Dimensions Of Perfectionism Research Articles

Investigating the link between procrastination, Big Three perfectionism and psychological vulnerability in academic staff

This study examined the link between procrastination, psychological vulnerability, and the Big Three perfectionism (rigid, self-critical, and narcissistic perfectionism). A cross-sectional research design was used to collect data from 141 academic staff members working in Ethiopia's public universities. The results of the correlation analysis indicated that all three dimensions of perfectionism (Rigid, self-critical, and narcissistic) were positively and significantly associated to psychological vulnerability. Likewise, procrastination was positively and significantly correlated to psychological vulnerability. Hierarchical regression analyses also demonstrated that procrastination is a potential risk factor that predicted psychological vulnerability in Ethiopian academic staff. The outcomes of this study may offer crucial information to mental health practitioners for creating psychological intervention programs aimed at minimizing the habits of procrastination and the effects of perfectionism, and protecting the wellbeing of academic personnel against psychological vulnerabilities.

Striving for a perfect flow: Testing the 2 × 2 model of perfectionism in trail runners

Flow pertains to the state of the total absorption in the present activity, intense focus, concentration, and enjoyment, accompanied by a loss of reflective consciousness. Previous studies pointed out flow as an indissoluble part of physical activity, helpful in fostering and maintaining autonomous motivation in professional and amateur sport. In the present study, within the framework of the 2 × 2 model of perfectionism, we investigated the relationships between two higher-order dimensions of perfectionism - personal standards (PSP) and evaluative concerns (ECP) and dispositional flow. In an online survey study, we collected data from 206 trail runners (63 females, 143 males), aged between 18 and 65 (M = 39.15, SD = 9.19), who took part in the European Running Festival (a competitive trail running event). Our results showed that flow was positively associated with PSP and negatively associated with ECP. Furthermore, the results provide seminal evidence in support of the 2 × 2 model in relation to flow in sport. With H1a and H2–H4 hypotheses of the model all being supported the model indicates that for achieving the most frequent flow pure PSP is the most beneficial, while pure ECP is the least beneficial.

Perfectionism and writing anxiety as predictors of Iranian EFL learners’ performance in IELTS writing module: a multi-dimensional perspective

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between Iranian EFL Learners’ perfectionism and writing anxiety and their performance in the IELTS Writing Module. To this end, sixty-eight Iranian EFL learners were selected via convenience sampling. Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale developed and validated by Hewitt and Flett (1991) and Second Language Writing Anxiety Inventory devised by Cheng (2004) were administered to the participants. The participants were then asked to write on an assigned topic from IELTS Writing Task 2. The findings of the study indicated that of the three dimensions of perfectionism (i.e., self-oriented, other-oriented and socially prescribed), none were associated with the learners’ writing performance, while a significant negative relationship was found between the learners’ writing anxiety consisting of somatic anxiety, cognitive anxiety, and avoidance behavior and their writing performance. The results of multiple regression analysis suggested that somatic anxiety, and avoidance behavior were significant predictors of writing performance. The implications highlight the strategies that should be deployed by educational policy-makers, practitioners, and examiners to alleviate anxiety in L2 classrooms, promoting a safe and stress-free educational environment.

Believing that failure is essential: failure-is-enhancing mindset mediates the relationship of perfectionism and academic engagement

ABSTRACT Objective The present study aimed to (1) to determine how the two dimensions of perfectionism – perfectionistic strivings (PS) and evaluative concerns (EC) are associated with academic engagement and (2) to determine if failure mindset mediates the relationship between perfectionism and academic engagement. Method Four hundred and forty-eight Filipino undergraduate students with an average age of 20.91 SD = 2.37participated in the survey. Results The results indicate that PS is positively linked to academic engagement through failure-is-enhancing beliefs. In contrast, EC is associated with lower academic engagement through a reduced failure-is-enhancing mindset. Conclusion This study provides evidence that believing that failure is essential rather than unhelpful is an important factor in predicting academic engagement among perfectionists. Specifically, it was found that having high PS promotes the belief that failures are important in learning, while the opposite pattern was observed among those high in EC. This supports the view that perfectionism has an adaptive and a maladaptive side.

