Perfect Mobility Research Articles

Bezpieczeństwo informacji w modelu BYOD

The development of mobile devices, which can be seen now favors their use not only for communication, or entertainment, but increasingly also for work. New technologies such as Cloud Computing, fast, and public wireless networks, ever more perfect mobile devices, where a wide range available on the market makes that each user can adjust it to their requirements mean that more and more dynamically growing trend of workforce mobility. Mobility of workers, and thus the possibility of mobile computing is growing very rapidly and allows the use of newer and newer technologies. One of the models or trends that can be observed is BYOD (Bring Your Own Device). It is a model that allows for the use of their personal devices for business purposes. Ensure an appropriate level of information security in the case of new technologies related to user mobility is not an easy task. For organizations, this means a complete change of approach to managing the IT network, mobile devices, security management and management employees themselves. In the article will be presented the main aspects of information security, which should be in any organization which implements or has implemented a BYOD model for its IT infrastructure. Also it will be discussed the legal aspects, financial and related to licensing, which are directly connected with the BYOD model.

Macroeconomic volatility and trade in OLG economies

AbstractThis paper analyzes the effect of free‐trade integration on the dynamical properties of economies. We formulate a two‐country, two‐good, two‐factor overlapping generations model where countries only differ with respect to their discount rate. The main contribution of this paper is to show that opening up to international trade may have a destabilizing effect. In particular, we prove that, under perfect mobility of labor and capital between countries, sunspot cycles can occur in the trade regime although one country is characterized by saddle‐point stability in the autarky regime.

Theory of Employment, Wealth and Efficient Labour Market through National Labour Exchange

The paper proposed setting up of a National Labor Exchange along the lines of National Stock Exchange, Bombay Stock Exchange and Commodity Exchanges Worldwide in order to promote efficiency in the labor market, full employment and generating wealth and positive contributions to GDP. The paper also considers that Labor is a valuable Resource and a Wealth of the Nation, having potential to generate more wealth. The paper opposes the concept of Wages or Price of Labor as in classical economics, but supports Ricardo’s theory of Value and Laissez faire through efficient labor market. The paper opposes Keynesian theory outlining Government Intervention to generate Employment though Monetary Policy changes and Fiscal Policy as Keynesian theory is based on his book on The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money which was a product of Great Depression of 1931-36 not reflecting normal economic and business conditions in the economy when businesses failed and labor laid off in abundance. The paper critically evaluates various theories on Labor. The proposed Model of creating efficient Labor Market through National Labor Exchange will facilitate an automatic way for Full Employment, generating wealth for the Nation, Firm and Labor, easy access to information about the availability of Labor (man hours) and jobs. It would also help save employment costs in a Market Driven Economic System with Asymmetric Information. National Labor Exchange as proposed would also help Rating Certificates, Diplomas, Degrees, skill development and experiences based on Scores and would facilitate transparency in the Efficient Labor Markets. It would automatically adjust the return to labor based on value addition and economic and business conditions avoiding the problems of laying off. Efficient Labor Market would facilitate perfect or nearly perfect mobility of labor and full employment and maximizing wealth through National Labor Exchange.

LOCATION AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP: INSIGHTS FROM A SPATIALLY‐EXPLICIT OCCUPATIONAL CHOICE MODEL WITH AN APPLICATION TO CHILE

ABSTRACTOccupational choice and heterogeneous managerial ability enter a spatial Dixit‐Stiglitz setting, linking location, wages and regional entrepreneurship rates. Market potential has a positive partial effect and wages a negative partial effect on the regional supply of entrepreneurs, both balancing in equilibrium with endogenous wages. Market potential increases profits, but also the opportunity cost of entrepreneurship. In the long‐run equilibrium with perfect mobility, the cut‐off level of ability determining selection into entrepreneurship will be the same across regions; moreover, regional differences in entrepreneurship rates depend only in differences in average fixed costs of firms. An empirical application is provided for Chile.

