Health Worker Performance Research Articles

PENGARUH GAYA KEPEMIMPINAN KEPALA PUSKESMAS TERHADAP KINERJA TENAGA KESEHATAN DI PUSKESMAS PEUREULAK BARAT

<p><em>Today leadership is at the core of economic development in the Asian region including Indonesia. There are two dominant leadership styles, namely American (western) leadership style, and Asian (eastern) leadership style. Based on the preliminary survey conducted, it was seen that the style used by the leaders was the interaction of the leader with his subordinates, but the style was not used well so that it was seen in 10 health workers in West Peureulak Health Center, 6 of whom had low performance. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the leadership style of the puskesmas head on the performance of health workers at the Peureulak Barat Health Center in East Aceh Regency in 2018.</em></p><p><em>The research design used in this study was Cross Sectional. The population in this study were 52 health workers and samples taken by total sampling were as many as 51 health workers. Methods of data collection are primary data and secondary data. Data analysis used is binary logistic regression test.</em></p><p><em>The results showed that transactional leadership style had a sig-p value of 0.016 <0.05, transformational sig-p</em><em> </em><em>.005 <</em><em> </em><em>.05 and situational leadership style had a sig-p value of</em><em> </em><em>.003 <</em><em> </em><em>.05, which means that all leadership styles have an influence on quality health services, while caring does not have an influence on the performance of health workers.</em></p><p><em>The conclusion in this study is the influence of transactional, transformational and situational leadership styles on the performance of health workers. It is hoped that it can become a reference for the community and for cadres in the Puskesmas to better understand the importance of appropriate leadership styles to maximize the performance of health workers to the fullest.</em></p><p><strong><em>Keywords</em></strong><strong><em> </em></strong><strong><em>:</em></strong><strong><em> </em></strong><strong><em>leadership style, performance, transactional, transformational, situational</em></strong><strong><em></em></strong></p>

Variables at the Community Health Center Have the Ecological Effect on the Performance of Health Workers: A Multilevel Evidence from Klaten, Central Java

Background: Performance is a work achieve­ment that can be achieved from a job. Em­ployee performance in an organization leads to the ability of employees to complete all tasks that have become their responsibility. Various pro­blems in the workplace can often cause work stress, if it lasts long can cause various disturb­ances. Success in achieving goals is supported by the role of a leader with the lead­ership style used. This study aimed to examine the effects of work stress and leadership style on the performance of public health workers. Subjects and Method: This was a cross sec­tional study conducted at the Klaten District Health Center, Central Java, from November to December, 2019. A sample of 200 health work­ers was selected by stratified random sampling. The dependent variable was work performance. The independent variables were work stress, leader­ship style, education, tenure, and type of work. The data were collected by questionnaire and analyzed by a multilevel logistic regression run on Stata 13. Results: Performance of health workers decre­ased with heavy work stress (b= -1.65; 95% CI= -2.58 to -0.72; p= 0.001). Perform­ance of health workers increased with demo­cratic leadership style (b= 1.40; 95% CI= 0.44 to 2.36; p = 0.004), high education level (b= 1.58; 95% CI= 0.65 to 2.52; p= 0.001), tenure ≥6 years (b= 1.72; 95% CI= 0.73 to 2.70; p= 0.001), and type of work without any additions (b= 2.05; 95% CI= 1.07 to 3.03; p<0.001). Community health center had ecological effect on performance of health workers with ICC= 12.74%. Conclusion: Performance of health workers decreases with heavy work stress. Performance of health workers increases with democratic leader­ship style, high education level, tenure ≥6 years, and type of work without any addi­tions. Commu­nity health center has ecological effect on per­formance of health workers. Keywords: work performance, work stress, leadership style, community health center Correspondence: Nia Handayani. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Suta­mi 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email: nia­handayani19­@gmail.­com. Mobile: +628213­3055176. Journal of Health Policy and Management (2020), 5(2): 152-161 https://doi.org/10.26911/thejhpm.2020.05.02.08

Comparison of the effect of two training methods (webinar and group discussion) on improving the attitude and performance of health workers in providing counseling with fertility promotion approach.

