IPO Performance Research Articles

Earnings performance of financial and non-financial IPOs in India: an empirical analysis based on market timing

Purpose The purpose of this study is to see if market timing predicts the first reporting of earnings performance after the issue, i.e. the issue-year earnings performance. Furthermore, this study examines the behaviour of financial and non-financial issuers’ performance in the light of varied market timings. Design/methodology/approach This study focuses on 785 NSE-listed initial public offerings that took place between April 2010 and December 2021. This study evaluates market timing by using moving averages. Using multiple regression analysis, the research further investigates the impact of market timing on issue-year earnings performance for financial and non-financial issuers on the basis of an interaction (moderation) effect. Findings This study finds that there is a significant presence of market timing in India, which predicts issue-year earnings performance. This study also demonstrates that hot market issuers’ performance is heavily influenced by market timing for non-financial issuers only. However, financial companies are not influenced by market timing. Research limitations/implications The findings of this study will assist the potential investors, analysts and stakeholders about performance of public issuers in India. Lower earnings performance for hot market non-financial issuers implies that the issuers’ market performance may not be supported by earnings figures. A market performance that is not synchronous with earnings will not last long. The findings of this study hold implications to the regulators as well to keep an eye on issuers’ earnings performance alongside the stock performance. Apart from that, the observations in context of financial and non-financial issuers provide insight about the variation in performance of public issues on the basis of background. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the only study to examine earnings performance in the context of market timing in India. This study holds significance in terms of methodology for anticipating the presence of market timing and the study of interaction effects. Moreover, it is one of the few studies that has focused on comparing financial and non-financial issuers around the world.

IPO System, Social Experience of Sponsor Representatives and IPO Performance

Based on the background of the pilot implementation of the registration system in Shanghai Stock Exchange, this paper studies the impact of the social experience of the sponsor representatives on IPO performance, to explore whether the sponsor representatives with rich social experience can better play their information production and certification intermediary functions in the securities issuance market, thereby improving IPO performance. The research finds that: the social experience of the sponsor representatives has a more effective inhibition on the earnings management level of the companies to be listed under the registration system; The social experience of the sponsor representative has a more effective inhibition on the IPO underpricing rate on the first day under the registration system; Under the registration system, the promotion of social experience of the sponsor representative on the long-term return of listed companies is more effective.

Underpricing and aftermarket performance of IPOs during the Covid-19 period: Evidence from Istanbul stock exchange

The effect of uncertainty on IPO underpricing, short-term performance after IPO, and hot-and-cold-IPO market cycles have received a great deal of attention in the literature. This study revisits these issues of IPO activities under the Covid-19 pandemic with a focus on the Turkish IPO market. Measuring the underpricing and aftermarket performance of IPOs based on the cumulative abnormal returns of the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, tenth, and twenty-first days, we examine how underpricing and aftermarket performances are influenced by Covid-19 and some uncertainty proxies, such as some company characteristics (age, total assets), offering characteristics (gross proceeds, IPO price risk), and aftermarket variables (first-day trading volume, standard deviation of stock prices after the IPO) after controlling for firm, industry and market level variables (first-day trading value, the portion of the firm offered to public, price-earnings ratio, dummy variables for technology, manufacturing, and financial institutions sectors, standard deviation of a market index, moving average return of a market index). The study documents that while an IPO launched during the Covid-19 period has larger underpricing, an average IPO firm that is older, has more assets, generates larger proceeds, trades more on its first day of trading, is expected to fluctuate less after the IPO has a smaller underpricing at its initial public offering. Empirical results show that short-term market-adjusted abnormal returns of IPO firms during the pandemic are much larger than those before the pandemic.

