Instrumental Activities Of Daily Living Performance Research Articles

The Immersive Cleveland Clinic Virtual Reality Shopping Platform for the Assessment of Instrumental Activities of Daily Living.

A decline in the performance of instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) has been proposed as a prodromal marker of neurological disease. Existing clinical and performance-based IADL assessments are not feasible for integration into clinical medicine. Virtual reality (VR) is a powerful yet underutilized tool that could advance the diagnosis and treatment of neurological disease. An impediment to the adoption and scaling of VR in clinical neurology is VR-related sickness resulting from sensory inconsistencies between the visual and vestibular systems (i.e., locomotion problem). The Cleveland Clinic Virtual Reality Shopping (CC-VRS) platform attempts to solve the locomotion problem by coupling an omnidirectional treadmill with high-resolution VR content, enabling the user to physically navigate a virtual grocery store to simulate shopping. The CC-VRS consists of Basic and Complex shopping experiences; both require walking 150 m and retrieving five items. The Complex experience has additional scenarios that increase the cognitive and motor demands of the task to better represent the continuum of activities associated with real-world shopping. The CC-VRS platform provides objective and quantitative biomechanical and cognitive outcomes related to the user's IADL performance. Initial data indicate that the CC-VRS results in minimal VR-sickness and is feasible and tolerable for older adults and patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). The considerations underlying the development, design, and hardware and software technology are reviewed, and initial models of integration into primary care and neurology are provided.

Relationship Between Instrumental Activities of Daily Living and Naturalistic Driving Performance: Indications for Detection of Mild Cognitive Impairment

Abstract Date Presented 04/02/2022 Research demonstrates that cognitive decline can be evidenced in driving before any deficit scores in cognitive testing. Observation of performance is essential for any OT performance assessment, especially for complex instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) such as driving. Using the performance-based Assessment of Motor and Process Skills (AMPS) and GPS data loggers, this research examined the nature and strength of the relationship between complex IADL performance and naturalistic driving behaviors in older adults. Primary Author and Speaker: Emily Mitchum Additional Authors and Speakers: Anne E. Dickerson

Incident Functional Limitations Among Community-Dwelling Adults Using Opioids: A Retrospective Cohort Study Using a Propensity Analysis with the Health and Retirement Study.

Opioid analgesics are commonly used to manage pain; however, it is unclear how they affect patient function. This study examines the association between opioid analgesics and incident limitations in activities of daily living (ADL), instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), and cognitive functioning among community-dwelling older adults. Data included 10,003 participants of the 2016 and 2018 waves of the Health and Retirement Study, which sampled US adults aged 51-98 years. The primary exposure was self-reported opioid pain medication use in 2016. Outcomes included incident limitations in ADL, IADL, and cognitive functioning in 2018. Statistical methods adjusted for confounding using multivariable logistic regressions, inverse probability of treatment weighting, and propensity scores. Opioid use (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 1.34, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.07-1.68) was associated with a statistically significant higher odds of incident ADL limitation in multivariable regression and in propensity score adjustment (aOR: 1.41, 95% CI 1.13-1.76). The association between opioid use and ADL and IADL limitations was modified by age. Adults aged <65 years had a higher odds of incident ADL (aOR: 1.83, 95% CI 1.38-2.42) and IADL (aOR: 1.42, 95% CI 1.06-1.90) limitations compared with those aged ≥65 years. Community-dwelling adults using opioid analgesics to manage pain may be at risk for incident ADL limitations. Middle-aged adults, compared with those older than 65 years of age, experienced the greatest odds for incident ADL and IADL limitations following opioid use. According to sensitivity analyses, our findings were robust to unmeasured confounding.

Assessment of Instrumental Activities of Daily Living in Preclinical Alzheimer Disease.

Questionnaires are used to assess instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) among individuals with preclinical Alzheimer disease (AD). They have indicated no functional impairment among this population. We aim to determine among cognitively normal (CN) older adults with and without preclinical AD whether: (a) performance-based IADL assessment measures a wider range of function than an IADL questionnaire and (b) biomarkers of AD are associated with IADL performance. In this cross-sectional analysis of 161 older adults, participants in studies of AD completed an IADL questionnaire, performance-based IADL assessment, cognitive assessments, and had biomarkers of AD (amyloid, hippocampal volume, brain network strength) assessed within 2 to 3 years. Performance-based IADL scores were more widely distributed compared with the IADL questionnaire. Smaller hippocampal volumes and reduced brain network connections were associated with worse IADL performance. A performance-based IADL assessment demonstrates functional impairment associated with neurodegeneration among CN older adults.