INTRODUCTION:Due to the significant decrease in fertility in recent decades and the important role of health workers and health-care providers in providing healthy reproductive counseling, their training is necessary using effective educational methods. Webinar and group discussion (GD) are effective in this regard. This study was conducted to determine the most effective method and with the aim of comparing the effect of two training methods (webinar and GD) on the attitude and performance of health workers in providing counseling with fertility promotion approach in comprehensive health centers in Mashhad.METHODS:In this randomized trial study with a control group, 108 health workers working in health centers no. 2–3 and 5 of Mashhad entered the study and were randomly divided into three groups of training by webinar, GD, and control. Intervention groups received healthy fertility counseling skills in three training sessions. Research tools were demographic information questionnaires, fertility attitudes, and performance measurement checklists for fertility counseling. The questionnaires were completed in three groups at the beginning and after the completion of the interventions. Data analysis was performed by Chi-square test and one-way analysis of variance using SPSS software version 16.RESULTS:The analysis of variance test showed that before the intervention, there was no statistically significant difference between the three groups in terms of average scores of fertility attitude and performance scores of fertility counseling. After the interventions, the difference between the fertility attitude scores (P < 0.001) and the performance scores of fertility counseling (P < 0.001) was significant in the three groups. There was no significant relationship between demographic characteristics and attitude and performance.CONCLUSION:Teaching by webinar and GD promotes the attitude and performance of health workers in providing counseling with a fertility promotion approach. Therefore, it is recommended to use new educational methods such as webinar and GD to promote childbearing counseling, which has been emphasized in the country's population policies. Since the mean score difference for the webinar training method was the highest due to the mean scores, this method could be more effective than the GD method.

Comparative Study on the Performance of Health Workers in the Reduction of Patients Waiting Time in Public Hospitals in Yenagoa

Comparative Study on the Performance of Health Workers in the Reduction of Patients Waiting Time in Public Hospitals in Yenagoa

Effect of the jigsaw technique as a cooperative learning approach on motivation and job performance of community health workers: A quasi-experimental study.

BACKGROUND:In Iran, community health workers (CHWs) are native and are only employed in the health-care system. Therefore, the training and empowerment of these staff are essential. The present study was aimed to develop cooperative learning techniques in CHWs to improve both cognitive and noncognitive aspects such as accountability and other social skills in learners.METHODOLOGY:This study employed a quasi-experimental pre- and post-test design with a control group that was conducted in Kangavar City, Iran, in 2019. Forty-four CHWs were selected using a two-stage cluster sampling, of whom 22 were randomly assigned to the experimental group where the jigsaw technique was applied and the rest to the control group where the lecture method was applied. The aim was to identify job performance and motivation among the CHWs after instruction and compare the two groups. Pre- and posttests were applied to the groups before and after an in-service training course using valid questionnaires. Data analysis was performed on both descriptive and inferential statistics such as mean and standard deviation, paired t-test, and covariance analysis with the confidence level of 95%.RESULTS:The findings showed that the intervention significantly increased the mean score of motivation and performance in the experimental group. Covariance analysis with the removal of the pretest effect was also statistically significant (P = 0.01). Moreover, the MANCOVA test showed the jigsaw technique effect considering motivation and performance with a confidence level of 95%.CONCLUSION:Given the well-known effect of cooperative learning techniques and since CHWs have multi roles and tasks, it is necessary to use such techniques so that they can be accountable for developing health indicators in local areas.

Building Resilient Health Systems: Experimental Evidence from Sierra Leone and the 2014 Ebola Outbreak

Developing countries are characterized by high rates of mortality and morbidity. A potential contributing factor is the low utilization of health systems, stemming from the low perceived quality of care delivered by health personnel. This factor may be especially critical during crises, when individuals choose whether to cooperate with response efforts and frontline health personnel. We experimentally examine efforts aimed at improving health worker performance in the context of the 2014–15 West African Ebola crisis. Roughly two years before the outbreak in Sierra Leone, we randomly assigned two accountability interventions to government-run health clinics — one focused on community monitoring and the other gave status awards to clinic staff. We find that over the medium run, prior to the Ebola crisis, both interventions led to improvements in utilization of clinics and patient satisfaction with the health system. In addition, child health outcomes improved substantially in the catchment areas of community monitoring clinics. During the crisis, the interventions also led to higher reported Ebola cases, as well as lower mortality from Ebola — particularly in areas with community monitoring clinics. We explore three potential mechanisms: the interventions (1) increased the likelihood that patients reported Ebola symptoms and sought care; (2) unintentionally increased Ebola incidence; or (3) improved surveillance efforts. We find evidence consistent with the first: by building trust and confidence in health workers, and improving the perceived quality of care provided by clinics prior to the outbreak, the interventions encouraged patients to report and receive treatment. Our results suggest that accountability interventions not only have the power to improve health systems during normal times, but can additionally make health systems resilient to crises that may emerge over the longer run.

