Judgment Performance Research Articles

The Effects of Match Congestion on Physical Performance in Football Referees.

We examined the changes in performance during congested (two matches within a 7-day interval) and non-congested (one match within≥7-day interval) fixtures in 17 elite football (soccer) referees during 181 official matches. External demands comprised 20 GPS-based metrics. Internal load was assessed by heart rate and rating of perceived exertion. Compared to non-congested fixtures, referees decreased their running distance at 21-24 km·h-1 (p=0.027, effect size [ES]=0.41) and > 24 km·h-1 (p=0.037, ES=0.28), the number of sprints (p=0.012, ES=0.29), and distance sprinting (p=0.022, ES=0.29) in congested matches. Most play metrics were lower in congested versus non-congested fixtures with low-to-moderate ES. During the 2nd half of non-congested fixtures, referees covered larger distances at low-speed running (p=0.025, ES=0.47). Match congestion due to officiating two matches less than a week apart caused a notable decrease in match running activity in professional football referees, especially at above 21 km·h-1. These data reiterate the need for specific conditioning and post-match recovery strategies in high-level referees to ensure optimal judgment performance favouring the quality of the competition. Governing bodies should take these outcomes into account when designating referees for a match.

Acculturation moderates cognitive performance in adults at risk of autosomal dominant Alzheimer's Disease

Loneliness is significantly associated with health and well-being among oldest-old adults. Due to the outbreak of the COVID-19, physical and social distancing policies might elevate loneliness among the oldest-old population. This study examined the trends and changes in the prevalence of feeling lonely using the 2020 HRS COVID-19 module merged to the 15 waves of the HRS RAND longitudinal datasets from 1992 to 2018. A total of 14,371 respondents, including 614 respondents aged 80 years and older were included. Generalized linear models compared age group differences within the 2020 module. Generalized estimating equations assessed the longitudinal change at the individual level and the trend of feeling loneliness among oldest-old adults from 1992 to 2020. Loneliness was assessed with one item of the CES-D scale (i.e., during the past week, felt lonely). After adjusting for demographic characteristics and health, the results showed that oldest-old adults were more likely to feel lonely compared to younger age groups (18% for 80’s vs. 14% for 50’s) during the early months of the pandemic. A longitudinal trajectory also showed that they feel lonelier than in prior years (19% in 2020 vs. 14% in 2018). However, compared to same-age groups from earlier years, a significantly lower prevalence of feeling lonely was observed (18% in 2020 vs. 27% in 1994). The results show that the outbreak of the COVID-19 may elevate feeling lonely, but the recent cohorts be less lonely than earlier cohorts. Future research should continue to explore protective factors for loneliness among oldest-old adults.

Acculturation moderates cognitive performance in adults at risk of autosomal dominant Alzheimer's Disease.

Acculturative processes via persistent exposure to a set of cultural practices and behaviors can influence cognitive functioning (Park & Huang, 2010). The impact of acculturation on populations at risk for Alzheimer’s disease (AD), however, remains understudied. Persons with or at-risk for early-onset autosomal dominant AD (ADAD) offer a known AD pathogenesis and the opportunity to study whether acculturation moderates their cognitive performance. The present study used a latent variable model to test whether effects of latent cognitive ability on observable cognitive performance depend on acculturation. Participants included 119 adults with or at-risk for ADAD, the majority of whom were of Mexican origin with various levels of U.S. acculturation. Participants completed the Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument (CASI) and the Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican Americans-II (ARSMA-II). Confirmatory factor analysis was used to estimate a latent general cognitive ability factor from nine domains (e.g., attention, abstraction and judgment). The ARSMA-II was used to test whether factor loadings depended on level of acculturation, covarying for mutation status. Results revealed ARSMA-II scores nearly significantly moderated the effects of general cognitive ability on abstraction and judgment (λ = 0.20, SE = 0.11, p = .070). Individual differences in general cognitive ability at lower levels of acculturation likely predict lower abstraction and judgment performance. Cognitive assessments may not equally represent true cognitive ability in Mexican-Americans. Although the CASI was developed as a cross-cultural measure of cognitive functioning, caution should be exercised in inferring true cognitive functioning in Mexican-Americans who may not be acculturated to the U.S.