Initial public offering: a critical review of literature

PurposeThe main purpose of the paper is to critically review the studies in the area of management and entrepreneurship. Secondly, the study aims to identify various performance measures used by researchers to evaluate short and long-term IPO performance.Design/methodology/approachThe author used systematic database survey procedures recommended in previous studies for the review (Short, 2009; Uberbacher, 2014). The review of the study includes articles published in top management and entrepreneurship journal published after 2008 (January 2009 to December 2020). The source of the collection of articles is the Web of Science and Scopus databases. The search included keywords: initial public offering(s) and IPO(s). The study considers the top journals in the area of management, which includes Administrative Science Quarterly, Journal of Management, Journal of Management Studies, Organization Science and Strategic Management Journal. In entrepreneurship, the author included: Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Journal of Business Venturing and Journal of Small Business Management. After careful consideration of each article, the search returned 104 articles, of which (92 articles) were empirical studies.FindingsThe outcome of the study will recommend research gaps and questions for future studies. The review will also recommend prominent performance measures to evaluate IPO performance.Originality/valueThe study contributes to the literature of management and entrepreneurship in two folds. First, the study critically reviewed the three themes (“Corporate governance”, “Upper echelons” and “Social influence”). Second, the author also reviewed various IPO performance measures used the management and entrepreneurship scholars from IPO context. Finally, the study identifies the research gap/research question in the three themes as well as five new themes, which can be a valuable addition for future studies. The author hopes that this study will further help future scholars to enhance the understanding of IPO in the area of management and entrepreneurship.

Aftermarket performance of green IPOs and portfolio allocation

<abstract> <p>This study examines the aftermarket performance of high-green and low-green IPO and how green IPOs can optimize portfolio allocation. We assume the higher level of greenness increases investors' participation in IPOs. To this end, we develop the utility function and determine that investors prefer to participate in new issues when firms account for greenness measures. This study proposes the global aspects of green measure: the desired level of greenness a firm maintains. We find that IPOs in our sample are far below the global standards of greenness. This evidence suggests they must adopt the necessary actions to make the environment green. Another significant contribution of this study is to measure the performance of high and low-green IPOs in short- and long-run horizons. This study reveals that high-green IPOs are less underpriced. This study estimates the effect of greenness on initial returns and finds an inverse relationship suggesting that high-green IPOs are less underpriced due to lower risk associated with new issues. In terms of measuring longer-term performance, this study determines that high-green IPOs underperform less than low-green IPOs.</p> </abstract>

Directors' experience and the performance of IPOs in the rubber promotion boom: A legitimacy theory perspective.

Directors' experience and the performance of IPOs in the rubber promotion boom: A legitimacy theory perspective.

Retail IPO Access: An Examination of Participating Issuers and IPO Performance

Retail IPO Access: An Examination of Participating Issuers and IPO Performance

IPO Performance and Stochastic Dominance

IPO Performance and Stochastic Dominance

Who Are the Best Law Firms? Rankings from IPO Performance

Who Are the Best Law Firms? Rankings from IPO Performance

Does ERM Sophistication Drive IPO Initial Performance in Emerging Market? Evidence from Malaysian Market

The escalation of complexity and multidimensional (internal and external) factors bring companies to a position where risk management should be of main concern. Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) adoption and the extent of ERM implementation is seen as a guaranteeing element to increase the value of the companies over the long term due to adequate risk awareness and risk management strategies in all relevant business functions. This study examines the extent of ERM implementation on the initial performance of companies in the Malaysian IPO market. Testing a sample of 105 Malaysian IPOs issued from January 2012 to December 2020 using a linear regression model, ERM sophistication is positively and significantly related to the initial performance of Malaysian IPOs, offering support to the proposition in this study. Equally important is the reciprocal of offer price, subscription ratio, and market condition, which are also significant factors in companies’ post-IPO performance. This study benefits the market regulators and investors on the importance of ERM sophistication to companies’ initial performance.

