Circular Economy Performance Research Articles

Supply chain relationship dependencies and circular economy performance: The contingency role of digitalization capability

While prior literature suggests that firms can rely on suppliers and buyers for external resources to overcome constrained internal resource problems and thus fuel circular economy (CE) performance, scholars also argue that such dependency can lead to power imbalances, which will compromise operations. Drawing on resource dependence theory (RDT), we investigated how the degree of dependence of focal firms on suppliers and customers affects their CE performance. In addition, the study proposes digitization capability as a boundary condition for these relationships, given that the literature has repeatedly highlighted the critical role of digitization capability in supply chain relationship management. Employing hierarchical linear modeling on a panel dataset of listed Chinese manufacturers during 2010–2020, we found that the more dependent a firm is on its major suppliers and customers (the higher the supplier and customer concentrations), the worse its CE performance. In addition, we utilized data mining techniques to capture manufacturers' digitalization capabilities. We examined how digitalization empowers manufacturers to alleviate power imbalances in supply chain dependencies. Our results suggest that the manufacturers’ digitalization capability significantly weakens the negative impacts of supplier and customer concentrations on CE performance. Overall, this study contributes to the RDT and relationship management literature by highlighting the dark side of supplier and customer concentrations and introducing digitalization capability as a strategic response. These findings provide practical implications for managing the supplier and customer base in pursuing CE performance.

Analysing the Circular Economies and Waste Management of European Countries via Decision Models

Today, waste management is a highly significant priority for the European Union. In 1975, the EU passed the first legislation on waste management, the Framework Directive on Waste, which laid the foundation for the EU's current waste management strategy. Since then, there have been several updates and revisions to waste management legislation to reduce waste and promote sustainable waste management. Today, developing a more circular economy is one of the main objectives of the EU's waste management policy. In order to do this, a circular model of resource reuse, recycling, and economic reintegration must replace a linear model of resource consumption and disposal. This can decrease the damaging effects of waste on the environment and increase resource efficiency. Efficient waste management cannot be maintained without implementing a circular economy thoroughly. The main goal of the analysis is to evaluate the performance of waste management in European Union nations from the viewpoint of the circular economy. We employ the MOORA and COBRA approaches to evaluate European Union countries’ waste management and circular economy performance. As per analysis findings, Germany and France perform better. Two sub-categories of the MOORA and COBRA method results significantly comply with each other. We may also conclude that the European Union countries that adopt circular economy-oriented policies perform better. This study aims to be a pioneer as it analyses both performance dimensions holistically in European Union countries using MCDM methods.

The Building Information Modelling Through Information Technology and Impacts on Selected Circular Economy Performance Indicators of Construction Projects

AbstractThe building information modeling represents the management of construction projects based on relevant information and work with them. In the era of digitization, it represents a space for modeling information about constructions to implement and increase the digital level in the construction industry as well. One of the goals of implementing new technologies is to improve performance and efficiency. The current situation within the pressure for sustainability and so-called green solutions brings new challenges, but also perspectives on technologies with the aim of increasing sustainability in every phase of the construction project. One of the tools should be the very implementation of these solutions to support the use of information and information systems to support the achievement of goals. Improving performance and achieving goals in circular economy and a higher level of sustainability itself is intended to quantify performance and change. Key performance indicators need to be monitored and evaluated. It is believed that building information modeling can achieve selected performance indicators. Due to the principles of the circular economy, there is pressure to monitor indicators that will lead to an increase in performance and indicators associated with this concept. In the research, based on relevant studies, the key performance indicators of the circular economy in the management of construction projects were determined. Due to the perception of sustainability through economic sustainability, material costs, material consumption, recycling costs, rate of use of recycled materials, waste management costs were monitored. The goal of the research was to quantify the impacts of building information modeling on selected performance indicators within the concept of circular economy. The aim of the research was to analyze the impact of using BIM on selected performance indicators. The research took place in three countries, namely Slovakia, Croatia, and Slovenia. The respondents were the main participants in the construction project. Data processing was based on the search for relationships and dependencies between the rate of use of information building modeling and selected key performance indicators.