Comparison of Critical Current of Bi-2212 Cables With Disassembled Strands

China Fusion Engineering Experimental Reactor (CFETR) is a major scientific project independently designed and developed by China and jointly with international cooperation. Engineering design and project infrastructure construction are currently underway. The design goal of CFETR is 1.5–2.0 GW fusion power, and the central magnetic field is up to 15 Tesla, which is much larger than the design parameters of ITER under construction in Europe. In order to achieve the desired high magnetic field, the pre-research of Bi-2212 high temperature superconducting CICC magnet was carried out. The performance test of Bi-2212 cable is the most direct criterion for the successful development of the cable. New cable performance judgment method is proposed because of the long test time and high test cost of sub-size cables. Two cables are manufactured, and one cable is disassembled into single wires for performance evaluation. If the performance of single wires is not significantly attenuated in comparison with the performance of single wires that have not been twisted, we will conduct the second cable critical current test. The test results show that the method of dismantling the cable test is feasible. It is also feasible for cables of different structures. This method can be used to judge the performance of the cable in advance. This method is only suitable for detecting damage in the cable manufacturing process.

Same scandal, different moral judgments: the effects of consumer-firm affiliation on weighting transgressor-related information and post-scandal patronage intentions

PurposeCorporate scandals involving senior executives plague many businesses. Although customers and noncustomers may be exposed to news of the same scandal, they may appraise dimensions of the transgression differently, thereby affecting post-scandal patronage intentions. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether and how consumer-firm affiliation affects future patronage intentions by examining nuances in customers’ vs noncustomers’ reactions toward the transgressor’s professional performance and immoral behavior.Design/methodology/approachFour between-subjects experimental studies were used to test whether performance-relevant and/or immorality-relevant pathways drive customers’ vs noncustomers’ post-scandal patronage intentions. The results were analyzed using analysis of variance, parallel mediation and serial mediation.FindingsThe results demonstrate that performance judgment, and not immorality judgment, drive the relationship between consumer-firm affiliation and post-scandal patronage intentions (Study 1a), regardless of the order of information presented (Study 1b). Customers form more positive performance judgments because they give more weight to performance-related information (Study 2), demonstrating a sequential effect of consumer-firm affiliation on post-scandal patronage intentions only through the performance-relevant, and not immorality-relevant, pathway (Study 3).Research limitations/implicationsThis research contributes to the literature on social distance and moral judgments. Future research should examine other deleterious outcomes such as brand sabotage and negative word-of-mouth, as well as potential moderators including repeated transgressions and prevalence of the infraction in other firms.Practical implicationsThis research offers important nuances for understanding how performance and immorality judgments differentially operate and affect post-scandal patronage intentions. The findings highlight the strategic value of communicating the leader’s performance (e.g. professional contributions) as a buffer against potential declining patronage.Originality/valueOffering new insights into the extant literature and lay beliefs which contend that harsh moral judgment reduces patronage intentions, this research uncovers why and how exposure to the same scandal can result in varying moral judgments that subsequently influence patronage intentions. Importantly, this research shows that the performance-relevant pathway can explain why customers have higher post-scandal patronage intentions compared to noncustomers.

A Bayesian inference model for metamemory.

