Performance Of Gasoline Engine Research Articles

The performance of a spark ignition gasoline engine with hydrogen addition under low-load conditions

With continuously increasing populations and industrialization, more and more green consumers and stringent emission regulations promote low-carbon or zero-carbon alternative fuels in transportation sector. Hydrogen is considered carbon-free when produced using environmentally friendly methods, and could achieve zero carbon emission in the internal combustion engines. This study comprehensively explores the influences of the hydrogen addition on the performance of the gasoline spark ignition (SI) engine operated at low-load conditions. The experimental results showed that the abnormal combustion cycles of the test gasoline engine are greatly reduced with hydrogen enrichment. In addition, the coefficient of variation (COV) of the indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) of the gasoline engine is 2.66 % under the 1500 rpm and 0.2 Mpa (brake mean effective pressure: BMEP) condition, while the COV of IMEP of the engine fuelled with gasoline and hydrogen is 2.34 % at the same condition. Furthermore, the knocking intensity of the gasoline engine is strengthened by adding hydrogen because the averaged maximum pressure rise rate (MPRR) of the gasoline SI engine is slightly increased. Besides, the indicated thermal efficiency (ITE) of the gasoline engine is increased 0.9 % and its maximum increase rate of the ITE is 4.27 % with hydrogen addition at the 1300 rpm and 0.2 MPa condition. Last, unburned HC, CO, and CO2 of the gasoline engine are reduced while NOx emissions increase with adding hydrogen due to high combustion temperature.

Modeling of an Adaptive HHO Gas Controller Based on Fuzzy Logic and Polynomial Function Controls to Improve Engine Torque of Gasoline Engine

Typical hydrogen-hydrogen-oxygen gas (HHO) usage to improve gasoline engine performance refers to the fixed HHO flow rate method, providing 0.25‒0.5 liters/minute of HHO for every 1000 cc engine size. However, the arising hypothesis expresses that the fixed HHO flow rate method does not optimally improve engine torque for various loads. The research objective is to propose an adaptive HHO gas controller that manages the HHO generator to produce an appropriate HHO flow rate for engine operation by adapting to load and engine speed variations. Hence, the engine torque improvement optimally occurs for various loads. The adaptive HHO controller combines fuzzy logic and polynomial function controls involving real-time engine data, such as mass airflow (MAF), air-fuel ratio (AFR), and the commanded AFR from the engine control unit (ECU), whose values vary with load and engine speed. A system simulation based on Matlab-Simulink investigates engine performance improvement due to the controller. The results show that the adaptive HHO flow rate due to the proposed adaptive HHO controller improves engine torque during small, medium, and big-loaded engine operations, respectively, by 1.5%‒4.7%, 6.8%‒26.8%, and 21.1%‒72.8% depending on engine speed 2500 rpm‒4000 rpm) and the commanded AFR (12.6‒15.4). Conversely, under the same condition, the fixed HHO flow rate with 0.75 liters/minute HHO for a 1500 cc engine, used for comparison, improves the engine torque by 0%‒0.6%, 0.3%‒14.2%, and 9.3%‒50.1%, respectively. The data show that the adaptive HHO controller provides better improvement. Moreover, the adaptive HHO controller improves engine thermal efficiency and reduces AFR error against the commanded AFR.

Effects of modified intake surface to gasoline engine performance with the use of LPG

Indonesia observes a yearly rise in motor vehicle possession. Failure to consider alternate fuels in these trends may result in the depletion of gasoline. Out of the potential alternatives, Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG) appears to be the most favorable. The sole issue lies in the elevated engine temperature and subsequent decrease in performance caused by its utilization. To address this vulnerability, it is advisable to employ a cooling injection method, such as water injection. Nevertheless, the rise in exhaust emissions linked to water injection highlights the necessity for optimization. This study aims to optimize coolant injection systems by conducting experiments with different modifications, such as conventional intake surfaces, dimple intake surfaces with gaps, and dimple intake surfaces without gaps. The gapless dimple inlet surface demonstrates superior performance in terms of exhaust emissions, power, and torque compared to both conventional inlet surfaces and slotted dimple inlet surfaces

Study on the effects of intake valve timing and lift on the combustion and emission performance of ethanol, N-butanol, and gasoline engine under stoichiometric combustion and lean burn conditions