Environment and economy in the modern agricultural development

This paper establishes a three-sector general equilibrium model to investigate the environmental and economic effects of policies intended to promote modern agriculture. In the model, two situations are considered: In the first situation, the perfect mobility of capital between the capital-consuming sectors is assumed, and in the second situation, there is perfect mobility of land between the land-using sectors, keeping perfect mobility of capital assumption unchanged. The main conclusion is that the environmental effect of interest subsidization for modern agricultural sector is superior to other subsiding policies of factor prices.

African Inter-City Railway Connection System

African countries are limited in unifying themselves due to the boundaries and various requirements which hinder their free and perfect mobility, manifested in visa requirement, multi-currencies, different leadership, insecurity, unemployment, poor resource utilisation and poor production. Leadership, perfect mobility and industrialisation are the major sectors to Africa’s unification and prosperity. There is always the thinking that perhaps the means used by the imperialists to exploit Africa’s minerals and partitioning, that in return led to Europe’s industrialisation, could be the very means to Africa’s unification, industrialisation and becoming a first world continent. The effort to find a possible means of providing sustainable development and unification in Africa informed the decision to write this article. It is about the history, uses, effects, benefits and description of the railway system. Today, Africa is facing a lot of political leadership problems and corruption mainly because the resources which were abundantly endowed to Africa were plundered through the railway development. Partitioning of Africa was also another tool deployed to make it impossible for Africans to relate and defend what belonged to them. This article intends to show how the railway is Africa’s greatest tool to radical development and unification.

社会階層研究における機会の平等と完全移動

「機会の平等」は現代社会の最重要な規範的原理の1つであり, 階層研究では「完全移動」 (親子の地位の独立) として解釈されてきた. しかし近年この考え方に対しては「親子の地位の関連は平等な機会のもとで本人たちが形成した選好に基づく選択の結果でありうる」という強力な理論的批判が提示されている (個人選択説). そこで本稿では, 階層研究における機会の平等概念の理論的分析をおこない, 完全移動や結果の平等との関係を再検討する. そして, 完全移動を機会の平等の指標とする伝統的なアイデアを個人選択説の批判から救い出すことを試みる.先行研究の検討とシンプルな理論モデルを用いた分析から以下のことが明らかになる. 第1に, 階層の再生産に関するいくつかの社会のタイプのうち, 機会が平等な社会は, 本人の地位が親の地位によってではなく本人に責任のある個人的要因によって規定されることを条件とする. 第2に, 機会の平等は完全移動を含意するが, 完全移動は「個人の責任」を考慮しないため機会の平等を含意せず, 両者はこの点で異なる. 第3に, 機会の平等を完全移動とする従来の考え方は個人選択説の批判を避けられない. だが分析対象である「社会階層」を適切に定義する分析枠組みをおけば, 選好形成に関する個人選択説の仮定が成立しなくなり批判は解除される. 最後に, 本稿の知見がもたらす今後の研究への方法論的含意と規範理論的課題への社会学的アプローチを示す.

Fiscal policy within a common currency area – growth implications in the light of neoclassical theory

We examine the long-run impact of fiscal policy on economic growth under the conditions of an economic and monetary union (EMU). The analysis is based on the neoclassical growth model of a small (in economic terms) open economy in an EMU. The core assumptions are perfect capital mobility, which results in identical interest rates across the EMU, and perfect mobility of goods, which leads to the convergence of price levels. The model is based on standard neoclassical assumptions, i.e., the output is determined by the Cobb-Douglas production function with a Harrodneutral technical progress and constant returns to scale, capital and labor receive their marginal products, etc. We show that a unique long-run equilibrium exists and is characterized by the socalled natural rate of growth. The necessary and sufficient conditions of global asymptotic stability form a system of three non-trivial inequalities. We argue that in modern economies, these conditions are satisfied, except perhaps for very short periods of time. Furthermore, we show that the golden rules of fiscal policy have the form of an alternative optimal policy that crucially depends on the relation between the real interest rate and the natural rate of growth and on the relations between five other autonomous parameters.