In-kind incentives and health worker performance: Experimental evidence from El Salvador

We experimentally evaluated the effects of in-kind team incentives on health worker performance in El Salvador, with 38 out of 75 community health teams randomly assigned to performance incentives over a 12-month period. All teams received monitoring, performance feedback and recognition for their achievements allowing us to isolate the effect of the incentive. While both treatment and control groups exhibit improvements in performance measures over time, the in-kind incentives generated significant improvements in community outreach, quality of care, timeliness of care, and utilization of maternal and child health services after 12 months. Gains were largest for teams at the bottom and top of the baseline performance distribution. We find no evidence of results being driven by changes in reporting or by shifting away effort from non-contracted outcomes. These results suggest that in-kind team incentives may be a viable alternative to monetary or individual incentives in certain contexts.

Maternal and child health performance of a national community health workers’ program using large administrative databases: a quantitative case study of Afghanistan

# Background Community health workers (CHW) are an established workforce in many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Some countries with national CHW programs are Brazil, India, Nepal, Ethiopia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Iran, and Afghanistan. These large-scale CHW programs are often evaluated using data from individual CHWs rather than the program. There is a dearth of quantitative research on national CHW programs using health-related administrative datasets. The purpose of this paper is to describe geographical distribution of CHWs, the volume of their activities, and the relationship of their activities with recorded maternal and neonatal deaths in rural Afghanistan between 2009 and 2012. # Methods This paper is a quantitative analysis of national CHWs program using a large administrative database from the Afghan Ministry of Public Health linked to population census data from Afghanistan. # Results We found that CHWs and the aggregate volume of their activities have increased between 2009 and 2012 in rural Afghanistan. CHWs are not equitably distributed by population size in the 34 provinces of the country. Recorded maternal and neonatal deaths have shown an increase from 2009 to 2011 and a decrease from 2011 to 2012. # Conclusion Large administrative datasets are important data sources for research with a potential to offer valuable lessons for policymakers and health managers. Despite methodological and quality challenges, this study can be used as a baseline for future replications, a point of comparison for future research on national CHW programs for other countries.

Reducing maternal and newborn mortality in Nigeria\u2014a qualitative study of stakeholders\u2019 perceptions about the performance of community health workers and the introduction of community midwifery at primary healthcare level

BackgroundRural communities in Nigeria account for high maternal and newborn mortality rates in the country. Thus, there is a need for innovative models of service delivery, possibly with greater community engagement. Introducing and strengthening community midwifery practice within the Nigerian primary healthcare system is a clear policy option. The potential of community midwifery to increase the availability of skilled care during pregnancy, at birth and within postpartum periods in the health systems of developing countries has not been fully explored. This study was designed to assess stakeholders’ perceptions about the performance of community health workers and the feasibility of introducing and using community midwifery to address the high maternal and newborn mortality within the Nigerian healthcare system.MethodsThis study was undertaken in two human resources for health (HRH) project focal states (Bauchi and Cross River States) in Nigeria, utilizing a qualitative research design. Interviews were conducted with 44 purposively selected key informants. Key informants were selected based on their knowledge and experience working with different cadres of frontline health workers at primary healthcare level. The qualitative data were audio-recorded, transcribed and then thematically analysed.ResultsSome study participants felt that introducing community midwifery will increase access to maternal and newborn healthcare services, especially in rural communities. Others felt that applying community midwifery at the primary healthcare level may lead to duplication of duties among the health worker cadres, possibly creating disharmony. Some key informants suggested that there should be concerted efforts to train and retrain the existing cadres of community health workers via the effective implementation of the task shifting policy in Nigeria, in addition to possibly revising the existing training curricula, instead of introducing community midwifery.ConclusionApplying community midwifery within the Nigerian healthcare system has the potential to increase the availability of skilled care during pregnancy, at birth and within postpartum periods, especially in rural communities. However, there needs to be broader stakeholder engagement, more awareness creation and the careful consideration of modalities for introducing and strengthening community midwifery training and practice within the Nigerian health system as well as within the health systems of other developing countries.