The dual-basis theory of metamemory suggests that people evaluate their memory performance based on both processing experience during the memory process and their prior beliefs about overall memory ability. However, few studies have proposed a formal computational model to quantitatively characterize how processing experience and prior beliefs are integrated during metamemory monitoring. Here, we introduce a Bayesian inference model for metamemory (BIM) which provides a theoretical and computational framework for the metamemory monitoring process. BIM assumes that when people evaluate their memory performance, they integrate processing experience and prior beliefs via Bayesian inference. We show that BIM can be fitted to recall or recognition tasks with confidence ratings on either a continuous or discrete scale. Results from data simulation indicate that BIM can successfully recover a majority of generative parameter values, and demonstrate a systematic relationship between parameters in BIM and previous computational models of metacognition such as the stochastic detection and retrieval model (SDRM) and the meta-d' model. We also show examples of fitting BIM to empirical data sets from several experiments, which suggest that the predictions of BIM are consistent with previous studies on metamemory. In addition, when compared with SDRM, BIM could more parsimoniously account for the data of judgments of learning (JOLs) and memory performance from recall tasks. Finally, we discuss an extension of BIM which accounts for belief updating, and conclude with a discussion of how BIM may benefit metamemory research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Implicit Motor Imagery of the Foot and Hand in People with Achilles Tendinopathy: A Left Right Judgement Study.

To determine if impairment in motor imagery processes is present in Achilles tendinopathy (AT), as demonstrated by a reduced ability to quickly and accurately identify the laterality (left-right judgement) of a pictured limb. Additionally, this study aimed to use a novel data pooling approach to combine data collected at 3 different sites via meta-analytical techniques that allow exploration of heterogeneity. Multi-site case-control study. Three independent studies with similar protocols were conducted by separate research groups. Each study-site evaluated left/right judgement performance for images of feet and hands using Recognise© software and compared performance between people with AT and healthy controls. Results from each study-site were independently collated, then combined in a meta-analysis. In total, 126 participants (40 unilateral, 22 bilateral AT cases, 61 controls) were included. There were no differences between AT cases and controls for hand image accuracy and reaction time. Contrary to the hypothesis, there were no differences in performance between those with AT and controls for foot image reaction time, however there were conflicting findings for foot accuracy, based on four separate analyses. There were no differences between the affected and unaffected sides in people with unilateral AT. Impairments in motor imagery performance for hands were not found in this study, and we found inconsistent results for foot accuracy. This contrasts to studies in persistent pain of limbs, face and knee osteoarthritis, and suggests that differences in pathoetiology or patient demographics may uniquely influence proprioceptive representation.

Perceiving is Believing: How Narcissistic Superiors’ Perceptions of Narcissistic Subordinates Influence Performance Judgments

Perceiving is Believing: How Narcissistic Superiors’ Perceptions of Narcissistic Subordinates Influence Performance Judgments

CAE Analysis and Auralization of Driveline Clunk NVH

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Noise and vibration evaluation of driveline clunk can be challenging as it is the result of driver input conditions and is transient in nature. As with many noise and vibration challenges, the use of computer-aided engineering (CAE) simulation is useful as it allows for detailed study of the phenomenon and prediction of potential improvements. A hybrid approach of physical test-based measurements and CAE analysis can be used to leverage the advantages of CAE in a comprehensive evaluation including the total vehicle noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) performance. In this paper we present work performed to facilitate engineering evaluations of driveline clunk using both measured test and CAE simulation data. We explain how we used measured test data to inform the CAE analysis, how the simulation approached modelling of the transient clunk event, and how the measured data was used to provide contextual sound for realistic evaluation of the CAE output as heard by the passengers. The ability to listen to the simulated clunk in the context of the remainder of the vehicle NVH provides a direct link to evaluation of correlation between CAE and test results, as well as judgement of subjective performance and gap-to-target levels.</div></div>

Experience of Uncommon EGFR Mutation in Lung Scheme Quality Program: Discussing Risks and Opportunities for the Improvement of Laboratory Response.