Analysing Critical indicators of initial performance of IPO: Evidence from an emerging market

Analysing Critical indicators of initial performance of IPO: Evidence from an emerging market

An analysis on short run performance of ipos issued during 2020-22

An analysis on short run performance of ipos issued during 2020-22

Long-Run IPO Performance and the Role of Venture Capital

Long-Run IPO Performance and the Role of Venture Capital

One size does not fit all: The conditional role of CEO education on IPO performance

Exploiting a hand-collected dataset of US IPOs, we find that firms led by CEOs with a PhD or an MBA have three-year post-listing returns that are 12% and 11% higher, respectively, than the typical issuer. Yet these averages suppress an important dichotomy. A PhD is associated with higher IPO performance when innovation and specialized knowledge are prioritized, such as in small, young, or R&d-intensive firms. In contrast, an MBA adds value when adept management skills are required to cope with a larger firm size and organizational complexity. Additional evidence from the use of venture capital reinforces this dichotomy: CEOs with a PhD are more likely to align forces with VC firms which offer complementary management expertise. Our results caution that IPO investors remain indifferent to CEO education if this is unrelated to the issuer’s main organizational and environmental challenges, which explains the inconclusive evidence of prior research.

Call Me When You Grow Up: Firms’ Age, Size, and IPO Performance across Sectors

We provide a fresh look at the performance of the stock prices of firms that launched an IPO between 2009 and 2019 and assess the role of their size, age and sector in affecting future performance. We utilize data about 1611 IPOs spanning 11 economic sectors using the event study method. We provide evidence that a firm’s size and age do act as predictors for its price evolution in the future. In addition, there is a significant variation in the long-term performance between sectors and between small and large firms within each sector. Furthermore, there is a clear tendency of firms from sectors such as healthcare and technology to go public at a relatively younger age than other sectors. The results have implications for asset pricing and are useful for investors involved in IPOs.

Environmental pollution and sustainability of IPO performance: evidence from the Pakistani Market.

This study examined the effect of air pollution on the initial return of IPOs in Pakistan. Cross-sectional data were used to examine 102 listed IPOs on Pakistan Stock Exchange between 1996 and 2019. Ordinary least squares and quantile least squares were employed to examine the influence of air pollution on IPO initial returns. Lastly, stepwise regression was utilised for additional analysis. According to the findings, in the presence of high air pollution, IPO initial returns also increase due to higher uncertainty. The findings demonstrate that air pollution intensifies a company's information environment and financial uncertainty. Therefore, addressing environmental challenges is critical for both public health and capital formation. This study's findings will increase companies' awareness of the economic effect of air pollution, particularly in a country where air pollution is strictly regulated. This study provides businesses with an economic reason to reduce their pollution levels, and it can also help regulators pass environmental laws that are aimed at addressing this issue.

Determinants of Long-Term Performance of Initial Public Offering: Evidence from Indonesia Stock Exchange

Introduction: Companies conducting initial public offerings have two main anomalies in stock exchanges around the world, namely underpricing (short-term performance) and poor long-term performance (poor long-run term performance). One of the factors that can provide information on the performance of an initial public offering company is the initiation of dividends, the age of the company, and the reputation of the underwriter. The purpose of this study is to analyze the long-term performance of Indonesian IPOs made during the period from 2012 to 2018. Method: This type of research is quantitative research, and the type of data used is secondary data. The population in this study are all initial public offering companies listed from 2012 to 2018. The sampling technique is non-probability sampling. The data analysis technique used SPSS 24. Result: IPO companies that experienced a positive initial return of 78% consisting of 139 companies, this was an advantage for investors while underpricing for the company while experiencing a negative initial return of 22% consisting of 40 companies. The initiation dividend has a coefficient (B) of -0.023 and a significant value of 0.349, indicating that the initiation dividend has a negative and insignificant effect on the long-term stock performance of IPO companies. The variable age of the company has a coefficient value (B) of 0.001 with a significance value of 0.049 which means that the age of the company has a positive and significant effect on buy and hold abnormal returns. The results of testing the influence of underwriter reputation1, underwriter reputation2, underwriter3 reputation, and underwriter reputation4 have no significant effect on the long-term stock performance of IPO companies. Conclusion: In general, the results of the long-term performance of IPOs in Indonesia from 2012 to 2018 during the three years after the IPO found negative abnormal results.

