Performance In Relation Research Articles

Impact of microlearning on academic performance of students in higher education: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Microlearning is an innovative pedagogy which is the process of learning through small-sized, well-planned learning units and short-term learning activities. The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the impact of microlearning compared to macro-learning on the academic performance of students enrolled in higher education. Studies conducted on microlearning in higher education, in which the academic performance in theoretical examinations following microlearning method was evaluated quantitatively and compared with macro-learning. Studies which were reported in English language were included in this review. Ten databases were searched including SCOPUS, EBSCOhost, Emerald, JSTOR, Taylor & Francis, PubMed (MEDLINE), Oxford University Press, ERIC, ACM and IEEE Xplore. The search retrieved 602 studies and 12 studies were included in the systematic review. Cochrane’s risk of bias tool was used for the risk of bias assessment of the included studies. Five studies were included in the meta-analysis which was conducted using the RevMan 5.4 software. Meta-analysis showed a higher academic performance in students learned using microlearning (n=344) compared to the students learned using macro-learning (n=310) (p = 0.03). The overall mean difference in academic performance in relation to post-test scores in theoretical examinations between microlearning and macro-learning groups was 12.6 (95% CI: 1.2 - 23.9). Microlearning has contributed to a substantial increase in academic performance among students in higher education compared to macro-learning. Microlearning can increase academic performance of students by reducing cognitive load, providing flexible learning environment, promoting self-directed learning and by providing timely feedback.

Slopes along Apollo EVAs: Astronaut experience as input for future mission planning

One major factor for operational safety and planning of human extravehicular activities (EVAs) is the topography of the landing region. During planning for EVAs for future crewed missions, digital elevation models (DEMs) and derived slope maps are often used to place constraints on proposed EVA paths to minimize the slopes and vertical meters traveled. However, the specification of these constraints has not yet been studied in detail and has to date relied on generalized assumptions. The Apollo program was the subject of meticulous planning and execution over an extended period. Our study concentrated on the pivotal aspect of mission planning, namely the topographic conditions of all Apollo landing sites. Furthermore, there are numerous conditions of lunar exploration whose "ground truth" can only be fully comprehended by astronauts who have personally visited the Moon. Certainly, there are technical constraints for the use and operation of equipment and tools, such as suits and instrument carts. However, astronaut observational physiological and psychological experiences and constraints are need to be considered for the planning of successful EVAs. In this study, we examined a variety of data sources, including topographic data, Apollo astronaut reports, audio and video recordings, in order to assess their experience and performance in relation to the topography and slopes along each Apollo extra vehicular activity (EVA). The ability of the astronauts to accurately perceive distances, slopes, and to move with confidence is contingent upon topographic and illumination conditions, as well as the specific equipment that they are required to carry. Future mission planning must take realistic traverse speeds into account, as well as the perception of both real and perceived hazards on challenging traverses.

Association and predictive ability of counter movement jump performance in relation to lower extremity anthropometry of male badminton player

Association and predictive ability of counter movement jump performance in relation to lower extremity anthropometry of male badminton player

Budgets: How They Are Planned, Prepared, and Managed.

Budget planning and execution is as difficult as it is vital to any practice, whether academic, private, or group. Well-planned and executed budgets are a source of revenue and growth that fuels the practice for the next cycle. Conversely, poorly planned budget is disastrous, and a badly executed one invariably leads to unrecoverable losses. Many clinicians, especially those in academic centers, are not involved in budget-planning preparation and yet are held accountable for their yearly performance in relation to the budget. Key processes for budget planning and their significance are identified. Integrating these steps with the needs of a clinical practice, a stepwise method is described for both clinicians and administrators to work together to plan, prepare, and manage budgets. Relevant examples of how budgets affect clinical workflow and common pitfalls of budget planning and mitigation methods are identified. A simplified systematic approach allows for a streamlined, smooth budget-planning process that involves faculty and staff, which holds them accountable for the year-long performance of the entire clinical team. A systematic proactive approach to budget-planning, preparation, and management provides a financial direction to the department; tracks performance; allows growth; and provides the flexibility to stay on track, change course, or reassign resources.

