Peregrine Horden Research Articles

Interpreting Dragomans: Boundaries and Crossings in the Early Modern Mediterranean

Early modern observers rarely failed to comment on the perceived diversity of peoples, customs, and languages of Mediterranean societies. This diversity they sought to capture in travel narratives, costume albums, missionary and diplomatic reports, bilingual dictionaries, and a range of other genres of the “contact zone.” Modern scholars, too, have celebrated the early modern Mediterranean's ostensibly multiple, diverse, and even “pluralist,” “cosmopolitan,” or “multicultural” nature. At the same time, in part thanks to the reawakened interest in Braudel's seminal work and in part as a much-needed corrective to the politically current but analytically bankrupt paradigm of “clash of civilizations,” recent studies have also emphasized the region's “shared,” “connected,” “mixed,” “fluid,” “syncretic,” or “hybrid” sociocultural practices. Of course, these two analytical emphases are far from mutually exclusive, as recently underscored by Peregrine Horden and Nicholas Purcell's comprehensive, longue durée model of diversity-in-connectivity. Yet, neither Horden and Purcell's structuralist “new thalassology,” nor other studies of the early modern Mediterranean have offered a systematic account of how “diversity” and “connectivity” as both the flow of social practices and the categories for speaking about them have been articulated through specific institutions and genres.

Barbara S Bowers (ed.), The medieval hospital and medical practice, AVISTA Studies in the History of Medieval Technology, Science and Art, vol. 3, Aldershot, Ashgate, 2007, pp. xiv, 258, £55.00, $99.95 (hardback 978-0-7546-5110-9).

Medieval medical history has emerged over the last three decades as a flourishing discipline, notable for its broad approach and the wide range of sources used by those who study it. After years of neglect, and not a little academic condescension, the long period between Galen and Vesalius has been subject to sustained scrutiny and radical reassessment, as the fifteen essays presented in this volume testify. They were first given as papers at the thirty-sixth International Congress on Medieval Studies at Kalamazoo, Michigan, in 2001, and are here grouped into four sections devoted to research methods, physical evidence, the reinterpretation of documentary sources and monastic connections. Inevitably, in a collection of this size and provenance, the quality of individual contributions varies considerably, although most reflect the lively, original and often revisionist nature of recent scholarship. Lynn Courtenay's splendid account of the hospital of Notre Dame des Fontenilles at Tonnerre uses topographical, architectural and archival sources to explore the symbiotic relationship between healing and religion. The creation of a pious and affluent female patron in search of salvation, this remarkable hospital offers a striking example of the practice of “medicine without doctors” examined by Peregrine Horden. As he explains, in a stimulating reassessment of the nature of medieval therapeutics, an anachronistic preoccupation with twentieth-century concepts of “medicalization” has led historians both to misunderstand and to denigrate the type of treatment on offer in such places. Paramount among the pragmatic concerns of founders was a desire to eliminate the noxious effects of miasmatic air, although, as Renzo Baldasso shows, few, if any, achieved the sophisticated marriage between architectural design and medical theory apparent at the fifteenth-century Ospedale Maggiore, Milan. Turning to the spiritual environment, James Brodman examines the disciplinary measures increasingly employed in thirteenth-century French hospitals. He provides a workmanlike account of the documentary evidence, but does not explore the wider context of the regimen sanitatis and its preoccupation with moral as well as physical contagion. Monastic customaries on bloodletting and the care of the sick receive similar treatment from M K K Yearl, who draws some interesting conclusions about differences in practice, but ignores the close connection between venesection and the need for celibacy in the cloister. Once regarded as a sterile amalgam of “ignorance” and “superstition”, Anglo-Saxon medicine emerges from these pages as inventive, pragmatic and effective. Both Anne Van Arsdall and John Riddle argue persuasively for a reassessment of the botanical knowledge of early medieval herbalists, while Maria D'Aronco provides further support for the argument that the celebrated St Gall map, with its impressive infirmary complex, may well have been designed for English use. The surviving manuals compiled by Byzantine hospital physicians present historians with another valuable source for this process of re-evaluation, which Alain Touwaide describes in a meticulously researched paper. Approaches to the study of leprosy in medieval Europe have already been transformed, in part through the adoption of a new interdisciplinary research agenda, comprehensively described by Bruno Tabuteau, whose only serious omission from an otherwise exemplary survey is the important work on medical texts by Luke Demaitre. Archival studies have certainly played their part in advancing our knowledge of the disease, as Rafael Hyacinthe reveals in a perceptive chapter on the Order of St Lazarus. With a number of excellent essays to recommend it, and two useful contributions on sources from the archaeologists, William White and Geoff Egan, this collection constitutes a welcome addition to the growing body of publications on medieval medical history. Such a chronologically and thematically wide selection of papers could, however, have made a greater impact as a showcase for new research and methodologies had it been accompanied by an introduction outlining major developments in the field and providing a general overview of the volume's structure and purpose. There is also a general lack of consistency and cross referencing between papers which tighter editing would have addressed. Even so, Barbara Bowers deserves our thanks for bringing these papers together.

