in three-dimensional (3D) spacer fabric to form an integrated structure. Due to the function of the forbidden bandgap in metamaterial structure, the surface wave radiation was suppressed and the gain of antenna was increased from 5.1 dB to 9.6 dB. Owing to the tight physical binding, MA-EBG retained its structural integrity with proper electromagnetic performance under the impact of 24 J. The application of electromagnetic metamaterials elevated the gain of textile-based microstrip antennas, which provided a new method for the design of high-gain textile-based microstrip antennas with excellent mechanical properties.

Enhancing circular microstrip antenna performance with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) substrates in sub-6 GHz: a comparative study

Enhancing circular microstrip antenna performance with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) substrates in sub-6 GHz: a comparative study

Wideband microstrip antenna operating in TM01 mode and its array with compact feed network

AbstractThis letter presents a broadband linearly polarized (LP) microstrip antenna operating in TM01 mode and its 2 × 2 array with a compact network. Different from the TM10 mode, the TM01 mode can be used to design arrays without a bending feed network. The impedance bandwidth (IBW) of the proposed antenna is 9.6% (2.19 GHz–2.41 GHz). Subsequently, the characteristic of this antenna operating in TM01 mode is employed to design a 2 × 2 planar array. The measured results show that the array has an IBW of 9.5%, a maximum gain of 11.4 dBi with low cross‐polarization.

Perancangan Antena Metamaterial Patch Circular Untuk Teknologi 5G Dengan CSRR Pada Frekuensi 3.5 GHz

The development of 5G technology at this time has a much faster speed, capacity and latency in accessing data compared to 4G technology. 5G technology has several components that are influential in the application of 5G technology, one of which is the antenna. Microstrip antennas are antennas that have simple materials, smaller antenna dimensions, so that production costs are cheaper, affordable and the performance of microstrip antennas is quite good. Microstrip antenna has several drawbacks, namely low gain and not wide bandwidth. In this study a circular patch microstrip antenna was designed using FR-4 material using a relative dielectric constant of 4.4, a loss tangent of 0.02 and a substrate thickness of 1.6 mm. The microstrip antenna that will be added to the groundplane section uses a metamaterial structure, namely the Complementary Split-Ring Resonator (CSRR) which operates at a frequency of 3.5 GHz. The addition of the CSRR metamaterial structure aims to increase antenna bandwidth and miniaturization. The simulation results of a microstrip antenna without CSRR can work at a frequency of 3.5 GHz with a return loss of -15.71 dB, a VSWR of 1.39, a gain of 2.121 dBi, a bandwidth of 120 MHz and the resulting radiation pattern is unidirectional. While the antenna that has been added CSRR at a frequency of 3.5 GHz has a return loss of -19.50 dB, a VSWR of 1.23, a gain of 1.454 dBi, a bandwidth of 410 MHz, the resulting radiation pattern is bidirectional and the antenna undergoes miniaturization at a groundplane width of 18%. That way the antenna using the CSRR method can increase bandwidth and miniaturization.

Desempenho de Antenas de Microfita com Células Metamateriais Dentro do Substrato

Neste trabalho, uma antena de microfita para operar na frequência de 5,8 GHz é proposta com arranjos de células metamateriais (MTMs) metálicos para melhorar o seu desempenho através de um aprimoramento dos campos. Para isso, um arranjo de células do tipo Capacitive Loaded Loop (CLL) é inserido dentro do substrato da antena, sendo distribuído em forma de uma matriz de 5 × 7 elementos ressoadores. O arranjo na antena foi proposto e analisado nas posições de 0º e 90º. Verificou-se que os elementos metamateriais ressoadores são responsáveis por um melhor desempenho das antenas em alguns parâmetros em relação a antena de microfita padrão, ou seja, houve um aumento da largura de banda em 21,43%, e um menor coeficiente de reflexão em 27,37% na posição 0º. Para posição de 90º houve somente um aumento na largura de banda de 19,24%. Além disso, foi possível observar que é possível trabalhar com frequências menores em função da larga faixa de frequências nas posições analisadas possibilitando uma redução no tamanho da antena de microfita padrão.