Preparation of high-energy Al-Li alloy powders with enhanced compatibility and combustion performance by dense fluorosilane polymer composite coating

The superior combustion heat, lower ignition temperature, and enhanced combustion efficiency of aluminum–lithium (Al-Li) alloy powders have garnered significant research attention in relation to Al powders. However, the inadequate compatibility between Al-Li alloy powders (especially when Li > 3 wt%) and propellant components limits its application in the development of composite solid propellants. This study focuses on the surface-coating active Al-4.3Li (wt.%) alloy powder using a composite fluorosilane coupling agent to improve compatibility and combustion performance. A coating layer with a thickness of 30–40 nm was successfully formed on the surface of Al-4.3Li alloy powder through interactions involving Al-F, Al-O-Si, and Li-O-Si bonds, thereby achieving remarkable hydrophobicity. The heat release increased by 7.5 %, while the ignition delay time of the alloy powder decreased by nearly 200 ms, resulting in a significantly enhanced combustion performance in relation to that of the original Al-4.3Li alloy powder. Moreover, the modified Al-4.3Li alloy powder exhibited better compatibility, and no cracks or bubbles were observed in the cross-section of the propellant containing modified Al-4.3Li metal fuel. This study provides an effective approach for utilizing Al-Li alloy powders in solid propellants, which is of great significance for the development of high-energy propulsion systems.

A Financial Analysis and Valuation on Disney

This paper focuses on a specific analysis of the corresponding situation of Disney. It introduces the development of Disney as a whole and lists three companies in different industries in the market that compete with Disney in different aspects, namely Netflix, Comcast and Mattel. By collecting and analyzing the corresponding data, the four companies are specifically compared in terms of liquidity, repayment ability and profitability respectively. The result is that Disney's profitability is slightly weaker than that of the other three companies, which may be due to the fact that Disney has a large investment in streaming media, but not resulting in a return that matches it. This paper also analyses Disney's stock market performance in relation to its competitors and shows that although Disney stock is overvalued at this stage, the NTM P/E ratios show that it will improve in the next period. This paper also analyses and summarizes Disney's strategy and risk profile and makes some predictions for the future. This paper believes that in the future Disney will have a better growth and also a better experience for the consumers.

Reevaluating national innovation systems: An index based on dynamic-network data envelopment analysis

The aim of this study is to propose a novel analytical framework to evaluate the national innovation system (NIS) based on dynamic-network data envelopment analysis. This framework is then applied to a sample of 23 countries involved in oil production, enabling a comparative analysis of their performance in relation to the top 10 innovative countries as determined by the Global Innovation Index (GII).Unlike the GII, the proposed framework measures the efficiency score of each NIS, generates a new index based on these scores, suggests a set of target policies for countries aiming to improve their ranks, and conducts an in-depth longitudinal analysis to identify the underlying factors influencing efficiency dynamic over time.The empirical results show that the efficiency of the selected countries remains relatively steady over the designated study period. Upon closer examination at the country level, it becomes evident that Korea and Sweden emerge as the frontrunners in terms of performance, thereby establishing themselves as leaders in the field of innovation. Germany and Ukraine are identified as leaders in knowledge development, whereas Romania and Singapore are recognized as leaders in knowledge commercialization.To enhance the performance of the inefficient NIS, this study proposes targeted improvement policies, prioritizing underperforming countries to elevate their overall innovation system. These policy interventions aim to bridge the gap between the least efficient nations and global best practices, fostering a more competitive innovation landscape. Ultimately, the proposed analytical framework holds the potential to foster the performance of each country's national innovation system.

Neurocognitive Test Performance in relation to symptom severity and age of onset of trichotillomania

Prior research has yielded inconsistent findings on neurocognitive deficits, particularly in response inhibition and set shifting, when comparing patients with trichotillomania (TTM) to healthy comparison groups. This study used baseline data (N = 36) from a clinical trial of behavior therapy for TTM to test two possible explanations for these mixed results: (a) neurocognitive deficits are only noted among more severely symptomatic patients with TTM; and (b) age of onset is differentially associated with deficits in response inhibition vs. set shifting. Results were inconsistent with these hypotheses. Age of onset was not significantly correlated with either neurocognitive assessment. Interviewer ratings of TTM symptom severity or impairment were not significantly related to neurocognitive test performance. Self-reported symptom severity correlated significantly with motor response inhibition, but in the direction opposite to our expectation, such that faster reaction times to inhibit a dominant response were associated with more severe symptoms. Discussion centered on several possible explanations, including the possibilities that either (a) measurement methods or (b) variation across samples in the prevalence of ADHD comorbidity, not measured in this study, could explain mixed findings on the neuropsychological profile of TTM.