Relationships of leisure activities with physical and cognitive functions among Chinese older adults: A prospective community-based cohort study

Objectives Based on a prospective design, this study aimed to investigate the relationships of leisure activities with physical and cognitive functions among Chinese older adults. Methods The respondents aged 65 years or more were selected from the 2014-2018 of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey. Physical function measurement indicators were reflected by activities of daily living (ADL), instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), and physical performance (PP), while cognitive function was assessed by Mini-Mental State Examination. Fine-Gray competing risk regression models were used to analyze the data. Results Using the figures for 2014 as a baseline for the study, we included 6047, 6216, 5951, and 5916 respondents in the ADL, IADL, PP, and cognitive function analyses, respectively. The prospective results showed that keeping domestic animals or pets was related to a lower risk of ADL disability of respondents after adjustment (SHR: 0.619, 95% CI: 0.486, 0.788). Similarly, taking part in social activities (SHR: 0.781, 95%CI: 0.658, 0.929) and reading books or newspapers (SHR: 0.793, 95% CI: 0.656, 0.958) were associated with a lower risk of IADL disability. Playing cards or mahjong was correlated with a lower risk of cognitive impairment (SHR: 0.669, 95% CI: 0.507, 0.882), while keeping domestic animals or pets was related to a higher risk of cognitive impairment (SHR: 1.279, 95% CI: 1.047, 1.562). Conclusion Participation in leisure activities moderately may decrease the risk of a decline in physical and cognitive functions among Chinese older adults.

Factors Affecting Care-Level Deterioration among Older Adults with Mild and Moderate Disabilities in Japan: Evidence from the Nationally Standardized Survey for Care-Needs Certification.

This study aims to investigate the factors of care-level deterioration in older adults with mild and moderate disabilities using nationally standardized survey data for care-needs certification. We enrolled people aged 68 years or older, certified as support levels 1–2 (mild disability) or care levels 1–2 (moderate disability) with no cancer. The outcome was care-level deterioration after two years. The possible factors were physical and mental functions which were categorized as the following five dimensions according to the survey for care-needs certification: body function, daily life function, instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) function, cognitive function, and behavioral problems. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted after stratifying the care level at baseline. A total of 2844 participants were included in our analysis. A low IADL function was significantly associated with a risk of care-level deterioration in all participants. In addition, low cognitive function was linked to care-level deterioration, except for those with support level 1 at baseline. Participants with more behavioral problems were more likely to experience care-level deterioration, except for those with care level 2 at baseline. Our study showed the potential utility of the care-needs certification survey for screening high-risk individuals with care-level deterioration.

Contribuição da terapia ocupacional para a organização da rotina de mulheres submetidas a tratamento cirúrgico para câncer de mama: um enfoque nas Atividades Instrumentais de Vida Diária (AIVD)

Abstract Introduction Modified radical mastectomy and quadrantectomy are the main surgical treatments for breast cancer; however, they can cause physical, mental, social and occupational disorders to the patient and her support network. Objective To analyze the effect of preoperative occupational therapeutic guidance on the support network of women undergoing breast cancer surgery aiming to organize their postoperative routine with a focus on Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL). Method This is a qualitative, descriptive-exploratory, longitudinal study conducted with 14 women diagnosed with breast cancer and referred to elective surgery, consisting of personalized guidance to their support network. Data were collected at two moments: pre- and post-operatively (30 days after surgery) through recorded semi-structured interviews via videoconference, and explored by content analysis. Results The main guidance provided to family members consisted of strategies for adaptation, grading, and delegating of the activities most significant to the participants. The findings were divided into the following categories: Family as a support network and the recovery process; Care challenges; Resuming IADL performance; Assurance of physical and emotional integrity; The occupational therapist as a support network. The participants highlighted the relevance of the study and their desire for broad Occupational Therapy assistance coverage. Conclusion The findings suggest the efficacy of interventions aimed at the routine organization of women who have undergone mastectomy based on the instrumentalization of their support network for collaborative care.