Spider Monkey Optimization Algorithm-Based Optimal Design of Wideband EBG Structure for Certain Uncertainty Parameters

EBG structures have evolved as an emerging technology in recent years in the domain of microstrip antenna performance enhancement for wireless applications. They contain innovative structures, shapes, and materials that can be found in numerous industrial and military utilizations. The dimensions considered for the substrate of a microstrip antenna which propagates by using metal molecules (cells) are smaller than its kinetic wavelength ([Formula: see text]). This uncertainty in the arrangement increases both bandwidth and efficiency of an antenna when placed on the modified surface. Uttermost the literature surveys on the computational features of the EBG architecture, uncertainly there is little discussion on the development of the design and its effectiveness in challenging external conditions. This research is aimed to have optimized design values and respective control factors of an antenna like substrate height (h), breadth of EBG patch (p) and width of the gap between adjoining cells of EBG (d). Hence, an optimal design of wideband EBG architecture is done utilizing spider monkey optimization (SMO) process to advance the performance of micro-strip antenna. The result values highlighted through simulation outcomes exhibit the performance of the proposed optimal EBG structure outperforms than the standard EBG in the terms of reflection phase, transmission loss, magnitude of [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and gain comparison. The outcomes of this technique provide enhance in its bandwidth up to 11.25 GHz, return loss of −31 dB, gain of 5.5 dB and from [Formula: see text]comparison the magnitude of measured with EBG to magnitude of measured with optimal EBG is increased by 7.5% is observed.

Design and Finite Difference Time Domain Analysis of a Dual Band Slotted Microstrip Patch Antenna for Wireless IoT Applications

Objectives: To investigate the effect of comb-like slot dimensions on the dualband microstrip antenna performance parameters. Methods: Alternate comblike slots are placed on the microstrip patch and the slot dimensions are varied to observe the effect on the antenna performance parameters. The design is simulated in the Mentor Graphics software package. The Mentor Graphics software results are verified with Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) analysis in MATLAB. The measured results on the Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) are in good agreement with the simulated results. Findings: A dual-band operation resonating at 2.25 GHz and 3.5 GHz is observed. The return loss of -30.23 dB and -33.3 dB at 2.25 GHz and 3.5 GHz is noticed. The gain and directivity at 2.25 GHz are 4.11 dBi and 6.2 dBi; whereas, at 3.5 GHz it is 4 dBi and 6.8 dBi respectively. It is observed that the slot width significantly influences the impedance matching. The alternate arrangement of comb-like slots on the patch increases the electrical length and improves the Return Loss (S11). Novelty: Enhancement of S11 characteristics without significant shift in the resonating frequency by felicitous placements of comb-like slots is the novelty of the proposed work. Keywords: Slotted Antenna; Dual Band; FDTD; UPML; Return Loss (S11)

Hybrid TM/TE Cylindrical Leaky Waves: Electromagnetic Radiation at Broadside From Radially Periodic Structures

The nature of broadside radiation from planar, radially periodic structures excited at the center is investigated in this article by considering an annular microstrip antenna operating in the microwave range. This kind of antenna, capable of radiating either a scanned conical pattern or a broadside pencil beam, is typically designed by enforcing that its linearized version supports a single TM leaky mode. However, a single TM cylindrical leaky wave is known to be incapable of radiating a directive broadside beam. To solve the conundrum, a generalized pencil-of-function analysis of the exciting field is performed. It is found that a nonnegligible TE component is present, which exhibits a radial decay different from the TM component but the same complex radial wavenumber. Based on the geometrical symmetries of the structure, an electromagnetic model for the surface currents excited on the annular microstrips is developed and validated by full-wave results for both the currents and the associated radiation patterns. The generality of the adopted approach sheds new light on the nature of the electromagnetic field radiated at broadside by the general class of annular, radially periodic structures, including novel terahertz antennas and plasmonic structures used for achieving extraordinary transmission at optical frequencies.

