Performed Resistance Exercise Research Articles

Nandrolone decanoate and resistance exercise training favor the occurrence of lesions and activate the inflammatory response in the ventral prostate.

Age is a key factor in the development of prostatic lesions. An increase in reactive oxygen species levels occurs during aging. Furthermore, the indiscriminate use of anabolic androgenic steroids and physical exercise alter the availability of hormones and may promote the appearance of lesions. This study examined whether the use of nandrolone decanoate (ND), associated or not with resistance exercise training, affects the pathways related to the inflammatory response in the ventral prostate of adult and aged rats. Sprague-Dawley rats were distributed into eight experimental groups: sedentary with ND, sedentary without ND, exercise with ND, and exercise without ND. The animals performed resistance exercise training and received ND two times/week (5mg/kg, i.m.) for 8weeks. Adult rats were killed immediately following treatment completion, and aged rats remained untreated until reaching 300days of age. The adult animals that received ND and performed resistance exercise training showed a higher occurrence of lesions with TLR4 activation. Marked IL-6 expression occurred in the group that performed resistance exercise training. The group exposed to ND showed overexpression of TLR2, TLR4, NOX1, Nrf2, TNF-α, and P38MAPK. The animals that received ND and performed training showed increase levels of NFκB, IRF3, IL-6, TNF-α, and NOX1. TLR2 and TLR4 showed no upregulation in the aged animals. The groups exercise+ND showed lesions in the adult stage and after aging, followed by molecular alterations. We concluded that nandrolone decanoate and resistance exercise training can promote the onset of prostatic tumors in the adult stage, and during aging, activating pathways involved in the inflammatory response.

Higher compared with lower dietary protein during an energy deficit combined with intense exercise promotes greater lean mass gain and fat mass loss: a randomized trial

AbstractBackground: A dietary protein intake higher than the Recommended Dietary Allowance during an energy deficit helps to preserve lean body mass (LBM), particularly when combined with exercise.Objective: The purpose of this study was to conduct a proof-of-principle trial to test whether manipulation of dietary protein intake during a marked energy deficit in addition to intense exercise training would affect changes in body composition.Design: We used a single-blind, randomized, parallel-group prospective trial. During a 4-wk period, we provided hypoenergetic (∼40% reduction compared with requirements) diets providing 33 ± 1 kcal/kg LBM to young men who were randomly assigned (n = 20/group) to consume either a lower-protein (1.2 g · kg−1 · d−1) control diet (CON) or a higher-protein (2.4 g · kg−1 · d−1) diet (PRO). All subjects performed resistance exercise training combined with high-intensity interval training for 6 d/wk. A 4-compartment model assessment of body composition was made pre- and postintervention.Results: As a result of the intervention, LBM increased (P < 0.05) in the PRO group (1.2 ± 1.0 kg) and to a greater extent (P < 0.05) compared with the CON group (0.1 ± 1.0 kg). The PRO group had a greater loss of fat mass than did the CON group (PRO: −4.8 ± 1.6 kg; CON: −3.5 ± 1.4kg; P < 0.05). All measures of exercise performance improved similarly in the PRO and CON groups as a result of the intervention with no effect of protein supplementation. Changes in serum cortisol during the intervention were associated with changes in body fat (r = 0.39, P = 0.01) and LBM (r = −0.34, P = 0.03).Conclusions: Our results showed that, during a marked energy deficit, consumption of a diet containing 2.4 g protein · kg−1 · d−1 was more effective than consumption of a diet containing 1.2 g protein · kg−1 · d−1 in promoting increases in LBM and losses of fat mass when combined with a high volume of resistance and anaerobic exercise. Changes in serum cortisol were associated with changes in body fat and LBM, but did not explain much variance in either measure. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01776359.

The Impact of Walking Exercises and Resistance Training upon the Walking Distance in Patients with Chronic Lower Limb Ischaemia.