Geriatric impairments are prevalent and predictive of survival in older patients with cancer receiving radiotherapy: a prospective observational study

Background A systematic assessment of problems that are frequent in older age (geriatric assessment [GA]) provides prognostic information for patients undergoing cancer surgery and systemic cancer treatment. We aimed to investigate the prevalence of geriatric impairments and their impact on survival in older patients with cancer receiving radiotherapy (RT). Material and methods A single-centre prospective observational study was conducted including patients ≥65 years referred for curative or palliative RT. Prior to RT, we performed a modified GA (mGA) assessing comorbidities, medications, nutritional status basic- and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) mobility, falls, cognition and depressive symptoms. Impairments in each mGA domain were defined. Overall survival (OS) was presented by Kaplan Meier plots for groups defined according to the number of impairments, and compared by log-rank test. The association between mGA domains and OS was assessed by Cox proportional hazard regression analysis. Results Between February 2017 and July 2018, 301 patients were included, 142 (47.2%) were women. Mean age was 73.6 (SD 6.3) years, 162 (53.8%) received curative RT. During the median observation time of 24.2 months (min 0.3, max 25.9), 123 (40.9%) patients died. In the overall cohort, 49 (16.3%) patients had no geriatric impairment, 81 (26.9%) had four or more. OS significantly decreased with an increasing number of impairments (p < .01). Nutritional status (HR 0.90, 95% CI [0.81; 0.99], p = .038) and IADL function (HR 0.98, 95% CI [0.95; 1.00], p = .027) were independent predictors of OS. Conclusion Geriatric impairments were frequent among older patients with cancer receiving RT and nutritional status and IADL function predicted OS. Targeted interventions to remediate modifiable impairments may have the potential to improve OS. Trial registration Cinicaltrials.gov ID:NCT03071640.

Subjective executive dysfunction in patients with primary brain tumors and their informants: relationships with neurocognitive, psychological, and daily functioning

ABSTRACT Objective We assessed agreement between patient- and informant-report on the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function – Adult (BRIEF-A) in patients with primary brain tumors (PBT) and differences on BRIEF-A in neurocognitive (intact v. impaired), psychological (asymptomatic v. distressed), and functional (independent v. dependent) categories using both patient- and informant-report. Method PBT patients (n = 102) completed neuropsychological evaluations including the BRIEF-A, clinical interview, neurocognitive tests, and mood questionnaires. Correlations between the BRIEF-A and Informant (n = 39) were conducted. Differences in patient and informant BRIEF-A indices were investigated across five classifications: neurocognitive functioning, psychological functioning, medication management, appointment management, and finance management. Results Patient and informant BRIEF were correlated. There was no difference on BRIEF-A or Informant indices for intact v. impaired neurocognitive status. Higher BRIEF-A and Informant indices were observed among psychologically distressed v. asymptomatic patients. Results showed higher BRIEF indices among those requiring assistance with medication, appointments, and finances. Conclusions Patients and informants agreed in their reports of executive function (EF). These reports, while not different in neurocognitive classification, were different in psychological functioning and in those needing assistance with instrumental activities of daily living (IADL). Patient- and informant-reported EF may provide important data regarding psychological and IADL functioning in this population.

Limitations in Activities of Daily Living Among Spanish Women Diagnosed With Endometriosis.