Robust Prediction of the Bandwidth of Metamaterial Antenna Using Deep Learning

The design of microstrip antennas is a complex and time-consuming process, especially the step of searching for the best design parameters. Meanwhile, the performance of microstrip antennas can be improved using metamaterial, which results in a new class of antennas called metamaterial antenna. Several parameters affect the radiation loss and quality factor of this class of antennas, such as the antenna size. Recently, the optimal values of the design parameters of metamaterial antennas can be predicted using machine learning, which presents a better alternative to simulation tools and trial-and-error processes. However, the prediction accuracy depends heavily on the quality of the machine learning model. In this paper, and benefiting from the current advances in deep learning, we propose a deep network architecture to predict the bandwidth of metamaterial antenna. Experimental results show that the proposed deep network could accurately predict the optimal values of the antenna bandwidth with a tiny value of mean-square error (MSE). In addition, the proposed model is compared with current competing approaches that are based on support vector machines, multi-layer perceptron, K-nearest neighbors, and ensemble models. The results show that the proposed model is better than the other approaches and can predict antenna bandwidth more accurately.

3D-Printed Graphene-Based Bow-Tie Microstrip Antenna Design and Analysis for Ultra-Wideband Applications.

In this study, the effects of graphene and design differences on bow-tie microstrip antenna performance and bandwidth improvement were investigated both with simulation and experiments. In addition, the conductivity of graphene can be dynamically tuned by changing its chemical potential. The numerical calculations of the proposed antennas at 2–10 GHz were carried out using the finite integration technique in the CST Microwave Studio program. Thus, three bow-tie microstrip antennas with different antenna parameters were designed. Unlike traditional production techniques, due to its cost-effectiveness and easy production, antennas were produced using 3D printing, and then measurements were conducted. A very good match was observed between the simulation and the measurement results. The performance of each antenna was analyzed, and then, the effects of antenna sizes and different chemical potentials on antenna performance were investigated and discussed. The results show that the bow-tie antenna with a slot, which is one of the new advantages of this study, provides a good match and that it has an ultra-bandwidth of 18 GHz in the frequency range of 2 to 20 GHz for ultra-wideband applications. The obtained return loss of −10 dB throughout the applied frequency shows that the designed antennas are useful. In addition, the proposed antennas have an average gain of 9 dBi. This study will be a guide for microstrip antennas based on the desired applications by changing the size of the slots and chemical potential in the conductive parts in the design.

Improvement of low-profile microstrip antenna performance by hexagonal-shaped SRR structure with DNG metamaterial characteristic as UWB application

A metamaterial is any material engineered with a property not discovered in naturally occurring materials. Its existence is important in the development and application of modern technology in this century. Furthermore, Its characteristics such as high sensitivity and gain can be potentially applied in antenna technology. In this research, the metamaterial implementation was used to improve low-profile microstrip antennas as ultra-wideband (UWB) applications. The proposed metamaterial consists of variations of one to four hexagonal shape split ring resonator (SRR-H) elements. This study was carried out through simulation and experiments which were operated in the frequency range 0.05–9 GHz. Based on the results, the proposed antenna with the variation of the SRR-H elements provides increased performance than the without SRR-H. The highest double-negative (DNG) metamaterial characteristic of the SRR-H four-element structure provides the highest antenna performance compared to others. The given working frequency occurs at 5.98 GHz with an increase in bandwidth of 47.49% from without SRR-H. The antenna metamaterial structure also responds by providing an ultimate gain radiation pattern of 5.97 dBi at a 45-degree angle in the Quadrant II region. Thus, the performance of the proposed antenna shows the potential for use in UWB technology.