Identification and Impact of Motivational Factors on Job Satisfaction and Job Performance of Health Workers of Punjab Government Health Department

Motivation of an employee plays a very important role in all departments of every organization. Organizations cannot think of achieving its goals or objectives without motivating or encouraging their employees. The main objective of this research is to determine the impact of motivational factors (intrinsic and extrinsic) on employees' job satisfaction and their performance particularly in health field workers in Punjab. In this study, a questionnaire is prepared, consisting 4 parts where questions in part one are for the personal information of the respondents, questions in part two are prepared for variables of motivational factors as play a very important role for motivating the health workers, part three for Job Satisfaction and part four for health worker’s performance. 190 health field workers were taken to distribute the questionnaire (nurse staff and allied health workers) of Punjab health department. Out of 190 health field workers, 171 filled the questionnaire properly. Data was gathered through questionnaire and personal interviews. Correlation, regression and reliability analysis were used to analyze the data. This research study has made an attempt to determine the motivational factors and their impact on worker's job satisfaction and their performance. The result of study reveals that the health worker’s motivational factors affect their satisfaction and performance in the organization.

Means, Motives and Opportunity: determinants of community health worker performance

The performance of community health workers (CHWs) typically depends on the interaction between their motivation (their intent to achieve personal and organisational goals) and the constraints that they face in...

Analisis Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Kepuasan Kerja Dan Kinerja Tenaga Kesehatan

Leadership in the workplace is inseparable from spiritual values; therefore, it is very important to instill spiritual moral values for all employees. Nurses and midwives as part of human resources must have high performance and job satisfaction in order to support the achievement of the stated goals by the hospital. This study aims to determine the effect of spiritual leadership, employee engagement, work motivation, and job satisfaction on the performance of health workers in Dharma Yadnya Hospital. This study uses a quantitative approach. The scope of this study is identified as all the employees of Dharma Yadnya Hospital with the sample are 65 respondents. Data was collected by using questionnaires and processed with Partial Least Square (PLS) software. The results of this study showed that spiritual leadership, employee engagement, work motivation have significant effect on the performance and job satisfaction of health workers.

Performance of community health workers and associated factors in a rural community in Wakiso district, Uganda.

Community health workers (CHWs) continue to play a crucial role in supporting health service delivery globally. Several CHW programmes around the world face vast challenges which affect their performance. This study assessed the performance of CHWs and associated factors in a rural community in Wakiso district, Uganda. This was a cross-sectional study that employed a structured questionnaire to collect quantitative data from 201 CHWs in Wakiso district. The main study variable was CHW performance based on various roles carried out by CHWs. Multivariable logistic regression in STATA was used to establish the predictors of CHW performance. Only 40 (19.9%) of the CHWs had a high performance which was associated with having attended additional / refresher trainings [AOR=12.79 (95% CI: 1.02-159.26)], and having attained secondary level education and above [AOR=3.93 (95% CI: 1.17-13.24)]. CHWs who were married [AOR=0.29 (95% CI: 0.09-0.94)] were less likely to perform highly. Among CHWs who had received essential medicines for treatment of childhood illnesses, the majority 90.3% (112/124) had experienced stock-outs in the 6 months preceding the study. Despite the majority of CHWs, 198 (98.5%), stating that being motivated was very important in their work, only 91 (45%) said that they were motivated. Additional / refresher trainings are necessary to enhance performance of CHWs. In addition, level of education should be considered while selecting CHWs. The health system challenges of low motivation of CHWs as well as stock-out of medicines need to be addressed to support their work.

Empowering Leadership to Performance Excellence: The role of Knowledge Sharing and Self Efficacy

Leadership style is known as a prominent factor of employee performance in the organisation. Very few studies have examined the link between empowering leadership style and performance among health workers especially in South East Asia country such as Indonesia. The aim of this study is to investigate the link between empowering leadership, self-efficacy, knowledge sharing and job performance of professional health workers in Indonesia. We surveyed 103 nurses in a large private hospital in Indonesia using self-administered questionnaires. The employees assessed empowering leadership style of their immediate manager and self-perception of their level self-efficacy, knowledge sharing and job performance. To test the hypotheses, we used partial least square. The finding shows that empowering leadership styles significantly relates to job performance through self-efficacy. Surprisingly, empowering leadership does not relate to knowledge sharing and link to the job performance.