Does circular economy entrepreneurship drive technical capabilities for circular economy performance? The moderating role of environmental dynamism

Purpose Drawing on the resource-based view (RBV) and the dynamic capabilities view (DCV), this study investigates how circular economy entrepreneurship (CEE) drives technical capabilities (TC) in achieving greater circular economy (CE) performance for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) under the moderating influence of environmental dynamism. SMEs, facing resource constraints, need to promote CE due to growing stakeholder pressures. Thus, the authors recommend that SMEs via CEE can identify CE opportunities and then develop specific TC to exploit opportunities in the business environment to achieve CE performance. However, in doing so SMEs should pay attention to the varying degrees of environmental dynamism.Design/methodology/approach The RBV and DCV are used as a theoretical lens to investigate the direct and moderation effects between CEE, TC, CE performance and environmental dynamism tested via partial least square structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) using survey data from 152 managers of SMEs in Nepal.Findings The study results show that CEE directly has a positive and significant effect on the development of TC and CE performance. Similarly, the development of TC drives SMEs to achieve improved CE performance, as evidenced by the positive and significant effect. Interestingly, the results suggest that environmental dynamism significantly improves the relationship between TC and CE performance, but this effect is strongest at high levels of environmental dynamism rather than at low and moderate levels. Additionally, the findings reveal that while environmental dynamism has a positive effect on the relationship between CEE and TC, this effect is insignificant.Originality/value Based on the arguments of the RBV and the DCV, this study explores how environmental dynamism can reduce and amplify SMEs' ability to use CEE to develop TC and improve CEP. First, this study integrates the circular economy and entrepreneurship domains to suggest essential CEP and TC benefits for SMEs via CEE. Second, this study suggests that at low levels of environmental dynamism, CEE has less effect on the SMEs’ development of TC, compared to high levels. Third, this study is conducted in the novel institutional context of Nepal, providing insights regarding how SMEs' CE entrepreneurship impacts TC and CEP.

Measuring Circularity: Tools for monitoring a smooth transition to Circular Economy

The linear economy of today's society conflicts with many environmental, social, and economic challenges. Therefore, the implementation of the Circular Economy model is prioritized by policymakers and the research community. The European Union is in accord with the smooth transition towards a Circular Economy through the Circular Economy Strategy, The European Green Deal (carbon neutrality by 2050) as well as the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the United Nations. Replacing the conventional business models with circular business models entails a change in technological aspects involving the R strategies (refuse, reduce, recycle, etc.). For a beneficial transition, Circular Economy should be monitored to give out quantitative measurable data. Quantifying Circular Economy can be achieved through the use of Key Performance Indicators, Life Cycle Analysis, Material Flow Analysis as well as the use and development of quality protocols (ISO/TC 323). Such tools will aid with measuring Circular Economy performance (urban or industrial), support decision-making (policymakers, CEOs, etc.) and highlight strengths, weaknesses, blind spots and opportunities regarding circularity. This research analyses the use of monitoring of three main monitoring tools in the framework of Circular Economy using SWOT analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) to provide a collective understanding on the implementation of Circular Economy in different settings (urban, industrial, domestic) and provide a clearer pathway towards this transition. The three tools analysed were Key Performance Indicators, quality protocols and digitalization while a hybrid approach was proposed to tackle the shortcomings and utilize the strengths of each of the three methods. The results of the study are expected to provide context to policy makers, academics, the industry, economists and other key players into the synergies necessary for circular economy implementation as well as the necessity of data collection and continuous monitoring for a smooth transition towards circularity.

The Circular Economy's Performance and the Impact of Digitalization

The acceleration of economic transition towards a more sustainable circular production system is a pressing global concern. This study addresses the scarcity of empirical research on the impact of digitization on circular economy efficiency. It investigates the influence of digitization on the effectiveness of circular economy practices through an empirical analysis of quantitative data obtained from 200 participants within the financial sector of Kozani, Greece. The results, derived from regression analysis, reveal a significant and positive association between digital business practices and circular economy performance. Notably, industrial firms that prioritize digitalization exhibit a notably higher adoption rate of new business innovations for resource efficiency. These findings underscore the strong connection between digitalization and circular economy performance, highlighting the potential for digitalization to catalyze the development of circular business models. This research contributes to our understanding of the pivotal role that digitization plays in advancing sustainable circular economies

Buyer–supplier partnerships and circular economy performance in food supply chains: Serial mediation by commitment contract and innovation performance

