Abstract
In this study, the effects of graphene and design differences on bow-tie microstrip antenna performance and bandwidth improvement were investigated both with simulation and experiments. In addition, the conductivity of graphene can be dynamically tuned by changing its chemical potential. The numerical calculations of the proposed antennas at 2–10 GHz were carried out using the finite integration technique in the CST Microwave Studio program. Thus, three bow-tie microstrip antennas with different antenna parameters were designed. Unlike traditional production techniques, due to its cost-effectiveness and easy production, antennas were produced using 3D printing, and then measurements were conducted. A very good match was observed between the simulation and the measurement results. The performance of each antenna was analyzed, and then, the effects of antenna sizes and different chemical potentials on antenna performance were investigated and discussed. The results show that the bow-tie antenna with a slot, which is one of the new advantages of this study, provides a good match and that it has an ultra-bandwidth of 18 GHz in the frequency range of 2 to 20 GHz for ultra-wideband applications. The obtained return loss of −10 dB throughout the applied frequency shows that the designed antennas are useful. In addition, the proposed antennas have an average gain of 9 dBi. This study will be a guide for microstrip antennas based on the desired applications by changing the size of the slots and chemical potential in the conductive parts in the design.
Highlights
Resistance and stub-matching problems are significantly reduced compared to copper and offer better bandwidth. All these situations suggest that using graphene is more functionally effective than copper. Considering all these parameters, graphene was used as a conductive material to produce the antenna suitable for the desired target both at an affordable cost and in the desired bandwidth, and a 3D printer was used as the production technique
When the data in the figure are examined, there is an observed improvement in harmony of the chemical potential for Antenna-1 and the reflection coefficient, while inconsistency is observed for Antenna-2 and Antenna-3, especially at 0.7 eV
The designed antennas were selected from the non-slot state, and the radiating part was selected with two different slot sizes and produced from graphene filament
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. The frequency-dependent surface conductivity of graphene can be changed by causing changes in its chemical potential due to applying a gate voltage While this important feature of graphene provides an advantage in adjusting the resonance frequencies of antennas, this situation provides the chance to manufacture antennas that can be used, especially at microwave frequencies. Inum et al give the real and imaginary values of the surface conductivity of graphene depending on the frequency for a changing chemical potential and a constant relaxation time at their study [33]. All these situations suggest that using graphene is more functionally effective than copper Considering all these parameters, graphene was used as a conductive material to produce the antenna suitable for the desired target both at an affordable cost and in the desired bandwidth, and a 3D printer was used as the production technique. The graphene-based patch antenna’s gain is better than the copper antennas when used as the radiating element
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