Complementary SRR-Based Reflector to Enhance Microstrip Antenna Performance

In this paper, complementary split ring resonator (SRR) based reflector to enhance the printed slot dipole (PSD) antenna performance is introduced. The numerically calculated return-loss, directivity and radiation pattern results of the PSD antenna, with (w/) and without (w/o) CSRR element etched on reflector plane are presented and investigated. Numerical analysis and modelling of the proposed design are carried out using CST Microwave Studio simulator based on the finite integration technique. According to the simulation results, with the inclusion of the CSRR-based reflector into the PSD antenna, the directivity is increased by values changes from 0.6 dB to 4.25 dB through the operation band, while an improvement in bandwidth (~2.1%) is seen. It is also shown that this improvement in antenna performance is due to the -negative (ENG) behavior of CSRR structures. Prototype of the proposed antenna is fabricated using Arlon DiClad 880 substrate with electrical permittivity ofεr= 2.2. A quite good agreement between simulation and measurement is obtained. In this study, it is shown that the radiation performance of the antenna can be increased easily by using the CSRR element as a reflector in the antenna structure with a new enhancement approach. Also, the proposed antenna with a compact size of 0.27λ× 0.41λ is appropriate for operating in IEEE 802.11b/g/n/ax (2.4 GHz) WLAN applications.

Application of Genetic Algorithm for Binary Optimization of Microstrip Antennas: A Review

<abstract> <p>Researchers have proposed applying optimization techniques to improve performance of microstrip antennas (MSAs) in terms of bandwidth, radiation characteristics, polarization, directivity and size. The drawbacks of the conventional MSAs can be overcome by optimizing the antenna parameters while keeping a compact configuration. Applying a global optimizer is a better technique than using a local optimizer or a trial and error method for performance enhancement. This paper discusses genetic algorithm (GA) optimization of microstrip antennas presented by the antenna research community. The GA optimization procedure, antenna parameters optimized by using GA and the optimization objectives are presented by reviewing the literature. Further, evolution of GA in the field of MSAs and its significance are explored. Application of GA optimization to design broadband, multiband, high-directivity and miniature antennas is demonstrated with the support of several case studies giving an insight for further developments in the field.</p> </abstract>

Design and Optimization of THz Antenna for Onbody WBAN Applications

This paper presents a design and analysis of microstrip antenna operating in Terahertz frequency band with dumbbell slots cut on the ground. Compactness and gain of the micro antenna has been considered as a design requirement. The performance of the antenna has been explored for Wireless Body Area Networks for measuring and monitoring various physiological parameters and sensors that help in overall monitoring of the health status of an individual. The dimensions of the antenna are264x400 μm operating at a frequency of 0.23THz. The performance of antenna has been observed for different substrates at mentioned frequency spectrum and the various parameters such as gain and return loss have been determined. The antenna has been simulated and the results have been calculated using Computer Simulation Technology (CST) Microwave Studio. The simulations have been successfully performed at lower Terahertz frequency range. The antenna designs have been optimized by implementing Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) using MATLAB. The best substrate for designing antenna and best value of gain was obtained corresponding to the minimum error value. The final designed antenna exhibits a return loss of -52.46 dB, gain 11.97 dB and final antenna has been designed with substrate Duroid 3210, operating at a frequency of 0.23 THz.

Bandwidth Improvement in Bow-Tie Microstrip Antennas: The Effect of Substrate Type and Design Dimensions

In this work, the impact of substrate type and design dimensions on bow-tie microstrip antenna performance and bandwidth improvement is presented both numerically and experimentally at 4–8 GHz. The finite integration technique (FIT)-based high-frequency electromagnetic solver, CST Microwave Studio, was used for the simulation analysis. For this purpose, four bow-tie microstrip antennas were designed, fabricated, and measured upon using different materials and substrate thicknesses. Precise results were achieved and the simulated and experimental results showed a good agreement. The performance of each antenna was analyzed and the impact of changing material permittivity, antenna dimensions and substrate thicknesses on antenna performance were investigated and discussed. The measured results indicated that the slot bow-tie antenna, which is one of the novel aspects of this study, is well matched and a 2-GHz bandwidth [5–7 GHz] is obtained, which is about 50% bandwidth in comparison with the wideband applications [4–8 GHz]. The proposed structure is useful in ultra-wideband (UWB) applications. This study provides guidance in selecting material types and thicknesses for microstrip antennas based on desired applications.