AbstractThe study investigates the impact of buyer–supplier partnerships on the performance of the circular economy (CE) in the food supply chain (FSC). Then, it also examines the effect of commitment contracts and innovation on the performance of the FSC. The research model is developed using behavioural economics concepts and collaborative theory. Furthermore, five research hypotheses are tested using samples from food manufacturers and other related supply chain partners. Covariance‐based structural equation modelling technique is used in this study, and necessary tests were done to ensure the high quality of findings. Buyer–supplier partnerships demonstrate both direct and indirect effects on the CE performance in FSC. The findings supported the serial mediation effect wherein buyer–supplier partnerships are found to exert their impact on the CE in FSC through commitment contracts and innovation performance in a successive way. The uniqueness of this study lies in the use of behavioural economics concepts to enhance CE performance. The study advances knowledge of commitment contracts by indicating whether and how it connects to CE performance results.

Industry 4.0 deployment for circular economy performance—Understanding the role of green procurement and remanufacturing activities

AbstractAs regulatory authorities emphasize sustainable practices, manufacturing organizations rely on Industry 4.0 technologies to shift their business model from a linear to a circular economy. While intuitively this transformation seems straightforward, in reality, it is rather nuanced, thereby necessitating scholarly investigation into process‐based antecedents of circular economy performance of organizations. This study used structural equation modeling to analyze empirical data from 278 Indian manufacturers. Largely, the results demonstrate that the adoption of Industry 4.0 technologies does have a significant effect on the performance of the circular economy within these organizations, owing to their strong influence on green procurement and remanufacturing activities. Additionally, the results show that these process activities (e.g., green procurement and remanufacturing) do mediate the interaction between the deployment of Industry 4.0 and circular economy performance.

Opening a new horizon in green HRM practices with big data analytics and its analogy to circular economy performance: an empirical evidence

Opening a new horizon in green HRM practices with big data analytics and its analogy to circular economy performance: an empirical evidence

Transforming Supply Chains: Powering Circular Economy with Analytics, Integration and Flexibility Using Dual Theory and Deep Learning with PLS-SEM-ANN Analysis

The Sustainable Development Goals and circular economy are two critical aspects of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. They both seek to reduce the waste of natural resources and enhance society’s social, economic, and environmental goals. This study aims to identify, develop, test, and verify the significant antecedents that affect the adoption of supply chain analytics and its consequences for achieving the circular economy. We have divided the conceptual framework into two parts. In the first part, the relationship among data integration and scalability, organizational readiness, and policies and regulations as Technological–Organizational–Environmental factors as antecedents in adopting supply chain analytics. In the second part, the dynamic capabilities view grounded the relationship among supply chain analytics, supply chain integration, and sustainable supply chain flexibility effect directly and indirectly on the circular economy. Data have been collected using the survey method from 231 respondents from the manufacturing industry in Pakistan. Data have been analyzed using (i) partial least square structure equation modeling (ii) and artificial neural network approaches. The empirical findings proved that antecedents (data integrity and scalability, organizational readiness, and policy and regulation) and consequences (supply chain integration and sustainable supply chain flexibility) of supply chain analytics adoption would improve the circular economy performance. Additionally, artificial neural networks have supported these relationships. The adoption of supply chain analytics will enable organizations to supply chain integration. Additionally, organizations with more integration and analytics in their operations tend to have more flexibility and a circular economy. Moreover, organizations and society will obtain social, economic, and environmental benefits and reduce wastage and negative environmental impacts.

Development of a micro-level circular economy performance measurement framework for automobile maintenance garages