Florian Steger and Kay Peter Jankrift (eds), Gesundheit – Krankheit. Kulturtransfer medizinischen Wissens von der Spätantike bis in die Frühe Neuzeit, Cologne, Böhlau Verlag, 2004, pp. vi, 270, €34.90 (hardback 3-412-13803-7).

The scope of this volume is ambitious, spanning a millennium, covering both western Europe and the east, and including topics as diverse as surgery in the Frankish states and “paleness” as an illness in early modern poetry. Three papers are in English (Peregrine Horden, John Henderson, Piers Mitchell), with German summaries, but unfortunately English summaries are not given for the German contributions, something which would have broadened the appeal of this volume for those with a phobia for German. Nevertheless, it is worth venturing in, as there is much of interest here. The volume is organized chronologically, and divides into three sections: late antique, medieval, and early modern. Mischa Meier's paper centres around the intriguing hypothesis that the writing of history altered in response to the experience of plague in the late antique world. She focuses principally on eastern authors but concludes with Pope Gregory the Great and Gregory of Tours in the west. Gernot Kirchner picks up where Meier ends, discussing Gregory of Tours' concept of healing, the literary models he draws on, and his attitudes towards doctors. As with Meier's paper, the principal emphasis is on the literary representation of illness and healing rather than medical practice. Peregrine Horden, in contrast, starts with the development in late antiquity in the east of the physical space designated as a “hospital”, but argues that it was brought into existence—and gained its symbolic force—as part of the theological and political power struggle between groupings within Christianity (“Arian” and “Catholic”). There is then a slightly uncomfortable jump in chronology from late antiquity to the Crusades, perhaps inevitable in a single volume attempting such a large chronological sweep. However, with three papers on late antiquity, one could have covered at least part of the seventh to tenth centuries, perhaps focusing on the manuscript transmission and use of medical texts from antiquity to the middle ages. What is good in this volume, however, is the balance between east and west, and this is exemplified by Johannes Pahlitzsch's fascinating exploration of the mobility of Christian, Jewish and Samaritan doctors in the east across political and religious borders. Jewish doctors, this time in the west, are also the focus of Peter Kay Jankrift's contribution. The mobility of these doctors in the west, however, means that evidence about their activities is sparse and Jankrift persuasively argues that historians should respond to this by taking a broad comparative approach between regions. Piers Mitchell also grapples with a lack of direct evidence for types of elective surgery performed in the Frankish states and instead he mines court records, chronicles and Arab sources to infer the types of elective surgical procedures (such as cauterization, treatment of haemorrhoids and possibly also cutting of gums for scurvy) that patients expected surgeons to perform successfully. The early modern section of the volume opens with John Henderson's paper on early modern hospitals. In a welcome departure from the overwhelmingly literary source base of the volume as a whole, he draws on iconographic as well as textual evidence in order to attempt to reconstruct a patient's experience from entry to discharge (or death) in Renaissance hospitals in Florence. This is followed by a timely look by Renate Wittern at the contemporary reception of Andreas Vesalius' famous anatomical work De fabrica, not least by Vesalius' own former teacher, Jacobus Sylvius. Florian Steger focuses on a perhaps less universally famous, but nevertheless important, figure of the medical Renaissance, Georgius Agricola, and specifically his 1528 dialogue ‘Bermannus sive de re metallica’. Steger argues that Agricola's dialogue should be viewed as part of the ongoing contemporary debate on what constituted “true” or “right” anatomy or medicine. Daniel Schafer's paper is the most closely focused in the collection on the concrete transmission of medical texts from antiquity to the Renaissance. Sensibly, rather than attempting a complete survey, he focuses on a single theme which is now receiving increasing attention from historians, namely texts relating to ageing and prolonging life. Sandra Pott, in contrast, considers poetry about the plague and “paleness”. She argues that not only did a “medicalization” of poetry take place in the early modern period, but that in turn medical discourse was influenced by poetry. Overall, this collection has some strong contributions and although few contributors discuss it explicitly, they collectively deal with the concept of “transmission” in a creative way, considering the transmission not just of medical texts but also of medical personnel, medical knowledge and language across linguistic, chronological, political and religious boundaries.