Design and Analysis on Error Handing and Controlling Protocol in Mobile Payment

On purpose to study and solve the mobile payment problems based on MPTP in China, this paper proposed to put forward Error Handling and Controlling Protocol (EHCP) and describe this protocol and the execution process. EHCP is aimed to perfect mobile payment communication mechanism and further solve mobile payment security issues in order to make mobile payment becomes more widely accepted. Messages sending and receiving among three parties in the payment system is described. Finally, the analysis illustrates that our protocol achieves the goals of high security, fairness and efficiency.

Capital Allocation and International Equilibrium with Pollution Permits

Since the Kyoto Agreement, the idea of setting up pollution rights as an instrument of environmental policy for the reduction of greenhouse gases has progressed significantly. But the crucial problem of allocating these permits in a manner acceptable to all countries is still unsolved. There is a general consensus that this should be done according to some proportional allocation rule, but opinions vary greatly about what would be the appropriate proportionality parameter. In this paper, we analyze the economic consequences of different allocation rules in a general equilibrium framework. We first show the existence and unicity of an international equilibrium under the assumption of perfect mobility of capital and we characterize this equilibrium according to the dotations of permits. Then, we compare the economic consequences of three types of allocation rules when the permit market is designed to reduce total pollution. We show that a rule which applies some form of grandfathering simply reduces production and emissions proportionally and efficiently. In contrast, an allocation rule proportional to population is beneficial for developing countries. Finally per capita allocation rules induce size effect and can reverse these results.

A Gains from Trade Perspective on Macroeconomic Fluctuations

Business cycles reflect changes over time in the amount of trade between individuals. In this paper we show that incorporating explicitly intra-temporal gains from trade between individuals into a macroeconomic model can provide new insight into the potential mechanisms driving economic fluctuations as well as modify key policy implications. We first show how a gains from trade approach can easily explain why changes in perceptions about the future (including \news about the future) can cause booms and busts. We then turn to fiscal policy, and discuss under what conditions fiscal multipliers can be observed. While much of our analysis is conducted in a flexible price environment, we also present implications of our model for a sticky price environments, as it allows to understand stable-inflation boom-bust cycles. The source of the explicit gains from trade in our setup derives from simply assuming that in the short run workers are not perfect mobile across all sectors of the economy. We provide evidence from the PSID in support of this modeling assumption.

Asset protection trusts: a legal and economic analysis of competing regulatory frameworks