Organizations across the world are thriving for ensuring sustainability in their operations and business practices. The circular economy is a recent development of this decade that enhances sustainability initiatives. Apart from manufacturing, the service sector also can contribute to the promotion of a circular economy. Maintenance service of automobiles is a promising service industry where circular economy concepts can be adopted and implemented. Several automobile OEMs (Original Equipment Manufacturers) are promoting the concepts of circular economy through their dealer garages. However, there is a requirement for a performance measurement framework for assessing the circular economy performance measurement of individual garages for continuous improvement. In this paper, an attempt is made to develop a framework for circular economy performance measurement of automobile garages using a graph theoretic approach. Various performance measurement attributes of circular economy performance of garages are identified through literature and garage visits. The interrelationships among attributes are modeled through a graph theoretical approach. A directed graph (digraph) of the circular economy performance (CEP) is developed, where its nodes represent circular economy performance attributes while the edges show the degree of interrelationships. An equivalent matrix to the digraph will generate a circular economy performance function (CEPF) that will result in the development of a circular economy performance index (CEPI). The developed framework is implemented for measuring the circular economy performance of an Indian automobile OEM's dealer facility. In ideal case, the value of Circular economy performance index ratio (CEPIR) should be ‘1’. In the illustrated case of a garage the estimated value of CEPIR is 0.234 which is considered to be poor that shows the garage needs changeover for improving CE initiatives. Further, sensitivity analysis was carried out and it was found that improvement in sustainable sourcing initiatives will result in proportional increases in the circular economy performance index. The developed index will help the garage organizations as well as their OEMs to have feedback on their practices for circular economy and understand the weak links.

Co-construction of performance indicators for a circular city and its relation to a local action net

PurposeThis study examines how circular economy (CE) performance indicators are constructed in an urban context characterised by a multitude of conflicting interests and visions of urban development. It explores the process of constructing a shared consensus about the performance indicators in conditions of low contractibility, where intervention objectives and outcomes are not easily quantifiable because the object is ambiguous and cannot be fully specified in advance.Design/methodology/approachThe construction of performance indicators at the urban level is examined through the lens of an action net. Using group interviews, observations and documentary analysis, this study investigates the case of a CE initiative in the city of Milan.FindingsThe study demonstrates that in cases of low contractibility, the development of CE solutions requires actions that span across organisational boundaries, organised in an action net. As the action net unfolds, it is closely knotted with the construction of performance indicators, indicating a co-constitutive relationship between the two processes.Originality/valueThis interdisciplinary study contributes to the public sector accounting literature by exploring the complexity of performance indicator construction at the urban level. It further recognises performance measurement in cities as a dynamic and flexible process, in which the interconnected actions and involvement of multiple actants shape the composition of the indicators.

Assessment of national circular economy performance using super-efficiency dual data envelopment analysis and Malmquist productivity index: Case study of 27 European countries

The global commitment toward carbon neutrality and net zero emissions has substantially pressed the needs for all countries to accelerate the adoption of the circular economy paradigm. Tracking the national progress in terms of circular economy performance would provide valuable insights that could aid the effective design of improvement strategies toward sustainability. The current research proposes the combination of super-efficiency dual Data Envelopment Analysis and Malmquist productivity index to provide a full ranking and measure productivity changes in terms of circular economy of 27 European countries. The assessment involved six circular economy indicators encompassing waste generation per capita, waste intensity of the economy, recycling rate of waste in both overall and specific types of waste, i.e., packaging waste and biowaste, and circular material use rate. Our study indicates about one-half of the European countries were efficient in terms of circularity in 2018, where Netherlands, Germany, Austria, and Belgium were the front runner. The proposed approach suggests the European countries enhance their overall circular economy performance by prioritizing improvements strategies through promoting the recycling of biowaste and the circular material use rate. The MPI results over 2012–2018 indicate that Luxembourg exhibited the highest circularity advancement by 6%. Overall, the European countries have slightly enhanced their progression towards circular economy around 0.2% improvement. This suggests the European countries strengthen their policy and regulatory frameworks in support of the transition towards circular economy and encourage progressive movements in such a collaborative manner with the relevant stakeholders to build the momentum for change.

Circular economy performance and carbon footprint of wind turbine blade waste management alternatives