To achieve carbon neutrality goals, renewable alcohols and new technologies are receiving increased attention. Variable valve technology can effectively improve engine efficiency. However, there is limited research on valve strategies suitable for alcohol. To further promote the efficient and clean application of alcohol, this article studies the effects of intake valve timing and lift on performance of ethanol, n-butanol, and gasoline engines under stoichiometric combustion and lean burn. It is found that the combustion process of ethanol and n-butanol is prolonged by advancing intake valve timing, while gasoline is the opposite. Meanwhile, the improvement of equivalent brake-specific fuel consumption (ESFC) is the most significant when fueled with gasoline, improving by 6.9 %. The improvement of BSNOx is the highest when fueled with ethanol, improving by 42.07 %. Adjusting intake valve lift has a weaker impact on economy than valve timing. However, when adjusting the combination of throttle, valve lift and timing, the ESFC of ethanol, n-butanol, and gasoline can be reduced by 6.79 %, 4.35 %, and 10.98 %. Furthermore, combining valve timing and lean burn can further improve economy and emissions. The ESFC of ethanol, n-butanol, and gasoline can be decreased by 12.73 %, 6.87 %, and 11.96 %, while BSNOx decrease by 93.69 %, 74.86 % and 61.65 %.

The Impact Of Introducing Brown Gas Into The Incoming Air Flow On The Performance Of An Internal Combustion Engine

The increase in the number of motorized vehicles has led to challenges in maintaining environmental air quality, combustion efficiency, and the sustainability of fossil fuels. An innovative solution to address these issues is the utilization of brown gas. This study aims to investigate the impact of introducing brown gas into the incoming air flow on the performance of an internal combustion engine. The brown gas flow rate varies based on the gas production rate resulting from variations in the addition of NaOH (10 g/l, 20 g/l, and 30 g/l) to every 1 liter of water in the generator. Gas production rates are measured using a flow meter. The influence of brown gas on gasoline engine performance is assessed through power testing with a chassis dyno test engine and exhaust emissions testing with a gas analyzer. The findings reveal that the highest flow rate of brown gas is achieved with the addition of 30 g/l NaOH during the electrolysis process. Introducing brown gas into the incoming air flow can increase maximum engine power by 15.5% and reduce CO exhaust emissions by 23.37%.

EFEK BLENDING BAHAN BAKAR TERBARUKAN BUTANOL 5% PADA PERTAMAX TERHADAP PERFORMA MESIN BENSIN EFI 150 CC

Butanol is an alternative energy that is being developed to overcome the energy crisis. This is because butanol has a high Octane number and oxygen content so it can optimize engine performance. This research was carried out to determine the impact of adding butanol to Pertamax on gasoline engine performance. The engine used is a 150 cc EFI petrol engine. The fuel uses Pertamax with butanol additive. Testing uses speed variations of 1000 – 3000 rpm. Test results: The performance of the 150 cc EFI petrol engine using the Pertamax-butanol mixture (P95B5) has increased compared to using pure Pertamax fuel (P100). This can be seen from the increase in torque and power with Pertamax-butanol fuel (P95B5) of 3.57 N.m and 1.12 kW, the highest increase at rpm 3000. Engine fuel consumption decreased when butanol was added compared to pure Pertamax (P100). The lowest fuel consumption occurred with Pertamax-butanol (P95B5) fuel at 0.21 ml/s when the engine speed was 100 rpm. Meanwhile, the highest fuel consumption occurred in Pertamax fuel (P100) at 0.62 ml/s when the engine speed was 3000 rpm

Gasoline Engine Inlet Structure Design and Performance Analysis

By creating a three-dimensional model of the intake pipeline, using AVL software to mesh and virtual simulation experiments, using the control variable method, changing the temperature conditions and pressure conditions one by one to observe the flow of the air pipe and the cylinder, and observing the numerical changes of the flow direction coefficient and tumbling flow ratio, the best solution was found. Through the virtual simulation experiment of the 3D model, the influence of external factors such as temperature and pressure on the air flow in the cylinder is obtained. The relationship between the characteristic parameters of the air intake tract was found through AVL numerical simulation, and the established three-dimensional model could accurately obtain the data after testing, which provided theoretical proof for the subsequent optimization scheme. The experimental results show that the tumbling flow ratio is increased as much as possible without changing the flow coefficient and the fuel economy of the engine is improved. But it also affects the flow coefficient, making it go down. Temperature has little effect on the flow in the cylinder. The flow velocity in the cylinder changes significantly under different pressures, and the area of the vortex area increases.