Asset protection trusts (APTs) are trusts that are designed to shield the settlor's assets from the claims of creditors. Normally, settlors look to take advantage of the legislative framework of APTs offshore (ie non-UK) since they provide a greater degree of asset protection than that available onshore (ie UK). This article provides both a comparative legal analysis of the legislative frameworks concerning APTs onshore versus offshore and an economic analysis, applying the Tiebout model (1956) on the optimal provision of local public goods to the same legislative frameworks. In order to understand the differences in legislative approach between the group of offshore countries and the UK, we have introduced by way of illustration a hypothetical case of an APT registered offshore where the creditors are looking to reach the assets of the settlor. We have used the laws of thirteen offshore jurisdictions – Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bermuda, the British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Cook Islands, Dominica, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent, Saint Christopher and Nevis, Turks and Caicos Islands and Jersey – as a baseline for comparison to the laws applicable within England and Wales. For purposes of this article, we have used a version of the Tiebout model for regulatory economic analysis. The point being that the most efficient regulatory regimes will be those that not only secure the most assets but also be ones where individual preferences are most likely to be maximally satisfied. Our argument in this article is based on a Tiebout model which requires three conditions to be satisfied: (i) perfect information; (ii) no externalities; and (iii) perfect mobility of actors. It is evident that offshore legislation in relation to APTs fails to satisfy one of the conditions, namely the absence of cross-border externalities, since the interests of onshore creditors are not reflected in such legislation. Our model suggests that because of unavoidable externalities, competition among offshore jurisdictions for non-resident settlors does not generate efficient laws and it also may imply that such competition can lead to a “race to the bottom”. However, the problem of cross-border externalities may be mitigated by designing conflict-of-law rules such that interested parties, including the settlors and creditors, are aware of the risks undertaken ex ante. An examination of English conflict-of-law rules in relation to potential challenges of APTs reveals that, at least in bankruptcy situations, English law is likely to be applied, and thus, from a practical perspective, cross-border externalities are likely to be mitigated. That is, if the settlors know that English law is to be applied to APT challenges, they are less likely to engage in risky behaviour. Thus, the interests of onshore settlors will be by default reflected in the settlors' decision-making, mitigating the risk of cross-border externalities. One of the general results of our study is that whilst many jurisdictions claim regulatory arbitrage opportunities for settlor's assets, not all jurisdictions can have optimal efficiency in regulatory competition. Our analysis of the APT rules of thirteen offshore jurisdictions and England leads to the conclusion that maximal efficiency is gained by using English law for the benefit of creditors and that regulatory arbitrage opportunities are illusory.

On labour mobility and the neutrality of money in unionised economies

A recent literature suggests that when wage setters are non-atomistic, strategic interaction between trade unions and the central bank may cause the monetary regime to matter for the labour market outcome, see Cukierman and Lippi (1999), Soskice and Iversen (2000), Vartiainen (2002), Holden (2003), Lippi (2003), Corricelli et al. (2006), Gnocchi (2006) and references therein. I show that when perfect labour mobility is introduced in a game between large wage setters and the central bank in a small open economy, the monetary regime is of no importance for real wages, employment or profits. The result suggests that if labour mobility is sufficiently high, worker migration is likely to mitigate the labour market effects of monetary regimes over time.

The effect of agricultural price on return to factor and output under a model with an informal sector

In this paper we examine the effect of a rise in the price of agricultural sector on return to factor and production in the short-, medium- and long cases. The outputs of the three sectors all are unchanged in the short-run case, the output of the formal sector is fixed but the output of the informal sector decreases and the agricultural output increases in the medium-run case, and in the long-run case, the outputs of the formal and agricultural sector increase but the output of the informal sector decreases after a rise in agricultural price. Real wage of agricultural sector does not change under immobility of capital between the urban formal and informal sectors and nominal wage of agricultural sector does not change under perfect mobility of capital. Real wage in the agricultural sector falls as time elapses.

Employment cycles and minimum wages. A macro view

We start from the hypothesis that Goodwin’s (1967) distributive cycle does not represent a process of social reproduction that can be considered as adequate and sustainable in the long-run, due to the degradation of a part of the workforce it implies during periods of mass unemployment. Against this background, the paper then formulates an unemployment benefit system and a minimum (and maximum) wage rule for the employed where this form of economic reproduction of capitalism is overcome, at least to a certain extent. There is perfect mobility on the labor market (concerning ‘hiring’ and ‘firing’), with fluctuations of the employment rate made socially acceptable by guaranteeing minimum levels of income to all members of the workforce. We can show in this framework that minimum (and maximum) real wages provide increased stability to the economy by reducing the amount of overshooting in income distribution as well as the employment rate.