It is estimated that 570 Mt of blade waste, whose management is complex and expensive, will be generated by 2030 in the European Union alone. Accordingly, alternative blade waste management techniques are being investigated to optimize material recovery. This study evaluates the correlation between the circular economy performance and the carbon footprint of seven end-of-life management solutions for wind turbine blades: repurposing, grinding, solvolysis, pyrolysis, co-processing in cement kilns, incineration with energy recovery and landfilling. The circular economy performance is analyzed through the calculation of the product circularity indicator, while the carbon footprint is determined through life cycle assessment, using the global warming indicator and considering the management of three blades from cradle-to-gate as functional unit. As the performance of solvolysis and pyrolysis recycling is expected to change in the future, a sensitivity analysis is also carried out to evaluate the variability of the results by changing their process efficiency and the quality of the recovered materials. The results indicate that blade recycling through solvolysis is the most circular (0.47–0.77) and low-carbon (225–503 CO2 eq.) solution overall. Blade repurposing, grinding and cement co-processing have a similar circularity (0.52–0.55) and a global warming impact ranging from 499 t CO2 eq. to 615 t CO2 eq. Although the circularity of pyrolysis is 59% (0.35) to 118% (0.48) greater than the circularity of incineration and landfilling (0.22), its carbon footprint can range from 566 t CO2 eq. to 744 t CO2 eq, which could be up to 19% higher than the carbon footprint of these linear EoL management alternatives (623 t CO2). Based on these findings, proposals for sustainable industrial innovation and methodological recommendations for the development of integrated circularity and sustainability studies are proposed.

Danone-Aqua Circular Economy Performance in Maximizing Waste Plastic Value

This study discusses the economic performance of the Danone-AQUA circular in maximizing the value of plastic waste in terms of proper plastic waste sorting management or circular packaging, water and carbon circular and business circular. Economy Circular was proposed because of its increasing popularity in the midst of the world's problem with global carbon reduction. The selection of Danone-AQUA Economy Circular is the right way to find out how significant the efforts of non-government organizations are in creating a sustainable economy and environment. This study analyses the performance of Danone-AQUA's circular economy through six circular economy dimensions in managing and maximizing the value of plastic waste in a positive way to reduce the impact of plastic waste workers in Indonesia. This study uses a systematic literature review and adopts a research design to extract research data. The data comes from interviews with Packaging Circularity Senior Manager at Danone, Indonesia. The economic circular performance of Danone-AQUA in maximizing the value of plastic waste contributes to the reduction of plastic bottle packaging waste. The study proves that the impact of circular economy performance in maximizing the value of plastic waste is positive because it increases the function of plastic bottle packaging waste and has value again and reduces the negative impact of plastic waste on the environment. In achieving the performance of maximizing the value of plastic waste, Danone-AQUA applies six circular economy dimensions which are concentrated on three policies, namely packaging circular, water and carbon circular and business circular.

Green human resources management, green innovation and circular economy performance: the role of big data analytics and data-driven culture

This study aimed to illustrate the impact of green human resources management on circular economy performance; the mediator role of green innovation; and the moderator roles of big data analytics and data-driven culture. A total of 438 survey questionnaires were collected from small and medium-sized enterprises from the Pakistani textile sector and evaluated through partial least square-structural equation modelling. The study’s outcomes revealed that green human resources management significantly impacts circular economy performance. Similarly, green innovation and big data analytics mediated and moderated between green human resources management and circular economy performance. Nevertheless, data-driven culture is needed to moderate between green human resources management and circular economy performance. The study presented a unique and novel idea of green human resources management concerning circular economy performance – the best solution for sustainable environmental fortification in the current decade while enhancing circular economy performance.

Fostering closed-loop supply chain orientation by leveraging strategic green capabilities for circular economy performance: empirical evidence from Malaysian electrical and electronics manufacturing firms.

In recent years, the concept of a circular economy (CE) has gained importance and attracted significant attention among scholars and practitioners. Research that examines the firm's supply chain capabilities and orientation for performance is well established nonetheless still lacking in supporting the transition from a linear economy to a circular economy. The firms can foster a closed-loop supply chain orientation (CLSCO) through strategic green capabilities as an alternative obtainable to SC firms to achieve CE performance. Thus, this study is interested to examine the antecedents and outcomes of CLSCO by applying the Resource-Based View and Natural Resource-Based View theories. In total, 150 Malaysian manufacturers responded to the survey and were analysed using the SEM Lisrel method. Among the hypotheses tested, only one had no direct effect on CLSCO, and that was the recovery capacities. The remaining hypothesis indicates that CLSCO is positively affected by integration and production capabilities. In contrast, the results of CLSCO indicate that the extent of a company's CLSCO does affect its success in the circular economy. The study concludes, based on the RBV and NRBV principles, that the success of firms in optimising their resources would enable them to use the CLSCO and attain CE performance. Thus, there are numerous ways in which this study can provide practitioners with valuable research insights.