Examining the links between self-tracking and perfectionism dimensions

BackgroundSelf-tracking – the collection, storage, analysis, and evaluation of self-related data (e.g., on one’s diet, fitness activities, sports performance, or finances) – is a recent and widespread trend. Less is known about who engages in self-tracking. We expected perfectionism to be linked to self-tracking because performance optimization is central to this activity.Participants and procedureA German convenience sample (N = 145; 64% women, mean age = 32 years) was recruited for this cross-sectional study. The sample comprised a mix of students and community participants. Participants completed an online questionnaire with scales on self-tracking (Self Quantification Scale), perfectionism (Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale with subscales striv-ing for achievement and evaluative concerns), and personality (Big Five Inventory-10).ResultsUsing a two-dimensional conceptualization of perfectionism and controlling for the Big Five, we found that striving for achievement was strongly positively related to self-tracking, whereas evaluative concerns was not significantly linked. Ap-parently, people who set high goals and want to meet high standards are more likely than others to engage in self-tracking. However, people’s engagement in self-tracking was independent of their personality.ConclusionsThe results point to the importance of distinguishing between different perfectionism dimensions in relation to self-tracking. Future research could explore additional performance-related traits (e.g., grit) to expand the understanding of self-tracking.

The Relationship of Dimensions of Perfectionism with Social Anxiety in NonClinical Population

The Relationship of Dimensions of Perfectionism with Social Anxiety in NonClinical Population

My perfectionism drives me to be a cyborg: moderating role of internal locus of control on propensity towards memory implant

ABSTRACT Intention to use memory implants for non-therapeutic purposes has recently received attention among researchers. The present study examined perfectionism with two dimensions namely personal standards (PS) and evaluative concerns (EC) as possible dispositional factors associated with the intent to use memory implants. This study also examined the moderating role of internal locus of control (LOC) on the relationship between the dimensions of perfectionism and the intention to use memory implants. Employing a cross-sectional design, this study collected data on PS, EC, internal LOC and intention to use memory implants from a purposive sample of 686 Spanish university students aged between 18 and 28 years old (M = 21.88, SD = 2.40, males = 361, females = 325). Results showed that both PS and EC perfectionism have positive relationships with the intent to use memory implants. Internal LOC is also found to be strengthening the relationship between PS and the intent to use memory implants. These findings yield implications for those pushing forward the acceptance of human–machine hybrid and for those concerned about the detrimental consequences of such artificially formulated changes in humankind.

Perfectionistic Children and Their Parents: Is There Room for an Intergenerational Transmission? A Study of a Clinical Sample of Italian Children and Their Parents.

The relationship between maladaptive perfectionism and Internalizing (ID) and Externalizing Disorders (ED) in children needs to be better understood, along with the intergenerational transmission of these traits from parents to children. The present work aimed to share light on both these issues. 39 children with ID, 19 with ED, and their parents were recruited*. The Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale, the Big Five Inventory, the Child and Adolescent Perfectionism Scale, and the Hierarchical Personality Inventory for Children were used. The association between parent personality and perfectionism traits and children's perfectionism dimensions was evaluated through hierarchical regression analysis. ID and ED groups did not differ significantly concerning perfectionism. Fathers presented higher scores than mothers in Self-Oriented Perfectionism, Other-Oriented Perfectionism, and Socially-Prescribed Perfectionism. Parents of children with ID report higher levels of Obedience in their children, while parents of children with ED reported higher levels of Creativity and Perseverance. Significant associations were found between perfectionism in parents and their children, as well as between perfectionism and the personality of children. Results suggest a transdiagnostic nature of Perfectionism and support the transgenerational transmission of the personality traits investigated.

The mediating role of self-compassion in the relationship between trait perfectionism and psychological resilience among Filipino university students

Perfectionism has been a challenge in university students’ everyday lives. As perfectionism can negatively affect students’ mental health, researchers have suggested ways to manage perfectionism and build students’ resilience towards having a better wellbeing. One way is to practice self-compassion. This study utilized mediation analyses to investigate if self-compassion mediates the relationship between the trait dimensions of perfectionism and psychological resilience among Filipino university students. A sample of 317 undergraduate students from the University of the Philippines Diliman participated and answered scales that measure the variables of interest. Results indicate that when covariates were excluded, self-oriented perfectionism (SOP) and socially prescribed perfectionism influenced psychological resilience indirectly via self-compassion, while SOP and other-oriented perfectionism (OOP) directly affected psychological resilience, independent of self-compassion. When covariates were included, the same findings were found, but OOP also influenced psychological resilience indirectly via self-compassion. Implications of the findings are discussed in this study.

Prospective associations between grandiose narcissism and perfectionism: A longitudinal study in adolescence.