Understanding the impact of endometriosis symptoms on patients' activities of daily living (ADLs) is a priority to establish effective and personalized intervention programs. To explore limitations in ADLs and instrumental ADLs (IADLs) and their association with pelvic pain (PP), chronic fatigue, and pain-catastrophizing thoughts among women with endometriosis. Cross-sectional study. Spain. Two hundred thirty women with endometriosis. Outcomes and Measures: Information regarding performance of ADLs (Barthel Index) and IADLs (Lawton-Brody questionnaire), PP intensity (Numeric Rating Scale), chronic fatigue (Piper Fatigue Scale), and pain-catastrophizing thoughts (Pain Catastrophizing Scale) was gathered. Multivariate regression analyses were created, and mediating effects of fatigue and pain-catastrophizing thoughts on the association between PP and ADL and IADL limitations were assessed. The prevalence of limitations in at least one ADL and one IADL was 22.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] [17.2, 28.1]) and 39.1% (95% CI [32.8, 45.5]), respectively. Limitations in bowel continence, housework, shopping, and meal preparation were reported most frequently. Women reporting severe PP showed higher risk for ADL (odds ratio [OR] = 3.33, 95% CI [1.10, 10.10]) and IADL (OR = 7.99, 95% CI [2.86, 22.34]) limitations. Chronic fatigue and pain-catastrophizing thoughts were also positively related to ADL-IADL limitations, showing a mediating effect on the association between PP and ADL-IADL limitations. This study reveals the widespread presence of difficulties in ADL-IADL performance among women with endometriosis, with some symptoms underlying these difficulties in occupational performance. This study points to the need for cost-effective occupational therapy interventions for affected women. What This Article Adds: This research shows that the occupational performance of women with endometriosis is frequently impaired; therefore, the effectiveness of occupational therapy interventions should be addressed in the near future.

Daily Assessment of Executive Functioning and Expressive Suppression Predict Daily Functioning among Community-Dwelling Older Adults.

Executive functioning (EF) is known to be associated with performance of instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs). However, prior research has found that the degree to which EF fluctuates was more predictive of self-reported cognitive and IADL lapses than was average EF performance. One source of such EF fluctuations is engagement in an emotion regulation strategy known as expressive suppression (ES). Importantly, ES has also been shown to relate to IADL performance, presumably due to its impact on EF. However, past research is limited due to assessing IADLs only in the laboratory or via self-report. The present study examined (a) the association of daily EF and ES fluctuations with performance of actual IADL tasks in participants' homes, and (b) whether any significant association between ES fluctuations and daily IADLs would be mediated by daily EF variability. Participants were 52 older adults aged 60 to 95. Over the course of 18 days while at home, participants completed daily IADL tasks as well as daily measures of EF and ES via ecological momentary assessment. Contrary to our hypothesis, average EF across days predicted at-home IADLs above and beyond daily EF variability, which itself was also predictive. ES variability also predicted daily IADLs, and this association was fully mediated by average daily EF. Daily fluctuations in ES appear to have a deleterious impact on performance of IADLs at home, likely due to the impact of such fluctuations on EF, although the average level of EF capacity is also important.

Factors associated with access to assistive technology and telecare in home-dwelling people with dementia: baseline data from the LIVE@Home.Path trial

BackgroundThere is a knowledge gap regarding factors that may influence the access to different devices for home-dwelling people with dementia (PwD). The aim of this study was to identify different assistive technology and telecare (ATT) devices installed in the home and key factors associated with access to such technology.MethodsThe baseline data came from the LIVE@Home.Path trial, a 24-month multi-component intervention including PwDs and their informal caregivers (dyads) and were collected through semi-quantitative questionnaires in three Norwegian municipalities between May and November of 2019. Regression models were applied to detect demographic and clinical factors associated with access to ATT.ResultsOf 438 screened dyads, 276 were included at baseline. The mean ages of the PwDs and caregivers were 82 ± 7.0 and 66 ± 12 years, respectively, and 62.8% of the PwD were female and 73.5% had access to any type of ATT. The majority had traditional equipment such as stove guards (43.3%) and social alarms (39.5%) or everyday technology, e.g. calendar support and door locks (45.3%). Multivariate regression analyses revealed that access to a social alarm was more often available for females than males, at increased age, and when the PwD lived alone, while tracking devices (14.9%) were more often accessible at lower age. Everyday technology was more often available for females, at increased age of the PwD and the caregiver, higher comorbidity, and poor IADL (instrumental activities of daily living) function. For PwDs with severe dementia, access to ATT was significantly associated with poor IADL function, having their children as the main caregiver (61.3%), and having caregivers who contributed 81–100% to their care (49.5%).ConclusionsHome-dwelling PwDs mainly had access to traditional and obligated devices, followed by everyday technology. There is unmet potential for communication, tracking, and sensing technology, especially for devices not offered by the municipalities. Gender, ages of the PwD and caregiver, cohabitation status, and physical function were the main associated factors for access to ATT.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04043364.