Medicine in the Crusades: Warfare, Wounds, and the Medieval Surgeon (review)

Reviewed by: Medicine in the Crusades: Warfare, Wounds, and the Medieval Surgeon Peregrine Horden Piers D. Mitchell . Medicine in the Crusades: Warfare, Wounds, and the Medieval Surgeon. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. ix + 293 pp. Ill. $75.00 (0-521-84455-X). Piers Mitchell is a practicing surgeon who has made himself into a part-time osteoarchaeologist. He has been putting many of the rest of us medievalists to shame with his productivity, enthusiasm, and ability to bring together textual and paleopathological evidence. His first book is also, despite a swelling tide of articles, the first monograph on its subject. It has therefore been widely welcomed by specialists, and indeed by all who share its author's belief that "the crusades could be said to be the most fascinating events of the medieval world" (p. 1). The subtitle of the book is narrower than the title, and we are to understand that this is only a first installment, focusing on surgery after some general preliminaries, to be followed by another volume on doctors, diseases, and religious healing. Even with this understandable restriction of scope, however, the book makes a substantial contribution. Three related projects are involved. The first is to begin to establish a prosopography of physicians, apothecaries, and the like active in the Crusader states, [End Page 767] using charter and narrative evidence in the manner of Jonathan Riley-Smith's revelatory anatomy of the first Crusaders. Mitchell's results will not be so striking, but they lend greater precision than was previously possible to overall judgments about the multiethnic character of the Crusaders' medical world. The second project is to bring together all the latest findings—surprisingly, more documentary than archaeological—on hospitals and related institutions, not only of the major military orders, but also of some more obscure pious groups. The exclusion here of leprosaria because they were not medicalized imposes an anachronistic distinction on the evidence, and the hospital plans in Adrian J. Boas, Jerusalem in the Time of the Crusades (2001), are rather easier to interpret. But Dr. Mitchell offers the most comprehensive synthesis we now have, with some original observations about patient capacity, and a discussion of the European and Middle Eastern influences on the evolution of Crusader hospitals that is weakened only by some forcing of limited evidence to prove a point about dietary regime. The third project represented in the book is a trawl of some forty chronicles for evidence of trauma and its treatment that can be related to the paleopathology and the surgical texts of the period. Though the author deploys his own professional experience to very interesting effect, the results, which take up almost half the book, are less satisfactory than the earlier chapters on doctors and hospitals. Perhaps this was inevitable: The chronicles offer only anecdotes, which Mitchell, despite pronouncing methodological caveats, sometimes takes too much out of literary context. The available paleopathology is meager (Mitchell is one of only a handful of pioneers in the study of Crusader sites), and paleopathology gives us, at best, a keyhole view of trauma and disease. On such a fragile base no statistically significant results can be erected. Essentially all that can be said is, first, that the Crusader world was marked by high levels of violence, but also (less obviously) that the evidence presented by Mitchell confirms the impression created by the Assises of the Kingdom of Jerusalem on medical malpractice: quite high levels of successful surgical intervention could be expected in response to that violence. A brief discussion of the Assises, and of the evidence for centers of medical learning in the Crusader states—at Acre, Antioch, and Tripoli—concludes the volume. Dr Mitchell wants us to entertain the possibility that there was, after all, something in the old idea of the Crusades as decisive for East-West contact and the subsequent cultural and intellectual evolution of Europe. He may be right to do so. But his main achievement in this book is more to have shown that the medical skills brought from West to East belie the image propagated in some still widely quoted Islamic sources that Frankish doctors were quacks and bunglers. Peregrine Horden Royal Holloway, University...