Objective. The objective of this paper is to compare the impact of supervised walking and resistance training upon the walking distance in PAD patients. Materials and Methods. The examination involved 50 PAD patients at the 2nd stage of the disease according to Fontaine's scale. The participants were randomly allocated to two groups: one exercising on the treadmill (n = 24) and one performing resistance exercises of lower limbs (n = 26). Results. The 12-week program of supervised rehabilitation led to a significant increase in the intermittent claudication distance measured both on the treadmill and during the 6-minute walking test. The group training on the treadmill showed a statistically significant increase of the initial claudication distance (ICD) and the absolute claudication distance (ACD) measured on the treadmill, as well as of ICD and the total walking distance (TWD) measured during the 6-minute walking test. Within the group performing resistance exercises, a statistically significant improvement was observed in the case of parameters measured on the treadmill: ICD and ACD. Conclusions. The supervised rehabilitation program, in the form of both walking and resistance exercises, contributes to the increase in the intermittent claudication distance. The results obtained in both groups were similar.

Effects of an Unstable Load on Force and Muscle Activation During a Parallel Back Squat.

Stability training has become commonplace in the strength and conditioning field. Although unstable surface training has been investigated, little is known regarding the efficacy of performing resistance exercises with an unstable load. The purpose of this study was to determine if performing a parallel back squat with an unstable load (weights suspended from the bar by an elastic band) produces greater ground reaction forces (GRFs) and muscle activation in the trunk and lower extremities than a stable condition (a normally loaded barbell). Fifteen resistance-trained males (age: 24.2 ± 3.4 years, mass: 83.4 ± 18.7 kg) completed 10 repetitions of the back squat, with 60% of their 1 repetition maximum in both stable and unstable conditions. Peak vertical GRF and the integrated muscle activity of the rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, biceps femoris, soleus, rectus abdominis, external oblique, and erector spinae muscles on the right side of the body were determined The unstable load resulted in a small (3.9%) but significant decrease in peak vertical GRF. The unstable load also produced greater muscle activation in the rectus abdominis, external oblique, and soleus. The findings of this study suggest that squatting with an unstable load will increase activation of the stabilizing musculature; and while force decrements were statistically significant, the decrease was so small it may not be relevant to practitioners.

A randomised controlled trial of resistance exercise prior to administration of influenza vaccination in older adults

The low rate of vaccine efficacy in the older adult population poses a major challenge to public health. Previous investigation has found acute exercise can enhance immune responses to vaccines within a young adult population. To date, no study has investigated the effect of exercise on vaccine responses in immune-compromised groups such as older adults, a group who could potentially benefit from enhanced responses. Forty-six healthy older adults (mean age = 73 ± 7 years, BMI = 27.2 ± 5 kg m2, male = 23) were randomly assigned to complete a control or exercise task prior to administration of the seasonal influenza vaccine. The exercise group performed resistance exercises using upper and lower body muscle groups at an intensity of 60-percent one repetition maximum. Antigen-specific serum antibody titres were measured at baseline and one-month and six-months post-vaccination. Exercise task elicited expected changes in inflammatory markers, but for all three viral strains of the influenza vaccine, changes in antibody titre from baseline to one-month and six-months post vaccination were similar between groups who exercised prior to vaccination and those who rested. Control participants suffered a higher rate of systemic adverse events in the 48 h following vaccination. To our knowledge, this was the first randomised controlled trial (RCT) investigating the effects of resistance exercise on vaccine response in the older adult population, limitations include sample size and intensity of exercise task which may have contributed to the null finding.

Nutritional interventions to augment resistance training-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy.