Determinants of Long-Term Performance of Initial Public Offering: Evidence from Indonesia Stock Exchange

Introduction: Companies conducting initial public offerings have two main anomalies in stock exchanges around the world, namely underpricing (short-term performance) and poor long-term performance (poor long-run term performance). One of the factors that can provide information on the performance of an initial public offering company is the initiation of dividends, the age of the company, and the reputation of the underwriter. The purpose of this study is to analyze the long-term performance of Indonesian IPOs made during the period from 2012 to 2018. Method: This type of research is quantitative research, and the type of data used is secondary data. The population in this study are all initial public offering companies listed from 2012 to 2018. The sampling technique is non-probability sampling. The data analysis technique used SPSS 24. Result: IPO companies that experienced a positive initial return of 78% consisting of 139 companies, this was an advantage for investors while underpricing for the company while experiencing a negative initial return of 22% consisting of 40 companies. The initiation dividend has a coefficient (B) of -0.023 and a significant value of 0.349, indicating that the initiation dividend has a negative and insignificant effect on the long-term stock performance of IPO companies. The variable age of the company has a coefficient value (B) of 0.001 with a significance value of 0.049 which means that the age of the company has a positive and significant effect on buy and hold abnormal returns. The results of testing the influence of underwriter reputation1, underwriter reputation2, underwriter3 reputation, and underwriter reputation4 have no significant effect on the long-term stock performance of IPO companies. Conclusion: In general, the results of the long-term performance of IPOs in Indonesia from 2012 to 2018 during the three years after the IPO found negative abnormal results.

Venture Capital Investments and the IPO performance of Chinese Firms

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of VC investment on the IPO and post-IPO performance of Chinese firms. Design/methodology/approach - By utilizing CSMAR and VentureXpert database, we construct a firm-year panel data covering all listed firms in the Chinese stock market from 2006 to 2018. Findings - First, we find that VC-backed firms are significantly less underpriced than non-VC-backed firms. Our results show that the initial IPO-day return of VC-backed firms is 0.16% lower than that of non-VC-backed firms. Next, we find that VC-backed firms demonstrate significantly worse operating performance than non-VC-backed firms after the IPO. In the next three years following the IPO, VC-backed firms underperform non-VC-backed firms by 0.4% in terms of ROA and by 0.6% in terms of ROE. Research implications or Originality - Our results support the Grandstanding Hypothesis, among several competing hypotheses regarding the effect of VC investment, which suggests that VCs window dress their IPO firms for their early exit at the expense of a poor operating performance of the IPO firms after going public.

Innovations in IPO Deal Structure: Do Up-C IPOs Harm Public Shareholders?

This paper examines an innovation in capital formation that has spurred contentious debate: the Umbrella Partnership Corporation (“Up-C”) IPO. Advisors and underwriters argue that the Up-C deal structure is a driver of post-IPO value and, thus, is a value-enhancing means of raising capital that may be one solution to concerns regarding the drop in the number of publicly traded companies. Consistent with these claims, recent research suggests that organizing soon-to-be public businesses as pass-through entities (as is the case for Up-Cs) leads to superior future performance. Yet, broadening the analysis to consider abnormal stock performance and post-IPO litigation of a larger and more recent sample of exclusively Up-C IPOs, we conclude just the opposite. While the Up-C deal structure increases IPO valuations and predicts positive post-IPO operating performance, the return performance of Up-C IPOs indicates that Up-C deals harm public shareholders. Further, despite their superior earnings performance, Up-C IPOs face a significantly higher rate of post-IPO litigation as compared with non-Up-C IPOs. Because IPO investors seemingly do not anticipate the myriad ways in which the Up-C deal structure might facilitate opportunism by pre-IPO owners, they frequently turn to litigation as an ex-post settling-up mechanism. Consequently, our paper offers the first empirical evidence of downsides associated with the Up-C deal structure for public shareholders and, in so doing, affords the rarity of having academic evidence lead (as opposed to respond to) a controversial debate. This paper was This paper was accepted by Victoria Ivashina, finance. Funding: The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the NYU Stern School of Business, the J. Reuben Clark Law School, and the Marriott School of Business. Supplemental Material: Data are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2022.4454 .