Mediterranean excuses: Historical writing on the mediterranean since Braudel

I borrow the main term of my title from a recent paper by the anthropologist Michael Herzfeld, in which he once again interprets the sin of “Mediterraneanism” that he invented. Now he sees it as an “excuse” of various kinds—political, cultural, even (in a scholarly sense) heuristic. He argues, rightly, that the category “Mediterranean” should be an object of ethnographic enquiry: it should lie within our frame, whether we are ethnographers or historians; it should not constitute the frame itself. In this article, therefore, I try to see what the Mediterranean has been an excuse for within modern historical writing: first, briefly, in Braudel; then in four alternatives to Braudel that I detect in the present age of late postmodernism: that of the “reductivist”, the “rhapsode”, the “reflexive” and the “realist”. I end by outlining the eclectic “reflexive realism” of Peregrine Horden and Nicholas Purcell, The Corrupting Sea (2000).

Religion and Medicine in the Middle Ages (review)

Reviewed by: Religion and Medicine in the Middle Ages Monica Green Peter Biller and Joseph Ziegler, eds. Religion and Medicine in the Middle Ages. York Studies in Medieval Theology, vol. 3. York, U.K.: York Medieval Press, 2001. xvi + 253 pp. $90.00 (1-903153-07-7). Certain historical questions are driven more by the terms in which they were originally posed than by historical data themselves. The "conflict between religion and science (or scientific medicine)" has been one of these, the very term "conflict" inducing us to look for disagreements, turf battles, and heated confrontations. This extraordinary collection demonstrates the need to approach the pairing "religion and medicine" with new eyes. In his introduction, Joseph Ziegler notes "the sheer entangledness of medicine and religion" (p. 8): medical doctors also took degrees in theology, the church provided for public health, religion could itself be perceived as medicinal. Rather than turning away from this entangledness, Ziegler suggests we embrace it, exploring why and how such intertwinings did not suffocate but, more often, stimulated the growth of both secular and ecclesiastical responses to disease. Vivian Nutton shows how the prolific second-century pagan physician Galen, who believed deeply in a Creator (or Nature) that imbued purpose into the structure of every living thing, was made compatible with monotheism by Byzantine, Muslim, and Christian European interpreters from the second through the sixteenth centuries. In a wonderful irony, he was eventually seen to be a contemporary of Christ who died while on pilgrimage to see the sites of Christ's miracles. Perhaps most important for its potential to overturn received opinion is Kathryn Taglia's essay, "Delivering a Christian Identity: Midwives in Northern French Synodal Legislation, c. 1200-1500." Taglia finds that, far from being oppressed or persecuted as witches, midwives were ignored by the church in northern France up until the early thirteenth century, with systematic references to them beginning only in the fourteenth century. The church's interest in midwives stems from its interest in baptism—the only sacrament that could be performed by a layperson, even a woman, if the newborn's life seemed in danger. Initially, parish priests instructed only parents in the formula for baptism, itself an indication that there was no universal assumption that a midwife would be present at every birth. By the fourteenth century, however, midwives are often mentioned as being the special object of such instruction. At the same time, a licensing procedure for midwives arises, involving election on a parish-by-parish basis and the granting of certificates of approval by the bishop's court. Similarly, none of the legislation regarding cesarean section (which also began in the early thirteenth century, due to concern for infant baptism) explicitly mentions midwives as the ones who would perform such procedures. Jessalynn Bird's essay on Jacques de Vitry's early thirteenth-century sermons for hospital workers and inmates, and Peregrine Horden's essay on music as therapy, form a linked pair in asking how the history of hospitals should fit into a larger history of medieval medicine. It has usually been argued that, prior to the foundation of Santa Maria Nuova in Florence in the fifteenth century, no medieval [End Page 709] hospital regularly provided real medical care for its inmates. Rather, hospitals were long-term shelters for the poor, the aged, or the chronically infirm, providing more "care" than "cure." Bird's evidence does indeed confirm that European hospitals need to be seen first and foremost as religious institutions. The first line of treatment was always seen as reconciliation with God through confession, and both the hospital staff and, in many cases, the inmates themselves were bound by the rules of religious orders. Nevertheless, Bird finds that there is also concern to restore humoral balance through the control of rest, diet, and other aspects of hygiene. Horden highlights the therapeutic uses of music to explore similar questions of how religion and religious practices may have themselves served as sources of therapy. Indeed, he raises the intriguing image of the hospital, with its liturgical rituals and (in some cases) daily music, serving as a "total therapeutic environment" (p. 139). Peter Biller takes yet another tack on...