Compensating Wage Differentials with Unemployment: Evidence from China

We estimate the economic value of mortality risk in China using the compensating-wage-differential method. We find a positive and statistically significant correlation between wages and occupational fatality risk. The estimated effect is largest for unskilled workers. Unemployment reduces compensation for risk, which suggests that some of the assumptions under which compensating wage differentials can be interpreted as measures of workers’ preferences for risk and income are invalid when unemployment is high. Workers may be unwilling to quit high-risk jobs when alternative employment is difficult to obtain, violating the assumption of perfect mobility, or some workers (e.g., new migrants) may be poorly informed about between-job differences in risk, violating the assumption of perfect information. These factors suggest our estimates of the value per statistical life (VSL) in China, which range from approximately US$30,000 to US$100,000, may be biased downward. Alternative estimates adjust for heterogeneity of risk within industry by assuming that risk is concentrated among low-skill workers. These estimates, which are likely to be biased downward, range from US$7,000 to US$20,000.

La mise en place d'un fonds de réserve des retraites améliore-t-elle le bien être ?

Nous analysons les effets de la mise en place d’un fonds de réserve pour les retraites par répartition avant que ne survienne un vieillissement consistant en un allongement de la durée de vie. Nous nous plaçons soit en économie ouverte avec parfaite mobilité du capital, soit en économie fermée avec capital, salaire et taux d’intérêt endogènes. Nous montrons que, en l’absence d’imperfection, le bien être est accru dans tous les cas, que la générosité du régime de retraite soit maintenue ou que la pression fiscale reste stable, sauf s’il y a altruisme intergénérationnel.

P–T–fluid evolution in the Mahalapye Complex, Limpopo high‐grade terrane, eastern Botswana

AbstractMetapelites, migmatites and granites from the c. 2 Ga Mahalapye Complex have been studied for determining the P–T–fluid influence on mineral assemblages and local equilibrium compositions in the rocks from the extreme southwestern part of the Central Zone of the Limpopo high‐grade terrane in Botswana. It was found that fluid infiltration played a leading role in the formation of the rocks. This conclusion is based on both well‐developed textures inferred to record metasomatic reactions, such as Bt ⇒ And + Qtz + (K2O) and Bt ± Qtz ⇒ Sil + Kfs + Ms ± Pl, and zonation of Ms | Bt + Qtz | And + Qtz and Grt | Crd | Pl | Kfs + Qtz reflecting a perfect mobility (Korzhinskii terminology) of some chemical components. The conclusion is also supported by the results of a fluid inclusion study. CO2 and H2O ( = 0.6) are the major components of the fluid. The fluid has been trapped synchronously along the retrograde P–T path. The P–T path was derived using mineral thermobarometry and a combination of mineral thermometry and fluid inclusion density data. The Mahalapye Complex experienced low‐pressure granulite facies metamorphism with a retrograde evolution from 770 °C and 5.5 kbar to 560 °C and 2 kbar, presumably at c. 2 Ga.

Gibrat's Law for (All) Cities

Two empirical regularities concerning the size distribution of cities have repeatedly been established: Zipf's law holds (the upper tail is Pareto), and city growth is proportionate. Census 2000 data are used covering the entire size distribution, not just the upper tail. The nontruncated distribution is shown to be lognormal, rather than Pareto. This provides a simple justification for the coexistence of proportionate growth and the resulting lognormal distribution. An equilibrium theory of local externalities that can explain the empirical size distribution of cities is proposed. The driving force is a random productivity process of local economies and the perfect mobility of workers.

Transboundary Environmental Problems with Mobile but Heterogeneous Populations

Most of the literature on transboundaryenvironmental problems treats population ineach country or region as constant, ignoringpopulation mobility. We showed previously thatif there is perfect population mobility betweenregions, and populations are homogeneous, asocially efficient outcome can be supported asa Nash equilibrium of the game of uncoordinatedpolicy setting, even without any internationalenvironmental agreement. In the present paperwe introduce heterogeneous population, and showthat when people differ, a non-cooperativeoutcome is generally inefficient. We alsodemonstrate that for a particular set ofobjective functions for the regionalgovernments, there is an equilibrium of thegame of uncoordinated policy setting that isefficient. Finally, we give an example wherethe decentralized outcome is efficient whenthere is no population mobility, butinefficient when there is population mobility.