Skeletal muscle mass is regulated by a balance between muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and muscle protein breakdown (MPB). In healthy humans, MPS is more sensitive (varying 4–5 times more than MPB) to changes in protein feeding and loading rendering it the primary locus determining gains in muscle mass. Performing resistance exercise (RE) followed by the consumption of protein results in an augmentation of MPS and, over time, can lead to muscle hypertrophy. The magnitude of the RE-induced increase in MPS is dictated by a variety of factors including: the dose of protein, source of protein, and possibly the distribution and timing of post-exercise protein ingestion. In addition, RE variables such as frequency of sessions, time under tension, volume, and training status play roles in regulating MPS. This review provides a brief overview of our current understanding of how RE and protein ingestion can influence gains in skeletal muscle mass in young, healthy individuals. It is the goal of this review to provide nutritional recommendations for optimal skeletal muscle adaptation. Specifically, we will focus on how the manipulation of protein intake during the recovery period following RE augments the adaptive response.

Higher Total Protein Intake and Change in Total Protein Intake Affect Body Composition but Not Metabolic Syndrome Indexes in Middle-Aged Overweight and Obese Adults Who Perform Resistance and Aerobic Exercise for 36 Weeks1–3

Background: Studies assessing the effects of protein supplementation on changes in body composition (BC) and health rarely consider the impact of total protein intake (TPro) or the change in TPro (CTPro) from participants' usual diets.Objective: This secondary data analysis assessed the impact of TPro and CTPro on changes in BC and metabolic syndrome (MetS) indexes in overweight and obese middle-aged adults who participated in an exercise training program.Methods: Men and women [n = 117; age: 50 ± 0.7 y, body mass index (BMI; in kg/m2): 30.1 ± 0.3; means ± SEs] performed resistance exercise 2 d/wk and aerobic exercise 1 d/wk and consumed an unrestricted diet along with 200-kcal supplements (0, 10, 20, or 30 g whey protein) twice daily for 36 wk. Protein intake was assessed via 4-d food records. Multiple linear regression model and stratified analysis were applied for data analyses.Results: Among all subjects, TPro and CTPro were inversely associated (P < 0.05) with changes in body mass, fat mass (FM), and BMI. Changes in BC were different (P < 0.05) among groups that consumed <1.0 (n = 43) vs. ≥1.0 to <1.2 (n = 29) vs. ≥1.2 g · kg−1 · d−1 (n = 45). The TPro group with ≥1.0 to <1.2 g · kg−1· d−1 reduced FM and %FM and increased percentage of LM (%LM) compared with the lowest TPro group, whereas the TPro group with ≥1.2 g · kg−1· d−1 presented intermediate responses on changes in FM, %FM, and %LM. The gain in LM was not different among groups. In addition, MetS indexes were not influenced by TPro and CTPro.Conclusions: In conjunction with exercise training, higher TPro promoted positive changes in BC but not in MetS indexes in overweight and obese middle-aged adults. Changes in TPro from before to during the intervention also influenced BC responses and should be considered in future research when different TPro is achieved via diet or supplements. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00812409.

Effects of long-term resistance exercise training on autophagy in rat skeletal muscle of chloroquine-induced sporadic inclusion body myositis.

PurposeWe examined whether resistance exercise training restores impaired autophagy functions caused by Chloroquine (CQ)-induced Sporadic Inclusion Body Myositis (sIBM) in rat skeletal muscle.MethodsMale wistar rats were randomly assigned into three groups: Sham (n = 6), CQ (n = 6), and CQ + Exercise (CE, n = 6). To create a rat model of sIBM, rats in the CQ and CE group were intraperitoneally injected with CQ 5 days a week for 16 weeks. Rats in the CE group performed resistance exercise training 3 times a week for 8 weeks in conjunction with CQ starting from week 9 to week 16. During the training period, maximal carrying load, body weight, muscle weight, and relative muscle weight were measured. Autophagy responses were examined by measuring specific markers.ResultsWhile maximal carrying capacity for resistance exercise training was dramatically increased in the CE group, no significant changes occurred in the skeletal muscle weight as well as in the relative muscle weight of CE compared to the other groups. CQ treatment caused significant increases in the levels of Beclin-1 and p62, and decreases in the levels of LAMP-2 proteins. Interestingly, no significant differences in the LC3-II/I ratio or the LC3-II protein levels were observed. Although CQ-treatment groups suppressed the levels of the potent autophagy inducer, BNIP3, p62 levels were decreased in only the CE group.ConclusionOur findings demonstrate that sIBM induced by CQ treatment results in muscle degeneration via impaired autophagy and that resistance exercise training improves movable loading activity. Finally, regular exercise training may provide protection against sIBM by enhancing the autophagy flux through p62 protein.