The Mediterranean around 800: On the Brink of the Second Trade Cycle

not moving from East to West, from West to East. There was never a moment in which the connectivity between microregions, for example small-scale cabotage from port to port, was not present, as Peregrine Horden and Nicholas Purcell have recently stressed. And Michael McCormick, also very recently, has put a powerful case for the maintenance of a network of communication of all kinds in the Mediterranean throughout the early Middle Ages, including across the low point for interregional movement, which he would date to ca. 650-780.1 So, on one level, there is not a problem with the realities of interregional relationships, as the symposium title puts it. It does not require so very dense a communications network for one region to influence another in its material culture-a single princess can do it (as with Theophan6 and the court culture of late 10th-century Germany), or a single artisan or group of artisans moving to a different region (as with the twopronged spread of glazed pottery from the eastern Mediterranean to the West, from Constantinople to Rome in the late eighth century and from Iraq to Syria and Egypt, and then to Tunisia, Sicily, and Spain, in the ninth).2 It certainly does not require commercial exchange for regions to interconnect at the level of their material culture. All the same, the realities in the title of the symposium give space for an analysis of communications of a more specifically economic type, and on a larger scale than the movements of individuals. Those latter movements, indeed, themselves have different sorts of meaning in environments where there is a high level of interregional exchange with respect to those where communications are rather more reduced. Jerome could go from the West to Bethlehem in 386 without thinking twice about it, and write letters from there

Peter Biller and Joseph Ziegler, eds. Religion and Medicine in the Middle Ages. (York Studies in Medieval Theology III.) Rochester, N. Y.: Boydell and Brewer. 2001. Pp. xvi, 253. $90.00. ISBN 1-903153-07-7.

Peter Biller and Joseph Ziegler, eds. Religion and Medicine in the Middle Ages. (York Studies in Medieval Theology III.) Rochester, N. Y.: Boydell and Brewer. 2001. Pp. xvi, 253. $90.00. ISBN 1-903153-07-7. - Volume 35 Issue 1

The Corrupting Sea: A Study of Mediterranean History. Peregrine Horden , Nicholas Purcell

<i>The Corrupting Sea: A Study of Mediterranean History</i>. Peregrine Horden , Nicholas Purcell

The Corrupting Sea: A Study of Mediterranean History. By Peregrine Horden and Nicholas Purcell. Maps, abbreviations, bibliographical essays, bibliography, index The Nature of Mediterranean Europe: An Ecological History. By A. T. Grove and Oliver Rackham. New Haven, Conn., and London: Yale University Press, 2001. 384 pp. Plates, illustrations, bibliography, index

<i>The Corrupting Sea: A Study of Mediterranean History</i>. By Peregrine Horden and Nicholas Purcell. Maps, abbreviations, bibliographical essays, bibliography, index <i>The Nature of Mediterranean Europe: An Ecological History</i>. By A. T. Grove and Oliver Rackham. New Haven, Conn., and London: Yale University Press, 2001. 384 pp. Plates, illustrations, bibliography, index

The Corrupting Sea: A Study of Mediterranean History. By Peregrine Horden and Nicholas Purcell

Journal Article BOOK REVIEWS Get access The Corrupting Sea: A Study of Mediterranean History. By PEREGRINE HORDEN and NICHOLAS PURCELL (Oxford: Blackwell, 2000; pp. 761. Pb. £24.99). MARK WHITTOW MARK WHITTOW St Peter's CollegeOxford Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The English Historical Review, Volume CXVI, Issue 468, September 2001, Pages 900–902, https://doi.org/10.1093/ehr/CXVI.468.900 Published: 01 September 2001

The Corrupting Sea: A Study of Mediterranean History. By Peregrine Horden and Nicholas Purcell.