A-61 Predictors of Subjective and Objective Everyday Functioning in Middle-Aged and Older Adults with HIV

Abstract Objective Older adults with HIV are at increased risk for difficulties with instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs). Awareness of their functional capacity has emerged as an important area for research, but it is not well studied in PWH. The purpose of this study is: (1) to identify factors associated with subjective and objective IADL difficulty in PWH and (2) to identify factors associated with under- or over-reporting of IADL difficulties. Methods This cross-sectional study included 261 adults with HIV. Participants completed a neuropsychological battery, self-report and performance-based measures of IADLs. Self-report measures included the Patient’s Assessment of Own Functioning Inventory (PAOFI) and the Lawton and Brody IADL Questionnaire. The Timed Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (TIADL) task was used as an objective measure. Hierarchical multiple regressions were performed to identify factors associated with subjective and objective assessment of everyday functioning as well as factors associated with discrepancy between self-report and actual performance of IADLS. Results On the PAOFI, higher depression (p = 0.001), lower conscientiousness (p &amp;gt; 0.001), and better processing speed (p = 0.017) predicted worse functioning. On the Lawton and Brody, higher depression (p = 0.049) predicted of worse functioning. On the TIADL, older age (p = 0.1), lower WRAT-4 score (p &amp;gt; 0.001), worse processing speed (p &amp;gt; 0.001), and worse motor function (p = 0.1) were associated with worse performance. Processing speed predicted discrepancy between subjective and objective performance of IADLs (p = 0.1). Conclusions Several demographic, cognitive, and personality variables are associated with worse subjective and objective everyday functioning, as well as an individual’s ability to accurately self-appraise their functional capacity.

A-150 Comparison of a Traditional and a Novel Measure of Executive Functioning in Predicting Daily Task Performance

Abstract Objective Executive functioning (EF) is known to be associated with performance of instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs). However, traditional EF assessment takes place in the lab under ideal circumstances, which does not take into account the complexity of daily life, such as the need to interleave tasks. The present study aimed to examine whether a novel ecologically valid measure of EF that requires interleaving of activities, the “Night Out Task” (NOT), better predicted daily at-home IADL performance than a traditional EF measure. Method Participants were 49 healthy, community-dwelling older adults aged 60–95 (Mage = 69.35, SD = 6.51, 63.3% female, 100% non-Hispanic White). Participants completed both a traditional (Delis Kaplan Executive Function System; D-KEFS) and a novel measure (Night Out Task; NOT) of EF. Over the course of the next 18 days, they completed IADL tasks at home daily as part of the Daily Assessment of Independent Living and Executive Skills (DAILIES) protocol. Results Planning time on the NOT predicted, above and beyond the D-KEFS (p = 0.007, CI = −0.053 to −0.009), whether the DAILIES tasks were completed at all and whether they were completed during a required time frame. NOT accuracy was predictive of how accurately daily tasks were completed, but not above and beyond the D-KEFS (p = 0.131, CI = −0.266 to 1.99). Conclusions The NOT is a novel ecologically valid measure of EF that demonstrated incremental utility beyond the D-KEFS. While the NOT and D-KEFS predicted task accuracy, only the NOT planning time predicted whether participants completed a task.

Impact of radiotherapy on daily function among older adults living with advanced cancer (RT impact on function in advanced cancer)