Background The quality programs can be considered to be a valuable tool for global and individual growth. Each result, obtained by a single laboratory, contributes to define the standardization of the response. In the case of the uncommon epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations, the molecular result is sometimes difficult to interpret in terms of biological significance and therapy choosing. The standardization effort in the diagnostic lung setting also consists of active quality program participation. Materials and Methods The quality control analysis, which is defined as a clinical case, was performed by the extraction of DNA from FFPE sections and by RT-PCR on the EGFR (exons 19, 20, 21), BRAF, and KRAS genes. The laboratory performed a validation sequencing of EGFR exon 20 with the help of the Sanger method. Results The laboratory reported positivity for EGFR exon 20 insertions and negative results for BRAF and KRAS. The quality test finished with the redaction of a report containing the recommendation to consider the efficacy of therapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI). This specific interpretation has determined poor performance judgment by the quality provider, which explained why most of these mutations are TKI-resistant. Conclusions This experience provides an opportunity to reflect on the critical aspects of this diagnostic setting. The detection of some uncommon EGFR mutations should entail the mutation characterization, especially for the rare exon 20 insertions, of which are not classifiable as “resistant.” Moreover, this experience allows reflecting on the quality program design, mandatory actions for the laboratory, and routine activity in the oncologic multidisciplinary team.

Should teachers be accurate or (overly) positive? A competitive test of teacher judgment effects on students’ reading progress

Previous findings on effects of teachers' judgments on student learning have been contradictory leading to the question of what kinds of judgments are most beneficial: accurate or (overly) positive ones? In this study, we provide the first competitive test of prominent but contradictory hypotheses regarding the consequences of teachers' judgments in the context of reading proficiency using reading fluency and reading comprehension performance judgments from 145 teachers and measures of real performance and learning progress across eight points of measurement from 2880 students. Response Surface Analyses combined with an information-theoretic approach for model comparison revealed no evidence of positive effects of judgment accuracy or overestimation of student performance by teachers. Instead, progress in reading fluency and reading comprehension was best predicted by students' prior achievement. For reading comprehension, the positivity of teachers' judgments was additionally beneficial: The higher a teacher judged a student's performance, the more the student learned.

Agri-food building performance evaluation by an integration of different measurement techniques: Case study of a bakery in south Italy

The performance of a building plays a key role in its sustainability, since a building cannot be sustainable if the needs of its users are not satisfied. In fact, the priority of a sustainable building is to meet the user requirements in an adequate manner, while limiting its environmental impact. The aim of this study is to supply a suitable Building Performance Evaluation method (BPE) to technicians, facility managers and designers, in order to improve the quality of management, design and construction by providing more sustainable agri-food buildings. In this study, in order to measure building performance with respect to user requirements, the simultaneous application of three different measurement techniques was proposed: a User survey by means of a questionnaire; an analysis of building documents and a walkthrough analysis by experts; and instrumental measurements and a direct survey of building characteristics. The proposed BPE method was based on a fuzzy weighted average at three levels. The fuzzy method proved to be particularly suitable for describing the vagueness of users when answering the questionnaire, for translating the document analysis, or considering the instrumental measurements for performance measures. The proposed method was applied to a typical agri-food building in southern Italy. This application demonstrated the correctness of the setting, its ease of application, and its ability to manage real cases. The method allowed for the evaluation of building performance by taking advantage of the positive characteristics of each measurement technique: the users' and occupants' perception, the knowledge and critical sense of expert technicians, and the accuracy and objectivity of instrumental measures. The results of the model were represented by mean fuzzy membership functions, which preserved the “vagueness” of the initial performance attributes. To obtain more synthetic values, a normalization procedure was applied to obtain a value performance judgment, expressed by a number in the range of 0 and 1 (where 0 is the worst and 1 is the best). The general performance of functional areas and the differences in performance in the same functional area were compared using this operation. The results of the case study demonstrated the reliability of the proposed method; in particular, it can determine the state of the building's functionality, drawing attention to weak points that should be monitored to prevent potential faults. The method proposed is a key element intended to help develop agri-food buildings that are effective and efficient and perform as expected and it contributes to improve the general quality of agri-food buildings.

Are people better employees than machines? Dehumanizing language and employee performance appraisals

AbstractObjectiveAlthough performance appraisals are based on objective procedures, cognitive biases from appraisers may create avenues for errors in judgment of employee performance. Dehumanizing language, or metaphors that characterize humans in nonhuman terms (e.g., cogs in a machine), is one important way cognitive biases can occurMethodWe conduct a survey experiment to determine if dehumanizing language affects perceptions of employee value or competency within the context of performance appraisals.ResultFindings show that when employees are referred to in mechanistic terms, respondents perceive that employee to be deserve hire compensation, and be more competent, as compared to referring to employees in human or animalistic terms.ConclusionConclusions suggest dehumanizing language is an important type of cognitive bias that affects individuals in administrative environments, and the managerial and ethical implications of its use require further examination.