Impact of thermal swing piston top land coatings on gasoline engine performance and raw emissions

Upcoming legislations aim to significantly reduce carbon dioxide and hydrocarbon emissions compared to current regulations. Accordingly, options have to be evaluated to not only convert the raw emissions in a catalytic converter, but also to reduce the raw emissions from the combustion process in the first place. Therefore, thermal piston top land coatings, which lead to an oscillating piston surface temperature were investigated on a single cylinder research engine using a gasoline RON95E10 fuel. Measurements were conducted at a compression ratio of 12.2 and a long Miller intake event. In this manuscript the results achieved with yttria stabilized zirconia in comparison to an uncoated piston are displayed. Significant effects of the coatings on the indicated efficiency could be observed mainly at low engine speeds and loads due to the high share of fuel energy in the wall heat losses and incomplete combustion. At these operating points, the reduction of wall heat losses can almost be fully transferred into indicated efficiency, leading to an increase in indicated efficiency of 6.3% by the yttria stabilized zirconia coating. At higher engine speeds and loads, the advantage in indicated efficiency vanishes and a decrease of 0.5% can be observed. Near full load operation the indicated efficiency slightly lower. However, the effects of a thermal swing coating on combustion efficiency and wall heat losses strongly depend on the operation conditions.

Effect Of Napthalene Mixture with Gasoline Fuel on Gasoline Engine Performance

Effect Of Napthalene Mixture with Gasoline Fuel on Gasoline Engine Performance

Assessment of gasoline engine performance and emissions powered by different gasoline-water ammonia blends: A Review

As a result of a large number of diseases due to environmental pollution resulting from emissions and fast energy depletion. Many researchers resorted methods to produce a mixture that can be used as fuel and fight these issues. In this work, a mini review was concluded through previous studies to highlight and investigate the effect of using water ammonia solution on the characteristics of IC engines with special focus on gasoline engines. The main findings showed decreased engine performance because ammonia has a lower calorific value and energy density. also, most of the previous contributions highlighted a significant reduction in CO2 and CO emissions for all loads. Using ammonia solution increased NOx emissions slightly.

The interaction of charge motion and EGR on anti-knock performance and efficiency of a medium-duty gasoline engine: An experimental study

Due to the common operating characteristics of medium duty (MD) gasoline engines, achieving higher load at the expense of fuel efficiency is not an acceptable tradeoff. EGR dilution-stoichiometric combustion can suppress the knocking and improve the thermal efficiency, but has problems such as slow combustion rate and poor combustion stability, which have limitations in optimizing combustion for MD gasoline engines with strong swirl. The experimental investigations in this study focus on the interaction of charge motion and EGR on anti-knock performance and thermal efficiency under different load conditions, and verifies the potential to improve the thermal efficiency of inclined swirl combustion system. The results show that at low-medium load, the tumble-dominated inclined swirl scheme can enhance the effectiveness of EGR in knock suppression, thus reducing the introduction of EGR to avoid its adverse effects on the combustion duration. At medium-high load, although the above benefit wears off, it can enhance the anti-knock performance and thus advance the spark timing by increasing the EGR tolerance. The EGR ratio corresponding to the highest thermal efficiency increases with higher load. The difference in the in-cylinder flow field will affect the combustion rate in a high EGR dilution and high load condition. The scheme adopting the compound intake ports and inverse cuneiform-shaped combustion chamber can improve both EGR tolerance and initial combustion rate under high EGR dilution, with the most significant improvement in thermal efficiency, and the improvement range will increase along with the increase of load.

Effect of Adding Hexagonal Boron Nitride (hBN) Nano-Powder to Lubricant on Performance and Emissions in a Two-Stroke Gasoline Engine

The two-stroke engine has many advantages, including low maintenance costs, a high specific power, and a simple structure, compared to four-stroke engines. Since two-stroke engines use a fuel–oil mixture instead of fuel alone, two-stroke engines do not need an oil pan. Unlike the lubrication system in four-stroke engines, the moving parts are lubricated with a fuel–lubricant mixture. As long as the engine is running, the fuel and lubricant burn together. The combustion of this fuel–lubricant mixture can adversely affect exhaust emissions and cause excessive carbon deposits on the spark plug. In this paper, experiments were carried out using different amounts of oil (100:3, 100:3.5, and 100:4 vol.) in a two-stroke gasoline-powered generator. In addition, we attempted to improve the lubricant’s properties by adding hBN (0.5% vol. or 1.3% wt.) to the lubricant. It was observed that the flash point and pour point did not change as a result of the addition of hBN to the lubricant, and the density and viscosity index increased linearly depending on the amount of hBN. In a series of experiments, the generator was examined for performance and emissions. With the addition of hBN, there was a significant decrease in the specific fuel consumption and exhaust gas temperature, the CO2 increased, and the CO and HC decreased. These results show that hBN improves combustion. As a result, it was reported that reducing the amount of lubricant leads to increased emissions and decreased performance. It was found that when 0.5% hBN by volume is added to the lubricant, the lubricating property improves, and thus, the amount of oil added to the fuel can be reduced to an acceptable level (from 100:4 to 100:3.5) without causing mechanical failure in the engine.