Effectiveness and Acceptability of Bag-and-mask Ventilation with Visual Monitor for Improving Neonatal Resuscitation in Simulated Setting in Six Hospitals of Nepal.

Improving the performance of health workers on neonatal resuscitation will be critical to ensure that the babies are effectively ventilated. We conducted a study to evaluate whether a bag-and-mask ventilation with monitor is effective in improving neonatal resuscitation practice in a simulated setting. This is a cross-over design conducted in 6 public hospitals with 82 health workers of Nepal nested over a large scale stepped wedged quality improvement project. A one-day training on neonatal resuscitation was conducted. At the end of the training, participants were evaluated on the bag-and-mask ventilation performance in a manikinbased on the tidal volume, positive end expiratory pressure and air leakage from the maskin two sessions (monitor displayed versus hidden). The comparison of the neonatal resuscitation performance with and without monitor displayed is calculated. We also conducted assessment of confidence with or without monitor of the health workers. Adequacy of ventilation using bag-and-mask was better when the health workers were displayed monitor (90%) vs without monitor (76%) (p<0.01). The air leakage from the mask reduced when the monitor was displayed (12%) vs without (30%). The PEEP improved when the health workers used monitor as guide to conduct neonatal resuscitation in the manikin then without monitor displayed. The participants felt more confident performing ventilations during the visible sessions. The ventilation function monitor helped participants to improve their ventilation skills through realtime feedback of important ventilation parameters. Clinical evaluation of needs to be done to assess the effectiveness of the device.

Effects of team-based goals and non-monetary incentives on front-line health worker performance and maternal health behaviours: a cluster randomised controlled trial in Bihar, India

IntroductionWe evaluated the impact of a ‘Team-Based Goals and Incentives’ (TBGI) intervention in Bihar, India, designed to improve front-line (community health) worker (FLW) performance and health-promoting behaviours related to reproductive,...

Does health worker performance affect clients\u2019 health behaviors? A multilevel analysis from Bangladesh

BackgroundSuboptimal healthcare quality may be a barrier to achieving child health improvements, yet little is known about the relationship between provider compliance with evidence-based practices and client behavior change. We assess provider compliance in the context of infant and young child feeding (IYCF) counseling, its relationship with client IYCF behaviors in Bangladesh, and explore its potential determinants.MethodsWe use data from a 2017 evaluation of an IYCF program that includes a health worker survey (n = 74), caregiver survey (n = 232), and direct service observation checklists of counseling sessions (n = 232 observations of 74 health workers). We assess the relationship between provider compliance with recommended IYCF counseling topics and behaviors (standardized to a 100-point scale) and three reported IYCF behaviors among clients using multi-level models with random effects at the health worker and sub-district (sampling) levels. We also evaluate whether health worker self-efficacy, satisfaction, and technical knowledge are associated with provider compliance.ResultsHealth worker compliance was significantly associated with reported exclusive breastfeeding for children under 6 months of age (adjusted odds ratio per 1 percentage point increase in counseling compliance score = 1.06, 95% CI 1.01, 1.12) and marginally associated with minimum dietary diversity (adjusted odds ratio per 1 percentage point increase in counseling compliance score = 1.05, 95% CI 1.00, 1.11). Counseling compliance was significantly and positively associated with both health worker self-efficacy and technical knowledge.ConclusionsWe find evidence for an association between health worker compliance and client health behaviors; however, small effect sizes suggest that behavior change is multifactorial and affected by factors beyond care quality. Improvements to technical quality of care may contribute to desired health outcomes; but policies and programs seeking to change health behaviors through counseling may also wish to target upstream factors such as self-efficacy, alongside technical skill-building and knowledge, for maximum impact.