RECURSO DE TECNOLOGIA ASSISTIVA PARA ESTUDANTES COM PARALISIA CEREBRAL: JOGO DE DAMAS ADAPTADO COMO MODELO METODOLÓGICO

This study aimed to analyze the effects of the board game “Adapted Checkers” on the performance of manipulative skills in a student with cerebral palsy. The study identifies and describes the adaptations of teaching strategies and implementation of the Assistive Technology pedagogical resource. The method used was the single-subject design, in the AB model. The design demonstrates the student's performance in relation to manipulative skills, as dependent variables, and the game of “Adapted Checkers” as an independent variable. The research was divided into the following stages: 1. Choice of game: the board game Checkers was chosen, which met the criteria established in the research and the characteristics of the student with cerebral palsy; 2. Baseline: where the initial data collection began without researcher intervention; 3. Adaptation of the game: the game was adapted based on the specific needs of the participant; 4. Intervention: introduction of strategies and adaptations to the game. The sessions were filmed, and the data were evaluated and recorded in scatter plots. For data analysis, a table of response variables was used, scored from zero to three points. The items evaluated were: 1. Precision of movement; 2. Range of movement; 3. Handgrip ability; and 4. Speed of movement. The participant showed significant progress in all variables through training in the intervention phase, with the resource adaptations. The game of “Adapted Checkers” was shown to be effective in relation to the manipulative skills of the student with cerebral palsy, providing autonomy during the game. Received: 2024/04/19 Reformulated: 2024/06/03 Accepted: 2024/06/11

Dissecting the impact of the three E, S, G pillars on credit risk

This study explores the impact of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) scores on the credit risk of Chinese A-share listed companies. Based on the empirical study, we analyse both the individual and combined effects of E, S, and G scores. Our findings indicate that improvements in ESG scores significantly reduce credit risk, particularly among green companies and those with high transparency. This conclusion remains robust after accounting for potential endogeneity bias through the application of the instrumental variable method. Furthermore, our study delves into how ESG scores impact credit risk. An increase in ESG scores reduces a company’s debt default risk by decreasing the negative ESG-related news sentiment, enhancing stock liquidity, lowering financing costs, and improving the quality of internal controls. These insights contribute to a deeper understanding of ESG factors in risk management and offer practical guidance for companies seeking to enhance their ESG performance in relation to credit risk.

Design and Fabrication of Compact MIMO Array Antenna with Tapered Feed Line for 5G Applications

In this paper, we design, fabricate, measure, and report two proposed multiple input multiple output antenna elements (MIMOs) with good performance in the 5G band. The MIMO antennas are mounted on Roger / Druoid 5880 substrates (dielectric constant: 2.2) with an overall structure volume 20×24.14×0.79mm3. First, a comprehensive parametric study is performed based on CST Electromagnetic (EM) Simulator to investigate and enhance the antenna performance in relation to 5G application requirements. Second, as part of the antenna design process, we compute the envelope correlation coefficient (ECC > 0.01dB) and diversity gain (DG> 9.9dB) and achieve good results. Third, we provide fabrication and measurement verification with good agreement. Fourth, we use a tapered feed structure with inset feed to minimize mutual coupling and achieve matching along 2 transmission lines with various impedances with high compactness in the antenna structure. Fifthly, we report that the proposed antenna structure has a gain is 8 dBi (dB) at the relevant operating frequency band (24.25

Robust Encryption Framework for IoT Devices Based on Bit-plane Extraction, Chaotic Sine Models, and Quantum Operations

In the domain of Internet of Things (IoT) applications, quantum computers offer the promise of addressing complex computational issues that traditional cryptographic methods find challenging. The unparalleled computational power of quantum computers makes existing cryptographic schemes, tailored to mitigate computational complexity, ineffective. This research introduces a robust encryption scheme designed specifically for digital data exchanged between IoT devices such as smartphones, smart sensors, and smart health monitoring devices. The proposed encryption framework is based on bit-plane extraction-based encryption, the chaotic sine model, the hyperchaotic map, the quantum baker map, and quantum operations such as quantum selective scrambling. The proposed methodology involves three key phases: the first and last phase related to permutation, which is performed at the bit level based on discrete bit-plane scrambling, bit-plane extraction, and hyperchaotic mapping. However, the second phase is based on diffusion, which depends on the chaotic sine model. During the initial stage, creating correlations among image pixels, along with a couple of chaotic sequences using a quantum baker map, is accomplished through a superposition of quantum-states. Before applying diffusion, the pixels of the grayscale image are encoded using a single qubit, and quantum operations are based on a quantum circuit featuring swap gates. To introduce pixel-level permutation, a hyperchaotic map generates random sequences within the range of 0 to 255. A circular shift further shuffles the pixel rows and pixel columns of the permuted image pixels. To enhance the digital image security further, bit-planes are extracted from the permuted bit-planes. Then, the bits within each bit plane are scrambled using a random sequence generated by the hyperchaotic map. Finally, the encoded bit planes are merged to produce a final encrypted image. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology, with security parameters such as correlation, entropy, and key space measuring at 0.0001, 7.999, and >2100, respectively. Furthermore, to assess performance in relation to computational complexity, a detailed analysis of computational time is conducted. The results reveal that the proposed encryption scheme can execute all encryption steps presented in the proposed method in less than one second. These findings demonstrate the secure transmission of digital data between IoT devices and show the suitability of the proposed encryption scheme for real-time applications.