Investigation of steam utilization mode on performance and emissions characteristics of gasoline engine

In the present study, the steam utilization mode was discussed based on a gasoline engine. The thermodynamic processes of two steam utilization modes were investigated based on the validated model. And, the effects of in-cylinder direct steam injection (CDSI) and two steam expansion cylinders (TSEC) on engine performance were studied. The results show that the firing cylinder temperature decreases with both CDSI and TSEC engines. However, the in-cylinder pressure increases for the CDSI-engine. The CDSI method can greatly benefit engines from an emissions perspective, as it reduces NOx, HC, and CO by 79.0 %, 2.4 %, and 17.6 % respectively. It is worth noting that the TSEC method cannot improve engine performance through waste heat recovery. The results also demonstrate that the indicated power of the TSEC-engine is higher that the results achieved by using the CDSI method when the steam injection quantity is greater than 0.80 g. All these demonstrate that CDSI approach has great potential for application in gasoline engines. The present results provide strong evidence for the application in gasoline engines.

Assessment of gasoline engine performance and emissions powered by different gasoline-water ammonia blends: A Review

Assessment of gasoline engine performance and emissions powered by different gasoline-water ammonia blends: A Review

Prediction of combustion, performance, and emission parameters of ethanol powered spark ignition engine using ensemble Least Squares boosting machine learning algorithms

This research concentrates on the application of machine learning techniques to predict combustion, performance, and emission parameters in a dual-fuel spark ignition (SI) engine powered by neat gasoline and E20 ethanol dual fuel. The goal is to overcome the limitations posed by repeated engine experiments and nonlinear test results. In order to optimise engine parameters, the research seeks to develop efficient machine learning models with high generalizability and employ an optimisation strategy to determine the optimal engine settings. Input for training and evaluating machine learning algorithms, such as Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), and Ensemble LS Boosting was derived from experimental data from a combustion test engine, which includes Neat gasoline, and Ethanol dual fuel blend E20 at various load conditions. The dataset includes engine combustion, performance, and emission indices such as brake thermal efficiency (BTE), Exhaust Gas Temperature (EGT), Hydrocarbons (HC), Carbon monoxide (CO), Carbon dioxide (CO2), and Nitrogen oxides (NOx), under various operating conditions. Load and brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) were training input attributes. Using a comprehensive experimental database of input-output engine parameters, the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Ensemble LS Boosting were constructed. The training data points were resampled to generate multiple training datasets for training different models. 50 test samples were used to evaluate the generalisation capability of the machine learning models, while BTE, EGT, CO, CO2, HC and NOx, were the primary parameters subject to prediction. The optimal machine learning method was determined by comparing R-squared (R2) values, root mean square error (RMSE), mean square error (MSE), and mean absolute error (MAE). Using multiple hyperparameter tuning iterations, the agreement between actual and predicted values for diverse Ensemble LS Boost algorithms was evaluated. The Ensemble LS Boost model exhibits the maximum level of agreement between predicted and experimental engine parameters across all datasets when compared to the other ANN models. This finding was corroborated by additional research based on test datasets, specifically the test sample interpolation data, which measures generalisation ability. The study also focuses on developing and applying two unique, interactive Simulink models for the Spark Ignition (SI) engine that are tailored for Neat Gasoline and Ethanol E20 test fuels under all loads. The key component of the model-based development technique in MATLAB and Simulink was the incorporation of sophisticated machine learning algorithms, i.e., Ensemble Least-Squares (LS) Boosting, to the model-based development workflow which produced reliable results. Implementing an Ensemble LS Boost machine learning framework is therefore highly recommended as an efficient method for predicting and optimising the combustion, performance, and emission characteristics of dual-fuel gasoline engines utilising Ethanol-based dual-fuel blends.

Factors affecting the efficiency of hybrid engines

The paper examines the underlying science determining the performance of hybrid engines. It scrutinizes a full range of orthodox gasoline engine performance data, drawn from two sources, and how it would be modified by hybrid gasoline vehicle engine operation. The most significant change would be the elimination of the negative consequences of urban congestion, stop-start, and engine driving, in favour of a hybrid electric motor drive. At intermediate speeds there can be other instances where electric motors might give a more efficient drive than an engine. Hybrid operation is scrutinised and the electrical losses estimated. There also remains scope for improvements in engine combustion.