BackgroundWhile radiation therapy (RT) improves function, and quality of life for patients with advanced cancers, patients frequently experience a period of acute toxicity during which functional abilities may decline. Little is understood about changes in functional outcomes after RT in older adults. This study aims to examine changes in daily function at 1 and 6 months following RT. MethodsWe reviewed the charts of 117 patients who underwent palliative RT on a prospective registry. Activities of daily living (ADL) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) scores ranging from 0 to 6 and 0–8, respectively, were collected at baseline, one-month, and six months post-RT. Patients were classified as low deficit for ADL/IADL if they had 0–1 deficits and high deficit if they had 2+ deficits. ResultsOne-hundred seventy RT courses were identified; 99 were evaluable at each time point. The median age was 67 years. At baseline, 29.5 and 29.9% of patients were classified as high-deficit for ADL and IADL functioning, respectively. At one-month, the majority of patients who were low-deficit at baseline remained so for both measures while approximately one quarter of high-deficit patients showed improvement. Most patients identified as low-deficit at one-month remained so at six-months, while no high-deficit patients improved from one- to six-months. Factors associated with high ADL and IADL deficits included: time (six months), increasing age, and Hispanic/other race. Compared to those with ECOG score of 3, patients with lower scores (0–2) had lower odds of high deficit. ConclusionADL and IADL tools may be useful in describing changes in daily function after palliative RT and in identifying groups of patients who may benefit from additional supportive geriatric care interventions.

Intrinsic Capacity: Validation of a New WHO Concept for Healthy Aging in a Longitudinal Chinese Study.

The World Health Organization has proposed a model of healthy aging built around the concept of functional ability, comprising an individual's intrinsic capacity, the physical and social environment they occupy, and interactions between the two. However, these constructs have been poorly defined. We examined the structure of intrinsic capacity in a representative sample of the Chinese population aged 60 years and older and assessed its value in predicting declining performance in instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) and activities of daily living (ADLs) using similar methods to a construct validation previously undertaken in an English cohort. Deidentified data were accessed on 7 643 participants of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study 2011 and 2013 waves. Incrementally related structural equation modeling was applied, including exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, and path analysis. Multiple linear regression tested construct validity, and simple and serial mediation models assessed predictive validity. Factor loadings for the models showed a clear structure for intrinsic capacity: 1 general factor with 5 subfactors-locomotor, cognitive, psychological and sensory capacities, and vitality (reflecting underlying physiologic changes). Intrinsic capacity predicted declining performance in both IADLs (standardized coefficient (SE) -0.324 (0.02), p < .001) and ADLs (-0.227 (0.03), p < .001), after accounting for age, sex, education, wealth, and number of chronic diseases. Each characteristic was associated with intrinsic capacity, providing strong construct validity. Assessment of intrinsic capacity provides valuable information on an individual's subsequent functioning beyond that afforded by age, other personal factors, and multimorbidity.

Effect of 12-Month Supervised, Home-Based Physical Exercise on Functioning Among Persons With Signs of Frailty: A Randomized Controlled Trial

ObjectivesTo investigate the effects of a 12-month home-based exercise program on functioning and falls among persons with signs of frailty. DesignA randomized controlled trial with a 1:1 allocation. SettingHome-based. ParticipantsHome-dwelling persons aged 65 years or older meeting at least 1 frailty phenotype criteria (N=300). The mean age of the participants was 82.2±6.3 years, 75% were women, 61% met 1-2 frailty criteria, and 39% met ≥3 criteria. InterventionsA 12-month, individually tailored, progressive, and physiotherapist-supervised physical exercise twice a week (n=150) vs usual care (n=149). Main Outcome MeasuresFIM, Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), handgrip strength, instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), and self-reported falls and physical activity (other than intervention). Assessed 4 times at home over 12 months. ResultsFIM deteriorated in both groups over 12 months, −4.1 points (95% confidence interval [CI], −5.6 to −2.5) in the exercise group and −6.9 (95% CI, −8.4 to −2.3) in the usual care group (group P=.014, time P<.001, interaction P=.56). The mean improvement in SPPB was significantly greater in the exercise group (1.6 [95% CI, 1.3-2.0]) than in the usual care group (0.01 [95% CI, −0.3 to 0.3]) (group P<.001, time P=.11, interaction P=.027). The exercise group reported significantly fewer falls per person-year than the usual care group (incidence rate ratio, 0.47 [95% CI, 0.40-0.55]; P<.001). There was no significant difference between the groups over 12 months in terms of handgrip strength, IADL function, or self-reported physical activity. ConclusionsOne year of physical exercise improved physical performance and decreased the number of falls among people with signs of frailty. FIM differed between the groups at 12 months, but exercise did not prevent deterioration of FIM, IADL, or handgrip strength.