Serum insulin-like growth factor-1 and leptin concentrations in Black Bengal goats at different ages and gestation periods and their relationship to kid growth performance.

The impact of maternal hormone concentration on kid growth performance in relation to insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and leptin is minimal. This study examined IGF-1 and leptin levels at varying ages and gestation periods for their correlation with Black Bengal goat kids' growth during the preweaning phase. Blood samples were collected from 43 dams with different reproductive cycles and 28 prepubertal goats to measure serum concentrations of IGF-1 and leptin. Among dams, both hormones were investigated in different age ranges (<2, 2-3, 3-4, and >4 years old) and reproductive cycles (non-pregnancy, early gestation (1-50 days), mid-gestation (51-100 days), late gestation (101-135 days), and the last 15 days before delivery). After delivery, 65 kids from 34 dams were weighted weekly for 8 weeks to calculate average daily weight gain (ADG) at 0-4 weeks (ADG0-4 W) and 4-8 weeks (ADG4-8 W) and growth performance, including weight (W), height (H), length (L), chest girth (C) measured at birth (W0, H0, L0, and C0) and at 10 weeks of age (W10, H10, L10, and C10) were related to hormone serum concentrations in their dams at different gestation periods including the last 15 days before delivery. Dams had higher mean serum IGF-1 (p < 0.001) and leptin (p < 0.05) than prepubertal goats. Dams at late gestation had higher IGF-1 concentrations than those at early and mid-gestation and during the last 15 days before delivery. However, it was consistent with non-pregnant goats. The kid's growth performance correlated positively with IGF-1 concentration, which was collected in the last 15 days before delivery. Multivariate analysis showed that ADG0-4 W was higher in kids born from dams with high IGF-1 than those with low IGF-1 measured during the last 15 days of delivery, whereas leptin tended to have a similar effect. Serum IGF-1 and leptin concentrations of dams measured during the last 15 days before delivery were associated with kid's growth during the preweaning period.

Financial performance and capital structure – an econometric approach for Romanian e-commerce companies during the COVID-19 pandemic

The study investigates the inverse relationship between financial performance and capital structure for the Romanian B2C e-commerce companies, based on a representative sample of 437 companies active in the period 2005–2020. Statistical analyzes show the evolution of financial performance and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on it, depending on the company category. All company categories had better financial performance in 2020 compared to 2019, based on sample results. The study reveals valid reference values for the financial ratios of Romanian electronic commerce, being a model to be applied in any industry. The analysis of the causality of the financial variables and their correlations, on the sub-periods 2005–2008 and 2009–2020, both at the company category level and at the sample level, are the basis of the GMM approach. The econometric models Difference GMM and System GMM explain the relationship between financial performance and capital structure leading to interesting conclusions. As e-commerce has a sustainable development, the findings and conclusions of the study provide guidance for economic policies at the sectoral level. Financial performance in relation to strategic debt management depends on the company category. Stimulating the development of those categories of companies that ensure the efficient performance framework can be the key to a sustainable development of the national economy. The study is useful for managers, investors, financial analysts, decision makers, in financial education as well as for the banking system.