Effect of Resistance Exercises on the Indicators of Muscle Reserves and Handgrip Strength in Adult Patients on Hemodialysis

Although resistance exercise has been associated with improvement in the muscle reserves, muscle strength and quality of life in end-stage renal disease patients, the objective of this paper is to evaluate the effect of resistance exercise performed during hemodialysis sessions on the anthropometric indicators of muscle reserve and handgrip strength in sedentary malnourished patients with end-stage renal disease. Patients were randomized to perform resistance exercise during hemodialysis sessions with ankle weights and resistance bands. The exercises were performed twice a week over the course of 12weeks. The control group underwent a hemodialysis session alone. The outcomes measures were the following anthropometric measurements: arm muscle circumference and arm muscle area. Dynamometry was used to measure the handgrip strength. Sixty-one sedentary patients with a median age of 29years (interquartile range [IQR] 21-39years), and 83% presenting with some grade of malnutrition were equally randomized to either the intervention or control group. In the resistance exercise group, there was an increase in the arm muscle circumference from 233.6 (IQR 202-254) mm to 241.4 (IQR 203-264) mm (P= .001), arm muscle area from 35.9 (26-41) cm(2) to 36.6 (IQR 26-46) cm(2) (P= .002), and handgrip strength from 19.6 (IQR 11-28) kg to 21.2 (IQR 13-32) kg between the basal and final measurements (P<.05). The tolerance to exercise was adequate, and no adverse events were reported during the practical exercise. Resistance exercise at least twice a week is safe and represents an opportunity for improving the muscle mass and strength in adult patients who are on hemodialysis, including in those with malnutrition.

Leucine does not affect mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 assembly but is required for maximal ribosomal protein s6 kinase 1 activity in human skeletal muscle following resistance exercise.

We examined how the stimulatory effect of leucine on the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway is affected by the presence of the remaining essential amino acids (EAAs). Nine male subjects performed resistance exercise on 4 occasions and were randomly supplied EAAs with leucine, EAAs without leucine (EAA-Leu), leucine alone, or flavored water (placebo; control). Muscle biopsies were taken from the vastus lateralis before and 60 and 90 min after exercise. Biopsies were analyzed for protein phosphorylation, kinase activity, protein-protein interactions, amino acid concentrations, and tracer incorporation. Leucine alone stimulated ribosomal protein s6 kinase 1 (S6K1) phosphorylation ∼280% more than placebo and EAA-Leu after exercise. Moreover, this response was enhanced by 60-75% after intake of EAAs compared with that of leucine alone (P < 0.05). Kinase activity of S6K1 reflected that of S6K1 phosphorylation; 60 min after exercise, the activity was elevated 3.3- and 4.2-fold with intake of leucine alone and with EAAs, respectively (P < 0.05). The interaction between mammalian target of rapamycin and regulatory-associated protein of mammalian target of rapamycin was unaltered in response to both resistance exercise and amino acid provision. Leucine alone stimulates mTORC1 signaling, although this response is enhanced by other EAAs and does not appear to be caused by alterations in mTORC1 assembly.