The current study investigates the longitudinal association between grandiose narcissism and multidimensional perfectionism over 2 years in adolescence. We adopted the Narcissistic Admiration and Rivalry Concept, which differentiates between two aspects of grandiose narcissism. We also considered multiple dimensions of perfectionism, including Socially Prescribed Perfectionism (SPP) and two forms of Self-Oriented Perfectionism (SOP), namely the tendencies to set high standards of performance (SOP-Striving) and to engage in overly critical self-evaluations (SOP-Critical). The study was conducted in a sample of Italian high school students (n= 331). Concurrent correlations indicated that Admiration was positively related to SOP-Striving and, to a lesser extent, to SOP-Critical and SPP. Rivalry was also positively related to the three perfectionistic dimensions, although correlations were smaller in size than those found for Admiration. Prospective associations between narcissism and perfectionism were analysed using a Random-Intercept Cross-Lagged Panel Model. Results showed that the predominant direction of effects was from narcissism to perfectionism, particularly from Admiration to SOP-Striving and SPP. Findings were discussed in terms of their implications for the understanding of the narcissism-perfectionism link.

A longitudinal study of perfectionism and orthorexia in exercisers

Research suggests that trait perfectionism and perfectionistic self-presentation are related to orthorexia – a pathological obsession with correct nutrition. However, no studies have examined these relationships over time or compared the influence of the two aspects of perfectionism on orthorexia. In the present study we sought to address these two issues. Gym members who engaged in high degrees of exercise were recruited via social media platforms. They completed an online questionnaire that included the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale-Short Form, Perfectionistic Self-Presentation Scale, and the Eating Habits Questionnaire on two occasions: 177 participants (Mean age = 31.6 years) initially completed the questionnaire and 82 completed the questionnaire six weeks later. A series of multiple regression analyses revealed that (i) trait perfectionism predicted an increase in orthorexia symptomatology over time with socially prescribed perfectionism and other-oriented perfectionism unique predictors of orthorexia, (ii) perfectionistic self-presentation predicted orthorexia over time with nondisplay of imperfection a unique predictor of orthorexia, and (iii) when considered alongside each other, only trait dimensions of perfectionism were unique predictors of orthorexia. The present study provides further evidence that perfectionism is related to orthorexia. In addition, the study also provides preliminary evidence that more engrained trait aspects of perfectionism are more predictive of orthorexia over time than the self-presentational aspects of perfectionism.

Perfectionism, the Impostor Phenomenon, Self-Esteem, and Personality Traits among Russian College Students.

Perfectionism and the Impostor Phenomenon (IP) have mainly been studied in American samples, as have the associations of Perfectionism and the Impostor Phenomenon with Self-Esteem and the Big Five personality traits. However, previous studies showed that results might depend on cultural background. There is a critical lack of such research in the Russian context which might limit generalization of the previous findings to a narrow range of cultures. In this study, the authors investigated how Perfectionism and the Impostor Phenomenon are related to the 5-factor model of personality, and examined the mediating role of Self-esteem between the dimensions of Perfectionism and the Impostor Phenomenon, using a Russian sample. The study sample comprised 372 undergraduate students age 18-23 (M = 19.07, SD = 1.05). The Impostor Phenomenon, Personality Traits, and Self-Esteem were measured by relevant questionnaires. The results indicated that Adaptive Perfectionism had a strong positive correlation with Extraversion, Conscientiousness, and Openness. Maladaptive Perfectionism had a strong relation to Conscientiousness and Neuroticism. Neuroticism demonstrated a strong positive correlation with impostor tendencies and was the main predictor. Self-esteem partially mediated the link between Maladaptive Perfectionism and the Impostor Phenomenon, intensifying negative feelings and Impostorism. These results generally replicated the pattern from previous studies of the relationship between Perfectionism, the Big Five personality traits, Self-esteem, and the Impostor Phenomenon. Thus, it could be possible to conclude that the studied relationships might be regarded as universal for the Russian students in terms of culture.

Trait Perfectionism, Perfectionistic Self-Presentation, and Muscle Dysmorphia in Male Exercisers: A Structural Equation Modeling Strategy

Perfectionism is positively related to muscle dysmorphia (MD). However, research on this relationship is limited by conceptual and methodological issues (e.g., conceptualizing perfectionism as unidimensional, suboptimal analytical techniques, and failing to examine whether perfectionistic self-presentation is also related to MD). To address these issues, we used a structural equation modeling strategy to examine whether dimensions of perfectionistic self-presentation add incrementally to the prediction of MD. A sample of 402 adult males who exercise regularly completed the study. We found that perfectionistic self-promotion, nondisplay of imperfection, and nondisclosure of imperfection accounted for significant increases in variance explained in MD (ΔR2 = .126–.192). This means that clinicians and practitioners need to consider not only whether exercisers are motivated by a drive to be perfect (inherent in dimensions of trait perfectionism), but also whether they are motivated by a drive to appear perfect to others (inherent in dimensions of perfectionistic self-presentation).