Double layer parasitic radiator for S-Band antennas to increase gain and bandwidth performances

In this paper, a parasitic radiator combination was developed to improve the gain performance and bandwidth of the S-Band frequency microstrip antenna. Previous studies focused on adding one side layer of the parasitic radiator and the same structure, so the idea emerged to develop a microstrip antenna by adding parasitic radiators from the two sides of the antenna radiator layer and the different structure of the parasitic structure. In this paper, the design of the parasitic radiator is added by combining the circular parasitic radiator patch on the upper layer of the antenna radiator and the square parasitic radiator patch on the bottom layer of the antenna radiator. This study uses a research and development approach through the calculation of parasitic radiator structure and setting the distance between layers. Next is the simulation design and fabrication of antenna samples to verify the test results. Simulation and measurement results show that by adding a parasitic combination of radiators with a distance of 0.36 λ_g at the top layer and 0.15 λ_g at the bottom layer of the antenna, a better gain and bandwidth performance improvement as compared to the addition of parasitic radiator designs in previous studies. This result confirms that the idea of adding a double layer parasitic radiator can be used to improve the performance of a microstrip antenna.

Design of substrate integrated waveguide to improve antenna performances for 5G mobile communication application

In this paper, a new design of substrate integrated waveguide was developed to improve the gain performance of microstrip antennas for 5G antenna applications. The antenna and substrate integrated waveguide ware designed at the frequency 28 GHz millimeter-wave band. The design of substrate integrated waveguide was developed by design an H-slot structure without a gap in the substrate layer to provide better matching impedance and reduce the loss of surface wave microstrip antenna. This study was conducted with a research and development approach through the calculation of the H-slot structure on substrate integrated waveguide and simulated by using antenna design software simulation. The numerical result shows that the new design approach for the H-slot structure without gap model was improved antenna gain and antenna size. This result has shown significant improvement compared to the circular antenna design without substrate integrated waveguide.

A high‐gain compact circularly polarized microstrip array antenna with simplified feed network

A broadband high-gain circularly polarized (CP) microstrip antenna operating in X band is proposed. The circular polarization property is achieved by rotating four narrow band linearly polarized (LP) microstrip patch elements in sequence. Since the conventional series-parallel feed network is not conducive to the miniaturization of the array, a corresponding simplified feed network is designed to realize the four-way equal power division and sequential 90° phase shift. With this feed network, the impedance bandwidth (IBW) of the CP array is greatly improved compared with that of the LP element, while maintaining a miniaturized size. Then, parasitic patches are introduced to enhance the axial ratio bandwidth (ARBW). A prototype of this antenna is fabricated and tested. The size of proposed antenna is 0.93λ0 × 0.93λ0 × 0.017λ0 (λ0 denotes the space wavelength corresponding to the center frequency 10.4 GHz). The measured 10-dB IBW and 3-dB ARBW are 13.6% (9.8-11.23 GHz), 11.2% (9.9-11.07 GHz) respectively, and peak gain in the overlapping band is 9.8 dBi.

A Low-Profile Broadband Circularly Polarized mmWave Antenna With Special-Shaped Ring Slot

A single-feed broadband circularly polarized microstrip antenna operating in millimeter-wave band is proposed. An Archimedean spiral radiator is used to realize circular polarization. By adding a special-shaped ring-slot structure with two stubs connecting the inner patch to the outer ground, the radiating direction, bandwidth, and axial ratio (AR) of the proposed antenna can be significantly improved. The antenna prototype is fabricated, and its performance is evaluated. Measured results show that its impedance bandwidth is 13 GHz from 21.1 to 34.1 GHz (46.43% referring to 28 GHz). The axial-ratio bandwidth is 8.35 GHz from 23.85 to 32.2 GHz (29.82% referring to 28 GHz). The gain at 28 GHz is 6.49 dBi.