Effect of Ziziphus jujuba Supplementation before One Session of Acute Resistance Exercise on the Serum Glutathione Peroxidase and Superoxide Dismutase Activity

Aims: Intense exercise damages tissues and disturb some cellular processes through oxidative stress and antioxidants can modulate intense exerciseinduced oxidative stress. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of Ziziphus jujube supplements on the glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in serum after a single session of resistance training. Materials & Methods: In this semi-experimental study, 24 young non-athletes females were purposefully selected and were randomly divided into two groups; Ziziphus jujube consumption+intensive resistance exercise and intensive resistance exercise. The first group received 0.4g/kg of body weight of Ziziphus jujube daily for 3 weeks, but another group prohibited from Ziziphus jujube consumption. Both groups carried out a session of intensive resistance exercise consisting of 5 movements at 90% of one maximum repetition. Blood samples were measured in three phases; baseline, after 3 weeks of the Ziziphus jujube consumption, and after the resistance exercise session. In order to valuation the enzymes activity the enzymatic method was used. Data were analyzed by the repeated measures ANOVA and LSD tests in SPSS 22 software. Findings: The Ziziphus jujube supplement significantly increased GPX activity (p=0.001) but it had no significant (p=0.19) influence on SOD activity. In addition, intensive resistance training significantly decreased the SOD (p=0.03) and GPX (p=0.02) activity immediately after exercise. Conclusion: Using Ziziphus jujube supplements improves the antioxidant enzyme activity of GPX, but this improvement is not likely enough to inhibit the depression of the antioxidant status after performing resistance exercise.

Effects of cold water immersion and active recovery on hemodynamics and recovery of muscle strength following resistance exercise.

Cold water immersion (CWI) and active recovery (ACT) are frequently used as postexercise recovery strategies. However, the physiological effects of CWI and ACT after resistance exercise are not well characterized. We examined the effects of CWI and ACT on cardiac output (Q̇), muscle oxygenation (SmO2), blood volume (tHb), muscle temperature (Tmuscle), and isometric strength after resistance exercise. On separate days, 10 men performed resistance exercise, followed by 10 min CWI at 10°C or 10 min ACT (low-intensity cycling). Q̇ (7.9 ± 2.7 l) and Tmuscle (2.2 ± 0.8°C) increased, whereas SmO2 (-21.5 ± 8.8%) and tHb (-10.1 ± 7.7 μM) decreased after exercise (P < 0.05). During CWI, Q̇ (-1.1 ± 0.7 l) and Tmuscle (-6.6 ± 5.3°C) decreased, while tHb (121 ± 77 μM) increased (P < 0.05). In the hour after CWI, Q̇ and Tmuscle remained low, while tHb also decreased (P < 0.05). By contrast, during ACT, Q̇ (3.9 ± 2.3 l), Tmuscle (2.2 ± 0.5°C), SmO2 (17.1 ± 5.7%), and tHb (91 ± 66 μM) all increased (P < 0.05). In the hour after ACT, Tmuscle, and tHb remained high (P < 0.05). Peak isometric strength during 10-s maximum voluntary contractions (MVCs) did not change significantly after CWI, whereas it decreased after ACT (-30 to -45 Nm; P < 0.05). Muscle deoxygenation time during MVCs increased after ACT (P < 0.05), but not after CWI. Muscle reoxygenation time after MVCs tended to increase after CWI (P = 0.052). These findings suggest first that hemodynamics and muscle temperature after resistance exercise are dependent on ambient temperature and metabolic demands with skeletal muscle, and second, that recovery of strength after resistance exercise is independent of changes in hemodynamics and muscle temperature.