Relationship between Sports Participation and University Students' Social Perfectionism

The background of the study at hand described the Relationship between Sports Participation and the Development of Social Perfectionism among University Female Athletes of Punjab. Social perfectionism was analyzed from four perspectives like self-esteem, self-confidence, self-acceptance and self-discipline. The population for the study comprised of (462) university female athletes who had participated at intercollege and inter-varsity sports competitions randomly selected from Eight (08) public sector universities of Punjab. A structured questionnaire on a Likert scale ranging from strongly agree (SA) to strongly disagree (SDA) was developed and used after pilot testing checked through respondents of sampled university female athletes adopting a Cronbach's Alpha method of reliability. The researcher set a 0.05 value for testing the set hypotheses of the study. The data have shown that sports participation is highly correlated with different dimensions of social perfectionism like self-esteem, self-confidence, self-acceptance and self-discipline. At the same time, it was noticed that self-confidence was the most dominant factor developed through sports participation among female athletes of the university. Likewise, the data have revealed that those athletes who had participated in individual sports for four or more than four years had obtained higher mean score on Social Perfectionism Questionnaire (SPQ) than those who had participated in team sports for less than four years. Keeping in view the utility and importance of sports in the lives of students, particularly in empowering girls, it is obligatory to encourage a sports culture and involve the girls in peaceful sports.

The Relationship between Perfectionism and Sexual Function: A Systematic Review.

Objective: Perfectaionism is a common personality trait that can affect various aspects of life, especially sexual relationships. The purpose of this systematic review was to summarize the existing evidence for the relationship between perfectionism and sexual function in studies conducted in Iran and the world. Method : A comprehensive search of databases such as Scopus, PubMed, Cochrane, Science Direct, ProQuest, PsychINFO, IranPsych, Irandoc, SID, and Google Scholar search engine was performed until December 2021 without a time limit. To find studies, we searched for the keywords perfectionism and sexual function in both Persian and English and combined these words with the AND operator. Studies that scored above 15 according to the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) criteria were included. Data analysis was performed qualitatively. Results: From the total of 878 articles found in databases, six articles met the inclusion criteria and had moderate quality. Reviewing studies corroborated that, notwithstanding the positive association between general/sexual perfectionism and sexual desire, specific dimensions such as socially prescribed perfectionism, partner-prescribed, and socially prescribed sexual perfectionism, have the utmost unfavorable effect on female sexual function, which means that a higher level of perfectionism ultimately decreases the rate of sexual function in women. In addition, studies suggested that by increasing sexual anxiety and distress levels, perfectionism deteriorates sexual function. Conclusion: Perfectionism may cause a variety of problems regarding sexual function. However, to clarify the precise role of each dimension of perfectionism on different areas of sexual function, more research must be conducted in this area in various communities and on age groups other than females of reproductive ages.

Applying the Self-Determination Theory to explain the link between perceived parental overprotection and perfectionism dimensions

Previous research offers evidence that parental overprotection explains – at least in part – the development of certain individual differences relevant to psychological maladjustment, including perfectionism. The current study aims to build upon this evidence by adopting the Self-Determination Theory as a theoretical framework for understanding the psychological processes that might explain the effect of parental overprotection (PO) on different features of perfectionism. Three-hundred and nineteen Italian participants (F = 73.7 %; Mage = 31.51 ± 13.04 years) were recruited and administered the Italian versions of the Parental Bonding Instrument, the Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction and Frustration Scale, the Big Three Perfectionism Scale, the Perfectionistic Self-Presentation Scale, and the Perfectionism Cognition Inventory. Structural equation modeling supported the hypothesized mediating effect of needs frustration in the above-mentioned links, especially when it comes to trait perfectionism and perfectionistic cognitions. Competence frustration played the most relevant role in explaining how parental overprotection might contribute to perfectionism dimensions. The current study provides evidence of a potential critical developmental pathway to perfectionism, with implications for clinical practice.

A motivational approach to perfectionism and striving for excellence: Development of a new continuum-based scale for post-secondary students.