The Clinical Utility of the NAB Judgment Subtest Among Individuals Diagnosed With Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorder Within a Forensic Inpatient Setting.

Executive functioning (EF) has been identified as a significant predictor in determining competence to stand trial. Individuals deemed incompetent to stand trial are provided a limited time frame before conservatorship is considered, thus, treatment providers practicing within inpatient facilities have a responsibility to efficiently identify factors that may lead to prolonged hospitalizations, in order to avoid delays in a defendant's legal proceedings. Although previous studies have demonstrated the utility of the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) Total Index Score in predicting length of stay (LOS), the Neuropsychological Assessment Battery (NAB) Judgment subtest provides a measure of executive function, which is a domain not captured by the RBANS. The current study examined the relationship between both the RBANS and NAB Judgment performance as predictors of LOS among 63 individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia spectrum disorders undergoing competency restoration treatment. Additionally, sensitivity analyses were used to determine cutoff scores for individuals requiring additional competency services. Results indicated that the NAB Judgment subtest was more predictive of LOS than the RBANS Total Index Score. Additionally, a raw score of ≤9 on NAB Judgment was indicative of increased LOS. These results highlight the utility of the NAB Judgment subtest within a forensic inpatient setting.

Defending your public kin: public sector identification and street-level bureaucrats’ perceptions of performance

This study examines how street-level bureaucrats perceive public and private sector performance. Street-level bureaucrats’ performance perceptions have been overlooked in public management research—despite the fact that such perceptions can work as a navigation tool to identify best practice examples, learn from peer organizations, and make comparative judgments of performance. Using a large-scale survey experiment of public high school teachers, we show that they are strongly biased in favor of public organizations and that this bias appears to operate through goal reprioritization. Moreover, the strength of bias in favor of the public organization increases with the length of job tenure, and it is much more pronounced among politically left-leaning teachers. Thus, the results show that street-level bureaucrats’ performance perceptions reflect a clear sector bias, which indicates a tendency to defend their professional identity, and that the strength of this bias is conditioned by personal work experiences and political values. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.

The Fear to Move in a Crowded Environment. Poor Spatial Memory Related to Agoraphobic Disorder.

Individuals with agoraphobia exhibit impaired exploratory activity when navigating unfamiliar environments. However, no studies have investigated the contribution of visuospatial working memory (VSWM) in these individuals’ ability to acquire and process spatial information while considering the use of egocentric and allocentric coordinates or environments with or without people. A total of 106 individuals (53 with agoraphobia and 53 controls) navigated in a virtual square to acquire spatial information that included the recognition of landmarks and the relationship between landmarks and themselves (egocentric coordinates) and independent of themselves (allocentric coordinates). Half of the participants in both groups navigated in a square without people, and half navigated in a crowded square. They completed a VSWM test in addition to tasks measuring landmark recognition and egocentric and allocentric judgements concerning the explored square. The results showed that individuals with agoraphobia had reduced working memory only when active processing of spatial elements was required, suggesting that they exhibit spatial difficulties particularly in complex spatial tasks requiring them to process information simultaneously. Specifically, VSWM deficits mediated the relationship between agoraphobia and performance in the allocentric judgements. The results are discussed considering the theoretical background of agoraphobia in order to provide useful elements for the early diagnosis of this disorder.