Moisture effect on tensile and low‐velocity impact tests of flax fabric‐reinforced PLA biocomposite

AbstractThis study investigates the hygrothermal aging effect on the tensile and impact behavior of flax/PLA biocomposites. Specimens underwent up to four weeks of conditioning at 40°C in a climate chamber with water. Analysis covered porosity, moisture diffusibility, and transversal microstructure, enabling assessment of tensile strength, tensile modulus, and impact performance in relation to moisture uptake and fiber orientation. The study of tensile properties revealed that at approximately 12% moisture content, stiffness and yield stress decrease, while strength remains constant. Moisture diffusivity is higher in warp and weft yarn directions than the out‐of‐plane direction. Tensile testing at environmental equilibrium moisture reveals greater stiffness in the weft direction, correlated with lower crimp percentage and yarn angle. The main contribution of the paper is the study of the influence of moisture on the impact behavior, the results show that energy absorption capability of flax/PLA biocomposite increases with moisture content.Highlights Fully biodegradable composite material by heat‐compression molding subjected to hygrothermal aging conditions for up to four weeks. The moisture diffusivity in both the warp and weft yarn directions registered higher values in comparison to the out‐of‐plane direction. Tensile testing at environmental equilibrium moisture revealed that the stiffness in the weft direction presented higher values. At 12% of moisture uptake, the stiffness and yield stress reached their lowest values, while strength remained constant. However, the low‐velocity impact properties of the composites exhibited improvement with moisture.

Comparative Analysis of Different Burner Concepts in a Locally Manufactured Bread-Baking Oven

The supply and control of heat within an oven with minimal loss is an integral process in optimizing the bread-baking process. Research over the years reports on measures to control heat, however, there is limited data on optimizing burner designs for efficient heat supply. Challenged with enhancing the functionality of a bread baking oven made locally, three different burner concepts (i.e., U, H and Rectangular shaped) were designed, fabricated and evaluated in a locally manufactured bread baking oven. The study investigated the three burner configurations to enhance the locally manufactured ovens&amp;apos; environmental sustainability, cost-effectiveness, and efficiency. The study also assessed each burner design concept&amp;apos;s performance in relation to heat distribution, fuel consumption, and emissions through thorough experimentation and analysis. Thermocouples were used to determine the temperature differences within the oven and outside the oven walls to verify heat losses. The results showed that the concept burner design can be used to bake bread with good quality parameters like colour, texture and taste within efficient baking time. Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) analysis performed on the proposed burner design concepts in relation to heat flow show that continuous flow of heat was assured during baking. Also, simulation performed on the baking trays show an acceptable stress and strain levels as well as favorable factor of safety, indicating that the designs proposed is suitable for the purpose. Data analysis performed on the heat generated within the oven chamber considering the lower and upper trays for all the burners evaluated can be ranked in terms of percentage as RB &amp;gt; HB &amp;gt; UB (41.39% &amp;gt; 30.72% &amp;gt; 27.89%). Based on the study conducted, the authors can suggest the best design concept for heat generation in locally manufactured ovens should be rectangular-shaped.

Interpretation of Clinical Retinal Images Using an Artificial Intelligence Chatbot

PurposeTo assess the performance of ChatGPT-4 in providing accurate diagnoses to retina teaching cases from OCTCases. DesignCross-sectional study. SubjectsRetina teaching cases from OCTCases. MethodsWe prompted a custom chatbot with 69 retina cases containing multimodal ophthalmic images, asking it to provide the most likely diagnosis. In a sensitivity analysis, we inputted increasing amounts of clinical information pertaining to each case until the chatbot achieved a correct diagnosis. We performed multivariable logistic regressions on Stata v17.0 (StataCorp LLC, College Station, Texas) to investigate associations between the amount of text-based information inputted per prompt and the odds of the chatbot achieving a correct diagnosis, adjusting for the laterality of cases, number of ophthalmic images inputted, and imaging modalities. Main Outcome MeasuresOur primary outcome was the proportion of cases for which the chatbot was able to provide a correct diagnosis. Our secondary outcome was the chatbot’s performance in relation to the amount of text-based information accompanying ophthalmic images. ResultsAcross 69 retina cases collectively containing 139 ophthalmic images, the chatbot was able to provide a definitive, correct diagnosis for 35 (50.7%) cases. The chatbot needed variable amounts of clinical information to achieve a correct diagnosis, where the entire patient description as presented by OCTCases was required for a majority of correctly diagnosed cases (23/35 cases, 65.7%). Relative to when the chatbot was only prompted with a patient’s age and sex, the chatbot achieved a higher odds of a correct diagnosis when prompted with an entire patient description (OR=10.1, 95%CI=[3.3, 30.3], p<0.01). Despite providing an incorrect diagnosis for 34 (49.3%) cases, the chatbot listed the correct diagnosis within its differential diagnosis for 7 (20.6%) of these incorrectly answered cases. ConclusionsThis custom chatbot was able to accurately diagnose approximately half of the retina cases requiring multimodal input, albeit relying heavily on text-based contextual information that accompanied ophthalmic images. The diagnostic ability of the chatbot in interpretation of multimodal imaging without text-based information is currently limited. The appropriate use of the chatbot in this setting is of utmost importance, given bioethical concerns.