Intervention for falls: reduced exercise and vitamin d supplementation among the institutionalized frail elderly

Background: It has been previously shown that the intake of natural vitamin D compounds helps prevent falls among facility residents, whereas a multifactorial intervention does not necessarily prevent falls. Furthermore, exercise alone reportedly increases falls among the institutionalized frail elderly. Purpose: This study aimed to compare the reduction in falls among institutionalized frail elderly between interventions using exercise reduction, vitamin D supplementation, or a combination of both. Methods: The participants were residents in a longterm care health facility in Osaka, Japan. A randomized, non-blinded, controlled clinical trial was conducted from September 2013 to June 2014. The participants (n= 91) were divided into four groups based on the intervention. The participants were randomized to the four groups: control group, reduced exercise group, nutrition group, andmultifactorial group. The control group (n= 23) was provided usual care. Usual care included advice on environmental adaptations, falls prevention education, care conference, select walking aids, two sessions of individualized exercise for 20minutes per week, and resistance exercise for 30minutes per week. The reduced exercise group (n= 22) did not perform resistance exercise. The nutrition group (n= 23) was administered oral vitamin D (900 IU/day). The multifactorial group (n= 23) performed reduced levels of exercise and received vitamin D supplementation. The intervention period lasted three months, and falls were recorded for a 6-month follow-up period. The baseline data included age, sex, BMI, FIM, 25 hydroxyvitamin D, skeletal muscle mass index, grip strength, history of falls, and cognitive function. Falls were defined using the International Classification of Diseases. The primary endpoint was the incidence of falls, which was analyzed using Cox proportional-hazards regression analysis. The falls data were compared between the four groups. A two-way analysis of variance was used to compare preand post-test measurements and determine if there was an intervention effect. Results: Sixteen of the participants did not complete the study (retention rate, 82.4%). During the follow-up period, falls occurred in nine participants (52.9%) in the control group, seven participants (31.8%) in the reduced exercise group, six participants (35.3%) in the nutrition group, and four participants (21.1%) in the multifactorial group. In the two-way analysis of variance, group-time interactions indicated clear improvements in 25 (OH) D. However, the other outcome measures were not significantly different among the 4 groups. The Cox proportional-hazard regression analysis, adjusted for sex and age, resulted in the following hazard ratios, compared with the control group: reduced exercise group, hazard ratio 0.48, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.17–1.30; nutrition group, hazard ratio 0.58, 95% CI 0.20–1.68; and multifactorial group, hazard ratio 0.28, 95% CI0.08–0.92. The valueswere significantly different between the control and multifactorial groups. Conclusion(s): The results suggest that the multifactorial intervention of reduced exercise and vitamin D supplementation is effective for falls reduction in institutionalized frail elderly. Implications: To prevent falls in facility residents, both physical abilities and nutritional status should be considered.

Greater Total And Regional Bone Mineral Density In Adult Male Long-distance Runners Who Resistance Train

Numerous studies report low bone mineral density (BMD) in male long distance runners. In contrast, resistance training can increase BMD; however, the efficacy of combining resistance training with long distance running has not been elucidated. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relation of engaging in resistance training and BMD in long-distance runners. METHODS: Participants consisted of 25 apparently healthy Caucasian men (mean ± SD; 25.9 ± 2.9 y; 1.77 ± 0.04 m, 75.4 ± 8.5 kg) who reported belonging to one of the following three groups based on exercise engagement over the previous three years: Non-exercise trained control (CON; n=8) participated in less than 1 hour of exercise per week; Non-resistance trained runners (NRT; n=8) ran at least 20 miles per week and did not engage in resistance training; and Resistance trained runners (RT; n=9) ran at least 20 miles per week and engaged in at least one resistance training session per week. NRT and RT did not participate in any aerobic cross training (biking, swimming, etc.) over the previous three years. Participants completed medical and exercise training history questionnaires. Body composition including BMD (total body, femoral neck region, femoral greater trochanteric region, femoral total region, and L1-L4 lumber spine) was assessed using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). RESULTS: Age, height, and total mass did not differ between groups. RT and NRT had greater lean body mass and less body fat % than CON (p < 0.05). At all measured sites, BMD was greater for RT (total body: 1.37 ± 0.09 g·cm-2; total femur region: 1.27 ± 0.15 g·cm-2; lumbar spine: 1.37 ± 0.12 g·cm-2) compared to NRT (total body: 1.28 ± 0.10 g·cm-2; total femur region: 1.08 ± 0.14 g·cm-2; lumbar spine 1.19 ± 0.09 g·cm-2) and CON (total body: 1.21 ± 0.07 g·cm-2; total femur region: 1.01 ± 0.10 g·cm-2; lumbar spine 1.22 ± 0.12 g·cm-2). NRT and CON did not differ in BMD at any measured site. CONCLUSION: Young adult male long-distance runners who engage in resistance training had greater BMD than non-resistance trained runners and non-exercise trained peers. Despite the weight bearing and repeated impact nature of running, BMD did not differ between NRT and CON at any measured site. Although causation cannot be determined with the present study design, the findings suggest that runners should perform resistance exercise at least once per week since this is associated with greater BMD.