Cognitive Correlates of Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Performance in Parkinson Disease Without Dementia

ObjectiveTo investigate cognitive correlates of instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) performance among people with Parkinson disease (PD) without dementia. DesignCross-sectional. SettingAcademic medical center. ParticipantsVolunteer sample (N=161) comprising participants with PD without dementia (n=102) and healthy comparison (HC) participants (n=59). InterventionsNot applicable. Main Outcome MeasuresPerformance-based assessment of cognitively-demanding IADL (meal preparation, bill paying, shopping, medication management, small home repair), neuropsychological tests (attentional control/flexibility, planning, working memory, memory, crystallized intelligence), and measures of motor function and other characteristics (eg, depressive symptoms). ResultsThere were no group differences in neuropsychological test performance (P>.06). The PD group performed more poorly than the HC group on a number of cognitive IADL tasks (P<.04). After accounting for the effects of motor impairment and other disease-related characteristics, neuropsychological test performance accounted for a small but unique portion of the variance in performance of all cognitive IADL combined, meal preparation, shopping, and medication management in the PD group (R2=4%-13%; P≤.01). ConclusionsThe PD group had cognitive IADL performance limitations despite being unimpaired on neuropsychological tests. Within PD, neuropsychological test performance accounted for a small but significant portion of the variance in cognitive IADL performance over and above the effects of motor and other impairments. These results support the added value of using performance-based IADL assessments in functional evaluations of individuals with early and mild PD without dementia.

Multimorbidity groups based on numbers of chronic conditions are associated with daily activity.

Instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) are important for managing multiple chronic conditions (MCC) and maintaining independence while aging. Using data from the National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS), we answered the question: are there differences in ability and performance of IADL among groups of older adults with 0-1 (no MCC), 2-4 (low MCC), and 5+ chronic conditions (multisystem morbidity: MM)? Cross-sectional study using Poisson regression and incidence rate ratios. Participants were 6,019 community-dwelling older adults who regularly take medications. We derived composite variables for ability and performance of IADL; MCC groups were based on count of 11 chronic conditions. Older adults with MM had lower IADL count for ability (IRR = .81) and performance (IRR = .77), and MM group significantly predicted both ability and performance of IADL (p < .001); 'low MCC' group was not significantly different than 'no MCC' regarding disability. Having MM is statistically and clinically different than having low MCC or no MCC; 5+ chronic conditions may be a meaningful inclusion criterion for interventions to decrease disability and 2-4 chronic conditions may be better for trials to prevent disability. Researchers should measure both ability and performance of daily activity.

Occupational Therapy Interventions for Instrumental Activities of Daily Living for Adults With Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review.

Instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) are important for independence, safety, and productivity, and people with Parkinson's disease (PD) can experience IADL limitations. Occupational therapy practitioners should address IADLs with their clients with PD. To systematically review the evidence for the effectiveness of occupational therapy interventions to improve or maintain IADL function in adults with PD. MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, OTseeker, and Cochrane databases from January 2011 to December 2018. Study Selection and Data Collection: Primary inclusion criteria were peer-reviewed journal articles describing Level 1-3 studies that tested the effect of an intervention within the scope of occupational therapy on an IADL outcome in people with PD. Three reviewers assessed records for inclusion, quality, and validity following Cochrane Collaboration and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Twenty-two studies met the inclusion criteria and were categorized into four themes on the basis of primary focus or type of intervention: physical activity, specific IADL-focused, cognitive rehabilitation, and individualized occupational therapy interventions. There were 9 Level 1b, 9 Level 2b, and 4 Level 3b studies. Strong strength of evidence was found for the beneficial effect of occupational therapy-related interventions for physical activity levels and handwriting, moderate strength of evidence for IADL participation and medication adherence, and low strength of evidence for cognitive rehabilitation. Occupational therapy interventions can improve health management and maintenance (i.e., physical activity levels, medication management), handwriting, and IADL participation for people with PD. Further research is needed on cognitive rehabilitation. This review is limited by the small number of studies that specifically addressed IADL function in treatment and as an outcome. What This Article Adds: Occupational therapy intervention can be effective in improving or maintaining IADL performance and participation in people with PD. Occupational therapy practitioners can address IADL function through physical activity interventions, interventions targeting handwriting and medication adherence, and individualized occupational therapy interventions.