Circular Economy Performance on the Basis of Sustainable Development

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı Borsa İstanbul Sürdürülebilirlik Endeksi’nde yer alan imalat sanayi işletmelerinin belirlenen döngüsel ekonomi göstergeleri üzerinden performans karşılaştırmasını yapmaktır. Yöntem: Çalışmada İçerik Analizi yöntemi ile işletmelerin kurumsal raporlarından toplanan veriler TOPSIS yöntemi ile analiz edilmiştir. Modelde yer alan kriterlerin ağırlıklarındaki değişikliklerin karar alma üzerindeki etkisini görebilmek için duyarlılık analizi yapılmıştır. Bulgular: Araştırmada belirlenen 5 ana döngüsel ekonomi kriteri üzerinden gerçekleştirilen analizde 18 işletme içerisinde Vestel Beyaz Eşya (VESBE), Vestel Elektronik (VESTL) ve Kordsa Teknik (KORDSA) ve en iyi döngüsel performansa sahip ilk üç işletme olmuştur. Arçelik (ARCLK) Ereğli Demir Çelik (EREGL) ve Ülker (ULKER) ise en düşük performans sergileyen işletmeler olmuştur. Araştırmada hiçbir işletmenin tam puana ulaşamadığı görülmüştür. Duyarlılık analizi sonuçları da TOPSIS yöntemi ile benzer sonuçlar göstermiştir. Özgünlük: Çalışmada bu yeni ekonomi modelinin ülkemizdeki farkındalığını görebilmek adına döngüsel ekonomi ilkeleri çerçevesinde (azaltma, yeniden kullanma, geri dönüşüm…) bir gösterge seti belirlenmiş ve imalat işletmelerinin döngüsel ekonomi performansları ölçülmüştür. Literatürde daha çok makro (ülke) ve mezo (sektör) seviyede döngüsel performans ölçümü yapıldığı görülmektedir. Bu çalışmada firma verileri üzerinden mikro göstergeler ile işletme seviyesinde döngüsel performans ölçümü yapılarak literatüre katkı sunulmuştur.

Procena performansi cirkularne ekonomije evropskih zemalja i Srbije primenom dvostepene analize obavijanja podataka

The circular economic system concentrates on closing the loop for resource flows by imitating the function of natural ecosystems in order to achieve sustainability. The aim of the paper is to introduce a comprehensive approach to assessing countries' performance in municipal waste management and utilization. The change in the efficiency of circular economy in the period from 2016 to 2019 has been analyzed using Data Envelopment Analysis model. Furthermore, Tobit regression model examined the influence of macroeconomic factors on achieved efficiency scores. Results indicate that the performance of the circular economy has an admirable level of efficiency level, as the average score is above 70%. Belgium, Lithuania, Poland and Sweden obtained the highest efficiency levels, while Greece and Cyprus experienced the lowest efficiency scores. The positive observation is that countries efficiency mainly has an ascending trend. Furthermore, the second stage analysis showed that resource productivity, private investments, jobs and gross value added related to the circular economy sector and GDP per capita significantly influence the efficiency of circular economy performance.

An Ontology Model to Facilitate the Semantic Interoperability in Assessing the Circular Economy Performance of the Automotive Industry

Circular economy (CE) focuses on maintaining the value of goods and materials as long as possible, reducing waste and resource usage, and keeping resources within the economy when a product has reached the end of its life. Products and materials have to be utilized many times to produce additional value. In the automotive industry, CE involves processes throughout the value chain comprising multiple dimensions such as energy, materials, lifetime, and utilization. The CE performance of the automotive industry can be measured using key performance indicators (KPIs) from those dimensions. However, since multiple stakeholders are involved throughout the automotive product lifecycle and value chain, calculating KPIs requires data from heterogeneous sources. Thus, a non-uniform understanding of the KPIs among those stakeholders may arise due to a lack of explicit semantic description, including the related assessed CE scenarios, data providers, and data sources. Meanwhile, various sectors have used ontologies to facilitate a common understanding of information structure among systems and organizations. Our paper presents an ontology-based model that enables sharing a common understanding of KPIs used to assess CE performance in the automotive industry. We identify the indicators, the corresponding data requirements, and sources. In this paper, we present the ontology model describing the semantics of data required for the indicators. We also show the deployment model illustrating the implementation of the ontology model in the CE performance assessment phases.