Androgen Mediated Leukocyte Responses to Acute Resistance Exercise

Testosterone is involved in anabolic and inflammatory pathways by way of its androgen receptor and associated cytokines. We examined androgen (AR), interferon‐γ (INF‐γR), and interleukin‐1 (IL‐1R2) receptor expression and mRNA on circulating leukocytes in response to resistance exercise. Eight resistance trained men (24.8±4.4 y; 91.2±12.4 kg; 14.2±4.1 % body fat) performed resistance exercise and a control test in a balanced, randomized order. Peripheral blood leukocytes were sampled at baseline (BL), immediately (IP), 2‐hours (2H), and 6‐hours (6H) post exercise. AR, INF‐γ R, and IL‐1R2 expression on circulating CD14+ monocytes was evaluated with flow cytometry and mRNA was evaluated with real‐time‐PCR. Time and treatment effects were analyzed with two‐way ANOVA followed by post‐hoc pairwise comparisons. Interactions (p&lt;0.05) were observed for AR mRNA, AR expression, INF‐γR mRNA, and INF‐γR expression. AR mRNA in circulating leukocytes increased from BL at IP (6.22±3.02‐fold; p=0.004), 2H (5.92±2.52‐fold; p=0.002) and 6H (3.67±2.06‐fold; p=0.014) in the exercise trial. AR expression on CD14+ cells increased from BL to 2H in the exercise trial (p=0.045). INF‐γR mRNA in circulating leukocytes increased from BL to 2H (4.02±1.02‐fold; p=0.025) in the exercise trial (p=0.047). No significant interactions in IL‐1R2 mRNA or receptor expression were observed. Observed increases in mRNA content and expression for AR and INF‐γR on circulating leukocytes and CD14+ monocytes support the hypothesized role of testosterone in the acute inflammatory response to resistance exercise in men.

Acute molecular responses to concurrent resistance and high-intensity interval exercise in untrained skeletal muscle.

Concurrent training involving resistance and endurance exercise may augment the benefits of single-mode training for the purpose of improving health. However, muscle adaptations, associated with resistance exercise, may be blunted by a subsequent bout of endurance exercise, via molecular interference. High-intensity interval training (HIIT), generating similar adaptations to endurance exercise, may offer an alternative exercise mode to traditional endurance exercise. This study examined the influence of an acute HIIT session on the molecular responses following resistance exercise in untrained skeletal muscle. Ten male participants performed resistance exercise (4 × 8 leg extensions, 70% 1RM, (RE)) or RE followed by HIIT (10 × 1 min at 90% HRmax, (RE+HIIT)). Muscle biopsies were collected from the vastus lateralis before, 2 and 6 h post-RE to determine intramuscular protein phosphorylation and mRNA responses. Phosphorylation of Akt (Ser473) decreased at 6 h in both trials (P < 0.05). Phosphorylation of mTOR (Ser2448) was higher in RE+HIIT (P < 0.05). All PGC-1α mRNA variants increased at 2 h in RE+HIIT with PGC-1α and PGC-1α-ex1b remaining elevated at 6 h, whereas RE-induced increases at 2 and 6 h for PGC-1α-ex1b only (P < 0.05). Myostatin expression decreased at 2 and 6 h in both trials (P < 0.05). MuRF-1 was elevated in RE+HIIT versus RE at 2 and 6 h (P < 0.05). Atrogin-1 was lower at 2 h, with FOXO3A downregulated at 6 h (P < 0.05). These data do not support the existence of an acute interference effect on protein signaling and mRNA expression, and suggest that HIIT may be an alternative to endurance exercise when performed after resistance exercise in the same training session to optimize adaptations.