Emotional and motivational intelligence in Ethiopian high school learners' writing performance in relation to gender differences

In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the role of emotional and motivational intelligence in educational settings. Studies have shown that these factors can significantly impact students' academic performance. However, little attention has been given to the influence of emotional and motivational intelligence on writing performance, especially in relation to gender differences. This study aims to examine the relationship between emotional and motivational intelligence and writing performance among Ethiopian high school learners, while considering potential variations based on gender. To achieve this, a sample of 176 Ethiopian high school learners (69 male and 107 female, aged between 17 and 24) was selected using a stratified random sampling technique. The participants completed self-reported questionnaires to assess their emotional and motivational intelligence, and their writing performance was evaluated based on a set of predetermined writing rubrics. The collected data was analyzed using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), Pearson's correlation coefficient, and path coefficients to determine any significant relationships or gender differences. The results showed a statistically significant relationship between emotional intelligence dimensions and writing performance. However, there was no statistically significant difference in writing performance and writing motivation based on gender. These findings provide valuable insights into the influence of emotional and motivational intelligence on writing performance among Ethiopian high school learners. Emotional intelligence, including the ability to understand and manage one's own and others' emotions, positively affected writing performance. This study contributes to the existing literature on the role of emotional and motivational intelligence in educational settings, specifically focusing on writing performance among Ethiopian high school learners. Overall, this research sheds light on the importance of considering emotional and motivational factors in educational practices to foster improved academic outcomes.

Sustainable recycling management: configuration of risk factors and resilience strategies

PurposeRecycling is associated with positive social and environmental impact, but previous studies have overlooked the cost of recycling operations. Based on the dynamic capability view, the purpose of this study was to identify and evaluate risk factors and resilience strategies within the recycling industry, prioritize these factors and identify the optimal combination of resilience strategies and risk factors to improve market performance.Design/methodology/approachThe research questions were addressed in three subsequent studies. In Study 1, qualitative interviews were conducted to identify risk factors and strategies to mitigate those risks. In Study 2, quality function deployment methodologies were implemented via case studies derived from three different companies. Based on the results of Studies 1 and 2, in addition to the use of fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis, Study 3 aimed to determine the optimal combination of risk factors and strategies impacting market performance.FindingsThe results across the three studies revealed a number of risk factors as well as which risk factors and resilience strategies have the greatest impact on market performance. Specifically, it was found that higher levels of readiness, response and recovery strategies lead to greater market performance, whereas weak readiness, response and recovery strategies, along with low societal, environmental and health and safety risk factors, significantly inhibit performance.Originality/valueThis research extends current understandings of market performance in relation to recycling industry management and offers insight for decision-makers toward combating significant risk factors in business-to-business settings.

Relative improvements between roads and railways and economic performance: A panel data analysis

Prior studies indicate that expanding the length of roadways and railways has a beneficial effect on economic performance. Nevertheless, the requirement for land transport infrastructure, which offers different degrees of accessibility and mobility, to facilitate economic expansion differs based on a country's stage of development. The present study has two objectives. Firstly, it is essential to ascertain the required investment for different types of land transport infrastructure to facilitate different stages of economic performance. Secondly, the objective is to examine the impact of different forms of land transportation infrastructure on economic performance by means of urbanization and exports. To highlight these concerns, a fixed-effects panel linear regression analysis was conducted on a panel consisting of 50 countries spanning the years 1980–2018. In countries with lower levels of urbanization and exports, improvements to road infrastructure, especially roads with high accessibility, are of greater importance for economic performance compared to the improvement of railways. Nevertheless, as urbanization and exports rise, the comparative impact of improvements in road infrastructure on economic performance in relation to improvements in railway infrastructure diminishes. Railway improvements have a more significant effect on economic performance compared to road improvements, owing to increased urbanization and export rates. During these stages of development, high-mobility roads are more crucial for economic performance compared to high-accessibility roads. The conclusion of the research examined a variety of policy recommendations derived from our findings, which are applicable to different levels of urbanization and exports.