Using a Meta-cognitive Wisconsin Card Sorting Test to measure introspective accuracy and biases in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder

People with schizophrenia (SCZ) and bipolar disorder (BD) have challenges in self-evaluation of their cognitive and functional performance (introspective accuracy). They also manifest response biases, with tendencies toward overestimation. This study aimed to examine objective test performance, momentary judgments of performance, momentary confidence, and subsequent global judgments of performance on a metacognitive version of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). This sample included 99 participants with SCZ and 67 with BD. After each of the 64 WCST trials, participants reported whether they believed their sort was correct and how confident they were in that judgment, they then received performance feedback. After completion of the entire task, participants generated a global performance judgment. On average, the SCZ group got 31 sorts correct, reporting being correct on 49 whereas the BD group got 37 trials correct but reported being correct on 53. For participants with BD, sorting performance correlated with trial x trial accuracy judgments, confidence, and predicted global judgments. For SCZ participants, performance minimally correlated with trial x trial accuracy judgments, confidence, and global judgments, while trial x trial confidence was strongly associated with trial x trial accuracy judgments (r = 0.58). Our findings suggest that confidence in participants with BD is correlated with task performance, whereas in SCZ confidence was entirely associated with self-generated performance judgments. SCZ participants manifested challenges with utilization of feedback. Global judgments of performance were predicted by task performance and confidence for BD participants, with performance and confidence judgments occurring prior to generation of the global performance judgments.

Decision-Making Employee Performance Evaluation at XYZ University Using the Mamdani Fuzzy Logic Method

Human resources (HR) of high quality will provide excellent job outcomes. Through the execution of quality and quality education, human quality is developed. As a tool for assessing the quality of education in Indonesia, the evaluation of a lecturer's performance plays a crucial role in education. This research intends to aid in assessing the performance of Lecturers using Fuzzy Logic. Mamdani is the fuzzy logic approach used in this study. The assessment input factors consist of Lecturer Presence in Teaching, Discipline Level, Student Assessment Results, loyalty, and Communication Level or engagement with students to provide two judgments based on a Lecturer's poor and excellent performance. This system may assist and give options for assessing the performance of Lecturers, allowing Lecturers to make optimum adjustments to recruit the most outstanding and competent lecturers. Based on the study findings, it can be inferred that an intelligent system based on fuzzy logic may be utilized to identify Lecturer performance judgments with a 90 percent degree of accuracy

The Satisfaction Level of Employees towards the Prevailing Performance Appraisal System

Performance based analysis of an employee and understanding the capabilities of that person, and giving chance to grow is the appropriate technique to enhance employee carrier. Present work deeply concentrated on operative function in the HR sector is evaluated with respect to the Performance Judgement System of the organization. The present study was conducted with the aim to examine the awareness level, satisfaction level, and impact of Performance Appraisal System on employees’ performance. Studies predict that performance-based analysing of employee capabilities gives favourable results and acceptable by employees, and from the results of regression model it is concluded that nearly 91.2 % difference in the dependent variable that is (increase productivity). The study suggested that women’s contribution should be increased in all sectors, which results in the overall empowerment of women. Awareness of employees should be enhanced while assessing the performance appraisal task.

The domain expert perspective: A qualitative study into the views expressed in a standard-setting exercise on a language for specific purposes (LSP) test for health professionals

This paper investigates what matters to medical domain experts when setting standards on a language for specific purposes (LSP) English proficiency test: the Occupational English Test’s (OET) writing sub-test. The study explores what standard-setting participants value when making performance judgements about test candidates’ writing responses, and the extent to which their decisions are language-based and align with the OET writing sub-test criteria. Qualitative data is a relatively under-utilized component of standard setting and this type of commentary was garnered to gain a better understanding of the basis for performance decisions. Eighteen doctors were recruited for standard-setting workshops. To gain further insight, verbal reports in the form of a think-aloud protocol (TAP) were employed with five of the 18 participants. The doctors’ comments were thematically coded and the analysis showed that participants’ standard-setting judgements often aligned with the OET writing sub-test criteria. An overarching theme, ‘Audience Recognition,’ was also identified as valuable to participants. A minority of decisions were swayed by features outside the OET’s communicative construct (e.g., clinical competency). Yet, overall, findings indicated that domain experts were undeniably focused on textual features associated with what the test is designed to assess and their views were vitally important in the standard-setting process.