Muscle electrical activity during exercises with and without load executed on dry land and in an aquatic environment

Introduction Muscle activity in the aquatic environment was investigated using electromyographic analyses. The physical properties of water and the resistance used may influence the response of the muscle during exercise. The objective of this study was to evaluate the electrical activity in water and on the floor during flexion and knee extension exercises with and without load and aimed at understanding the muscular response while performing resistance exercises in water. Methods The sample consisted of 14 volunteers between 18 and 35 years old who were subjected to active exercises involving knee flexion and extension with and without load on the floor and in water. Electromyography was performed during the movement. Results A significant increase was found in the electrical activity of the rectus femoris muscle during exercises on the floor. The biceps femoris muscle showed increased electromyographic activity when resistance was used. A significant increase was found in the electrical activity of the rectus femoris muscle compared with exercises with and without load and the moment of rest in immersion. The electrical activity of the rectus and biceps femoris muscles was reduced in exercises with load and without load in a therapy pool compared with on the floor. Conclusion There was a reduction of the electromyographic activity in the aquatic environment compared with that on the ground, which could be attributed to the effects from hot water. Therefore, it is believed that resistance exercises can be performed early in a therapy pool, which will facilitate the prevention and treatment of musculoskeletal disorders.

Exercise Testing and Training Strategies for Healthy and Frail Elderly

Exercise Testing and Training Strategies for Healthy and Frail Elderly

Effects of short term creatine supplementation and resistance exercises on resting hormonal and cardiovascular responses

Summary Introduction The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of 3, 5 and 7 days of creatine loading coupled with resistance exercise on resting testosterone and cortisol concentrations, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate and rate pressure product (RPP). These measures were compared to those in placebo group. Summary of facts Twenty active males were randomly assigned to either a creatine group (Cr) or placebo group (Pl). Participants performed resistance exercises at day 3, 5, and 7; and also tested at day 4, 6, and 8. Subjects of the Cr group showed significant increases in testosterone concentrations and decreases in cortisol concentrations, in comparison with Pl and baseline, after 5 and 7 days of Cr loading (P 0.05). Conclusion Results of the present study suggest that more than 5 days of creatine supplementation, associated with resistance exercises is sufficient for increasing testosterone concentrations and decrement in cortisol concentrations.

Effect of Resistive and Aerobic Exercise on Reducing Insulin Sensitivity during Pregnancy

Aims: The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether a combined resistive and aerobic training program would improve insulin sensitivity compared with aerobic training alone in pregnant women. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Out Patient Clinic at El Mataria Teaching Hospital, between January and July 2014. Methodology: This study was carried out upon forty primipara pregnant women, who had insulin resistance, their age ranged from 25 to 35 years and their gestational age ranged from 20 to 24 weeks. They were divided into two groups equal in number, group (A) who performed resistance exercise and aerobic exercise (RE and AE) and group (B) who performed who aerobic exercise only(AE only). Original Research Article Embaby et al.; BJMMR, 9(7): 1-6, 2015; Article no.BJMMR.16269 2 Assessment of all subjects in both groups (A&B) was carried out at the beginning of the study and at 37 weeks of gestation using HOMA test. Results: There was a highly statistically significance decrease in insulin resistance in both groups where the p value was (0.0001) favoring group (A). Conclusion: Adding resistance exercise to aerobic exercise had a greater effect on improving insulin sensitivity than aerobic exercise only.