Perfectionism has been the object of many disputes. One such debate pertains to the nature of perfectionistic strivings. Whereas perfectionistic concerns (PC) have been shown to correlate with negative outcomes, perfectionistic strivings (PS) have been associated with mixed outcomes. This view of perfectionism assumes a motivational perspective; however, commonly used questionnaires assess motivation only implicitly. To create a more explicit measure of motivation as regard perfectionism, we aimed to assess perfectionism in post-secondary education based on Deci and Ryan's self-determination continuum. We posit that introjected motivation represents the variance common to both dimensions of perfectionism. External motivation is considered to be specific to PC and identified motivation to PS. Amotivation represents a lack of meaningful striving. Intrinsic motivation, lacking perfectionism's pressure, is conceptualized to be a self-determined form of striving for excellence. We further posited that this continuum is implicitly underlain by a continuum of self-definition as defined by Blatt. The resulting questionnaire showed an adequate structure with ESEM, followed a simplex structure, and had adequate reliabilities (Study 1a/Study 2). It also showed adequate convergent validity (Study 1b/Study 2). Finally, the questionnaire proved to be invariant over a 6-week period (Study 2). Results suggest that the degree of active goal pursuit, in addition to standards setting, could be a distinguishing characteristic between dimensions of perfectionism as well as striving for excellence.

Perfectionism, Prolonged Stress Reactivity, and Depression: A Two-Wave Cross-Lagged Analysis.

Perfectionism is a vulnerability factor for a wide array of psychopathology. Despite much evidence suggesting dysregulated stress response as an intermediary process that links perfectionism to psychopathology, the lack of a cross-lagged examination deterred researchers from making causal interpretations. This study examined the directionality of effects among perfectionism dimensions, stress reactivity, and depression. A total of 189 participants at time 1 and 94 at time 2 completed an online survey that consisted of measures of perfectionism, stress reactivity, and depression, one month apart. Cross-lagged analysis results showed that personal standards perfectionism predicted later prolonged stress reactivity but not depression at time 2. Self-critical perfectionism predicted later depression but not prolonged stress reactivity at time 2. Rather, prolonged stress reactivity at time 1 predicted self-critical perfectionism at time 2. Findings suggest that perfectionism dimensions are distinct in creating a dysregulated stress process. Future studies could incorporate other stress-related variables (e.g., coping) to further explicate the stress-generation process, in conjunction with stress reactivity.

Investigation of the Effectiveness of the Program for Coping with Negative Perfectionism

The purpose of this research is to test the effectiveness of the program for dealing with negative perfectionism. For this purpose, a quasi-experimental design was chosen with pre- and post-test measurements in both experimental and control groups. In the quasi-experimental design, pre-test is applied to both experimental and control groups before the experimental process. Then the experimental group is included in the experimental process. No experimental procedure is applied to the control group. Finally, a post-test is applied to both the experimental group and the control group as a result of the experimental process. As a result, the effectiveness of this experimental procedure is tested. There are 14 participants in the study group, who attend a public university's faculty of education at various grade levels and who are between the ages of 19 and 22 (X = 20.85, Ss = 1.09). The data are obtained from the Multi-dimensional Perfectionism Scale. Data were analyzed using nonparametric statistical techniques Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test and Mann Whitney U test. The evaluation of the effectiveness of the program revealed that while the levels of perfectionism were reduced towards self-oriented and other-oriented from the dimensions of perfectionism; however, the program had no effect on social-oriented perfectionism.

Athlete burnout and perfectionism in objectively and subjectively assessed sports

When athletes are burning out, performance decreases whereas exhaustion and devaluation increases. Athletes with perfectionistic tendencies may be at greater risk for burnout than those with lower levels. But are there any differences between athletes participating in objectively assessed sports (utilizing unbiased measures, such as time, e.g. swimming) and athletes participating in subjectively assessed sports (relying on coach feedback, competition judges, or internal perceptions to gauge performance, e.g. competitive dancing)? A total of 108 athletes (including 53 athletes in objectively assessed and 55 athletes in subjectively assessed sports) completed the Sport Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale-2 and the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire. Significant relationships were detected between perfectionism and burnout; negative dimensions of perfectionism were more strongly correlated with burnout. However, no significant differences were observed between the sports groupings, either on perfectionism or burnout. This study suggests that perfectionistic concerns are positively associated with athlete burnout, regardless of the athlete's sport being objectively or subjectively assessed.