Previous articleNext article No AccessBook ReviewsThe Corrupting Sea: A Study of Mediterranean History. By Peregrine Horden and Nicholas Purcell.A. Bernard KnappA. Bernard Knapp Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by American Journal of Archaeology Volume 105, Number 2April 2001 The journal of the Archaeological Institute of America Views: 4Total views on this site Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2307/507280 Views: 4Total views on this site Copyright © 2001 by the Archaeological Institute of America. All rights reserved.PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

The Visigoths, from the Migration Period to the Seventh Century: An Ethnographic Perspective, Peter Heather

Journal Article The Visigoths, from the Migration Period to the Seventh Century: An Ethnographic Perspective, Peter Heather Get access Peregrine Horden Peregrine Horden Royal Holloway, University of London Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The English Historical Review, Volume 116, Issue 466, April 2001, Pages 450–452, https://doi.org/10.1093/ehr/116.466.450 Published: 01 April 2001

Epidemics and Ideas: Essays on the Historical Perception of Pestilence

1. Introduction Paul Slack 2. Epidemic, ideas and classical Athenian society James Longrigg 3. Disease, dragons and saints: the management of epidemics in the Dark Ages Peregrine Horden 4. Epidemic disease in formal and popular thought in early Islamic Society Lawrence I. Conrad 5. Plague and perceptions of the poor in early modern Italy Brian Pullan 6. Dearth, dirt and fever epidemics: rewriting the history of British 'public health', 1780-1850 John V. Pickstone 7. Epidemics and revolutions: cholera in nineteenth-century Europe Richard J. Evans 8. Hawaiian depopulation as a model for the Amerindian experience A. W. Crosby 9. Plague panic and epidemic politics in India, 1896-1914 Rajnarayan Chandavarkar 10. Plagues of beasts and men prophetic responses to epidemic in eastern and southern Africa Terence Ranger 11. Syphilis in colonial East and Central Africa: the social construction of an epidemic Megan Vaughan 12. The early years of AIDS in the United Kingdom 1981-6: historical perspectives Virginia Berridge Index.

Peregrine Horden and Richard Smith, editors. &lt;italic&gt;The Locus of Care: Families, Communities, Institutions, and the Provision of Welfare Since Antiquity&lt;/italic&gt;. (Studies in the Social History of Medicine.) New York: Routledge. 1998. Pp. x, 287. $24.99

Peregrine Horden and Richard Smith, editors. &lt;italic&gt;The Locus of Care: Families, Communities, Institutions, and the Provision of Welfare Since Antiquity&lt;/italic&gt;. (Studies in the Social History of Medicine.) New York: Routledge. 1998. Pp. x, 287. $24.99

Peregrine Horden, Richard Smith (eds), The locus of care: families, communities, institutions and the provision of welfare since antiquity, Studies in the Social History of Medicine, London, Routledge, 1997, pp. x, 287, £50.00 (0-415-11216-8).

Peregrine Horden, Richard Smith (eds), The locus of care: families, communities, institutions and the provision of welfare since antiquity, Studies in the Social History of Medicine, London, Routledge, 1997, pp. x, 287, £50.00 (0-415-11216-8). - Volume 43 Issue 1