The feasibility and acceptability of collaborative learning in improving health worker performance on adolescent health: findings from implementation research in Moldova

BackgroundCollaborative learning has been shown to be effective in improving health worker performance, but relatively little is known about the feasibility or acceptability of collaborative learning in youth-friendly health services (YFHS). This paper describes the characteristics, feasibility and acceptability of a collaborative learning approach implemented in YFHS in Moldova as part of a national scaling up process.MethodsWe gathered and analysed data on the number, location, themes, and participants of sessions, as well as benefits and challenges of collaborative learning, using two information sources: 1) formal reports on collaborative learning sessions, and 2) two questionnaires conducted with participants and moderators.ResultsCollaborative learning sessions have been implemented in 30 out of 35 YFHS in Moldova. In 2016, 464 collaborative learning sessions were conducted. Sessions were conducted one to three times per month, had a mean of 15 participants and an average duration of two - three hours. 74.3% of participants (n = 6942) were from rural areas and 55.1% were health professionals. The most common topics in 2016 were adolescent health and YFHS (159 of 464 sessions), sexual and reproductive health (103 sessions), and violence (76 sessions).Reported benefits for participants of collaborative learning fell into three categories: 1) improved knowledge on adolescent health / development and use of evidence-based resources; 2) strengthened teamwork and cooperation; and 3) empowerment to provide high quality, youth-friendly care. Moderators identified benefits for the quality, youth-friendliness, and positioning of YFHS as centres of excellence on adolescent health. Challenges included the time and resources required to start and maintain the program, developing a constructive multi-disciplinary learning culture, and ensuring the involvement of stakeholders from outside YFHS.ConclusionThis study confirms that collaborative learning within YFHS is feasible and acceptable, and offers benefits to both participants and YFHS. Collaborative learning may be a valuable strategy to improve the quality and youth-friendliness of services. It may also be relevant to key challenges in scaling up YFHS such as increasing utilisation and achieving long-term sustainability. Further research is required to confirm our results in other settings and to examine the effects of collaborative learning at the outcome and impact level.

\u201cWe come as friends\u201d: approaches to social accountability by health committees in Northern Malawi

BackgroundIn Malawi, as in many low-and middle-income countries, health facility committees (HFCs) are involved in the governance of health services. Little is known about the approaches they use and the challenges they face. This study explores how HFCs monitor the quality of health services and how they demand accountability of health workers for their performance.MethodsDocumentary analysis and key informant interviews (7) were complemented by interviews with purposefully selected HFC members (22) and health workers (40) regarding their experiences with HFCs. Data analysis was guided by a coding scheme informed by social accountability concepts complemented by inductive analysis to identify participants’ perceptions and meanings of processes of social accountability facilitated by HFCs.ResultsThe results suggest that HFCs address poor health worker performance (such as absenteeism, poor treatments and informal payments), and report severe misconduct to health authorities. The informal and constructive approach that most HFCs use is shaped by formal definitions and common expectations of the role of HFCs in service delivery as well as resource constraints. The primary function of social accountability through HFCs appears to be co-production: the management of social relations around the health facility and the promotion of a minimum level of access and quality of services.ConclusionsPolicymakers and HFC support programs should take into account the broad task description of HFCs and integrate social accountability approaches in existing quality of care programs. The study also underscores the need to clarify accountability arrangements and linkages with upward accountability approaches in the system.

An Analysis of the Impact on the Performance of Work Safety and Health Workers (Case Study: Construction One Galaxy) Surabaya Project

Number of work accident in the world is still high .In indonesia total of accident case caused by work years 2011- 2014 the highest in 2013 namely 35.917. The purpose of this research to know the influence of safety and health work of the performance of workers the “One Galaxy Surabaya” project. This research including research quantitative , by using kuisioner a gatherer data , sample used is 100 employees “One The Galaxy Surabaya” project, analysis data using test simple linear regression. Based on 6 spss test, obtained the results of the of the respondents, valid responses it is reliable, scattered normal, data does not happen multikolinierity, does not happen heteroskedastys and there is the influence of between health and occupational safety and. employee performance. There is the influence of health and safety work (X) against employee performance (Y) it is proven with the value of the importance of 0,004 smaller than the probability of 0,05 and known the value of r square 0,662. as much as This value containing the sense that the influence of health and safety work (X) on performance employees (Y) reached 66,2 % while 33,8 % the performance of employees affected by other variables that are not researched health and safety work (K3) have been implemented in an optimal so as to improve the performance of a construction worker“One Galaxy Surabaya” project