Prediction of oxygen-enriched combustion and emission performance on a spark ignition engine using artificial neural networks

The experiment about gasoline fuel plus oxygen-enriched combustion (OEC) technology is conducted on a combined injection engine in this paper. OEC is an effective in-cylinder clean combustion technology, but it will lead to extremely high NOx emissions and even cause the NOx detector failure at high oxygen ratios. The particulate number (PN) emissions on OEC are emphatically analyzed in this paper, which are not covered in previous studies. The results show that with the increase of oxygen ratio, PN emissions first increase and then decrease. After analyzing the experimental results, convenient and efficient artificial neural network (ANN) models are developed to predict the torque output, HC, CO, NOx, and PN emissions based on Levenberg-Marquardt, Bayesian regularization and Scaled conjugate gradient algorithms. The models have good fitting and prediction performance with correlation coefficient values > 0.99 and mean square error values less than 1E-3, which effectively predict the invalid NOx emissions data. The predicted results show that the ANN model can assist the bench test study as an effective tool for predicting the emissions and power performance of gasoline engines with OEC technology.

Numerical analysis of performance, combustion, and emission characteristics of PFI gasoline, PFI CNG, and DI CNG engine

Compressed natural gas (CNG) has gained widespread acceptance in the automobile industry due to its clean-burning properties, lower emissions, and superior anti-knock properties. Typically, CNG is used in bi-fuel mode, where it partially replaces gasoline in a conventional gasoline engine. However, because of its gaseous nature, CNG displaces intake air, which reduces the engine's overall power output. One possible solution is to directly inject CNG into the cylinder during the late intake stroke or at the beginning of the compression stroke, which increases the engine's volumetric efficiency and power output. In a previous study, we examined the impact of injection timing on the performance of direct injection (DI) CNG engines under various engine load and speed conditions. However, the intrinsic combustion process, such as flame speed and flame front propagation, could not be investigated. In this study, we attempted to understand DI CNG engines' in-cylinder flame speed and propagation behavior. We developed a combustion model for the DI CNG engine using computational fluid dynamics. We used methane as the surrogate fuel and six cylindrical nozzles with inlet velocity boundary conditions for CNG direct injection. We studied the CNG combustion process and flame speed propagation using a validated chemical mechanism and a look-up table. We made comparisons to evaluate the numerical model against experimental reference data. We also conducted a comparative simulation of DI CNG, port fuel injection (PFI) CNG, and gasoline engines to assess combustion behavior. The combustion duration was longer for the PFI CNG engine than the gasoline engine, but it was reduced for the DI CNG engine. This was due to the DI CNG engine's 40% higher turbulent flame speed than the PFI CNG engine. The combustion of the air-fuel charge was completed within 40° CA after spark ignition. As a result, DI CNG requires a retard in ignition timing. The DI CNG engine showed a 7% higher power output with a 10% increase in volumetric efficiency compared to the PFI CNG engine. However, the power output was still lower than that of the PFI gasoline engine. The DI CNG engine emitted lower NOx and CO emissions than the PFI CNG engine. This study demonstrates the higher turbulent flame speed and rapid flame front propagation characteristics of DI CNG engines over PFI CNG engines, increasing engine efficiency.

Modeling of combustion and emissions behavior on the effect of ethanol–gasoline blends in a four stroke SI engine

Researchers are increasingly coming up with creative solutions to reduce fuel consumption and harmful emissions due to the political unrest around crude oil and harsher environmental legislation around the globe. Using gasoline and ethanol blends as substitutes in SI engines is thought to be a promising approach. To lower the cost of experimental test, it is still necessary to provide a model to explore the emissions, performance and combustion of ethanol mixtures in petrol engine under various operating situations. A comprehensive quasi dimensional two zone model was used. This mathematical model could predict and analyze the engine combustion, emissions and performance parameters using MATLAB. The thermal efficiency was improved for E20 by 3%. Ethanol addition decreased SFC value by average 7.2% for E20 with respect to gasoline. In comparison to gasoline, the increases in output power were 1.1%, 3%, 4%, and 5.5% are obtained with E5, E10, E15, and E20. and 45% The highest increases in peak cylinder pressure and cylinder temperature for E20 about gasoline are 14 and 11%, respectively about gasoline. At 2500 rpm, the greatest percentage declines in NOx, CO, and HC emissions for E20 are 3.3, 23.5 and 45% about gasoline. The results of comparing the mathematical model’s validity to those acquired from experimental data and diesel RK software demonstrate that the MATLAB code is appropriate. The mathematical model proved that ethanol blending can be used up to 20% as alternative fuels to improve the gasoline engine performance, combustion and emissions.

Experimental Investigation for Improving Performance and Emissions of Gasoline Engine by Adding HHO Gas

Experimental Investigation for Improving Performance and Emissions of Gasoline Engine by Adding HHO Gas