General

On History. By Eric Hobsbawm Studying History. By Jeremy Black and Donald Macraild Grants for History: A Guide to Funding. By John R. Davis Companion to Historiography. Edited by Michael Bentley An Intelligent Person's Guide to History. By John Vincent The Relevant History of Mankind. By Nathan Schur Rewriting the Self: Histories from the Renaissance to the Present. Edited by Roy Porter The Balance of Power: History and Theory. By Michael Sheehan Varieties of Cultural History. By Peter Burke The Mammoth and the Mouse: Microhistory and Morphology. By Florike Egmond and Peter Mason Spirit of Europe: A Subliminal History. By Bruce Allsopp The Truth of History. By C. Behan McCullagh A Cultural History of Humour. Edited by Jan Bremmer and Herman Roodenburg Fat History: Bodies and Beauty in the Modern West. By Peter N. Stearns Gender Reversals and Gender Cultures: Anthropological and Historical Perspectives. Edited by Sabrina Petra Ramet Gender Relations in German History: Power, Agency and Experience from the Sixteenth to the Twentieth Century. Edited by Lynn Abrams and Elizabeth Harvey The Construction of Nationhood: Ethnicity, Religion and Nationalism. By Adrian Hastings Empires of Nature and the Nature of Empires: Imperialism, Scotland and the Environment. By John M. Mackenzie, with a foreword by Roy Bridges The Industrial Revolution in National Context: Europe and the USA. Edited by Mikulás Teich and Roy Porter Globalization and Fragmentation: International Relations in the Twentieth Century. By Ian Clark Ways of War and Peace: Realism, Liberalism, and Socialism. By Michael W. Doyle The Oxford Illustrated History of Modern War. Edited by Charles Townshend Military Power: Land Warfare in Theory and Practice. Edited by Brian Holden Reid Public Record Office Handbooks No. 29: The Records of the War Office and Related Departments, 1660–1964. By Michael Roper Revolutionary Armies in the Modern Era: A Revisionist Approach. By S. P. MacKenzie Esau's Tears: Modern Anti‐Semitism and the Rise of the Jews. By Albert S. Lindemann The Times Illustrated History of Europe. By Felipe Fernández‐Armesto Europe: a History. By Norman Davies The Russians. By Robin Milner‐Gulland The Russian Empire and the World, 1700–1917: The Geopolitics of Expansion and Containment. By John P. LeDonne The Scientific Revolution and the Origins of Modern Science. By John Henry The Cambridge Illustrated History of Medicine. Edited by Roy Porter The Greatest Benefit to Mankind: A Medical History of Humanity from Antiquity to the Present. By Roy Porter Illness and Healing: Alternatives in Western Europe. Edited by Marijke Gijswijt‐Hofstra, Hilary Marland and Hans de Waardt The Locus of Care: Families, Communities, Institutions and the Provision of Welfare since Antiquity. Edited by Peregrine Horden and Richard Smith Uniting the Kingdom: The Making of British History. Edited by Alexander Grant and Keith J. Stringer Great Britain: Identities, Institutions and the Idea of Britishness. By Keith Robbins Alcohol in the British Isles from Roman Times to 1996: An Annotated Bibliography. Compiled by David W. Gutzke International Trade and British Economic Growth from the Eighteenth Century to the Present Day. Edited by Peter Mathias and John A. Davis The Savage Wars of Peace: England, Japan and the Malthusian Trap. By Alan Macfarlane Crime and Punishment in England: An Introductory History. By John Briggs, Christopher Harrison, Angus McInnes and David Vincent The History of the University of Oxford, Volume VI: Nineteenth Century Oxford, Part 1. Edited by M. G. Brock and M. C. Curthoys A History of Merton College, Oxford. By G. H. Martin and J. R. L. Highfield Sources and Methods for Family and Community Historians: A Handbook. Edited by Michael Drake and Ruth Finnegan Victoria History of the County of Oxford, Volume XIII. Edited by A. Crossley The Fall and Rise of the Stately Home. By Peter Mandler

SHORTER NOTICES

Journal Article SHORTER NOTICES Get access PEREGRINE HORDEN PEREGRINE HORDEN Royal Holloway and Bedford New College Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The English Historical Review, Volume CXIII, Issue 452, June 1998, Pages 720–721, https://doi.org/10.1093/ehr/CXIII.452.720 Published: 01 June 1998

SHORTER NOTICES

SHORTER NOTICES PEREGRINE HORDEN PEREGRINE HORDEN All Souls CollegeOxford Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The English Historical Review, Volume CXII, Issue 445, February 1997, Pages 176-a–176, https://doi.org/10.1093/ehr/CXII.445.176-a Published: 01 February 1997

SHORTER NOTICES

SHORTER NOTICES Get access PEREGRINE HORDEN PEREGRINE HORDEN All Souls CollegeOxford Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The English Historical Review, Volume CX, Issue 438, September 1995, Pages 978–979, https://doi.org/10.1093/ehr/CX.438.978 Published: 01 September 1995