Perceptual Style Research Articles

The Influence of Leadership Style on Employee Performance and Loyalty Mediated by Organizational Climate

In an increasingly complex and dynamic world of work, the role of leadership style, performance and employee loyalty are important aspects that need to be well understood. The Regional Immigration Office of the Ministry of Law and Human Rights in Jakarta has various duties and responsibilities, requiring effective leadership to achieve organizational goals. This study aimed to explore the relationship between leadership style, performance, and employee loyalty at the Regional Immigration Office of the Ministry of Law and Human Rights in Jakarta. This study used a Sequential Explanatory approach, which combined qualitative and quantitative methods. Data was collected through in-depth interviews and observations as qualitative methods to understand leadership style and organizational climate. Furthermore, a structured questionnaire was utilized to gather quantitative data about employees' perceptions of leadership style, performance, and loyalty. Qualitative data were analyzed using a thematic approach, while quantitative data were analyzed using statistical analysis. The study's results showed that leadership style influenced employee performance and loyalty. The organizational climate was also proven to mediate the effect of leadership style on employee performance and loyalty.

Urbanization is positively associated with global perceptual style

More and more people are moving to cities, resulting in more than half of the world's population living today in urban areas. The impact of the physical environment on cognition has been a subject of study in environmental psychology, but the findings have been inconclusive due to its complexity. While some studies have indicated a negative correlation between urbanization and cognitive abilities, others have found no significant effects. The current study investigates the relationship between urbanicity, multitasking abilities, and perceptual style. Specifically, the study aims to determine whether individuals living in highly urban environments exhibit different multitasking abilities compared to those living in low urbanicity environments and whether perceptual style mediates this relationship. Previous research suggests that rural residents show a local perceptual bias and better attentional control, which may affect their multitasking abilities. Participants were recruited from two distinct postcode areas in the UK classified as urbanicity-high and urbanicity-low based on the percentage of urban features present. Our study found no association between urbanicity and multitasking abilities. However, additional analyses revealed that other variables related to the engagement with their physical environment, such as time spent outdoors, and time spent in nature were associated with multitasking abilities. This goes in line with the previous research showing the restorative effects that short-term exposure to nature can have on cognition. Additionally, we examined the relationship between urbanicity and perceptual style using a global-local visual processing task. In line with previous research, dwellers living in highly urban areas showed a global bias as compared to those living in less urban areas. Overall, our results suggest that the physical environment in which people live is associated with the way they process visual information.

Leadership styles of academic deans and department heads: university dons' perspectives on how they affect their job satisfaction

PurposeLeadership has been recognised as a critical factor for employees' job satisfaction. However, much remains to be learned about how university academics who work in developing country contexts perceive their head of departments (HoDs) and deans' leadership styles and how such leadership styles influence their job satisfaction. Therefore, extending earlier research on higher education leadership, this study was pioneered to examine deans' and heads of departments' leadership styles and how such leadership styles influenced their job satisfaction.Design/methodology/approachThis study employed an exploratory research design to draw on data from in-depth interviews with university academics sourced from two private and two public universities. Participants constituted fifteen academics (N = 15) from the studied universities. The collected data from interviews were transcribed verbatim and subjected to thematic analysis.FindingsThe findings revealed that overall, academics perceived their HoDs and deans as employing both transformational and transactional leadership styles. As such, both styles of leadership influenced academics' job satisfaction in diverse ways although the transformational leadership style appeared to be the most dominant in influencing academics' job satisfaction.Practical implicationsThe article highlights the need for university managers (i.e. heads of departments and deans) to flexibly employ preferred leadership styles to achieve job satisfaction among academics.Originality/valueFrom the theoretical point of view, this article contributes to expanding the earlier research by showing how academics' perceptions of leadership styles employed by their academic leaders shape their job satisfaction.

Leadership cycles, styles, and antecedent factors: the perspective of coaches and young soccer athletes from national Slovak leagues.

Building positive relationships and interactions between coaches and athletes is critical to an athlete's success. The current study aimed to overview how coaches and their young athletes perceive three elements of the Leadership Efficacy Model (philosophy, practice, and criteria). The aim was examined with four goals of analysis: the perceptions of coaches and athletes about coaches' leadership philosophy, practice, and criteria (1); the differences between athletes' and coaches' perceptions of leadership cycles (2); the differences between athletes' and coaches' perceptions of leadership styles (3); and the differences between athletes' and coaches' perceptions of leadership antecedent factors (4). The study involved 304 athletes and 20 coaches competing in the youth national leagues U15, U16, U17, and U19. Two-source data collection was applied: coaches completed the questionnaires from their point of view, and so did athletes. The coaches were paired then with their athletes to compare the answers. Coaches fulfilled Leadership Cycles Questionnaire (LEQ), Multidimensional Scale of Leadership in Sport (MSLS), and Leadership Antecedent Factors Questionnaire (LAFQ). Athletes completed the same questionnaires as the coaches did and also fulfilled the Sport Performance Perception Questionnaire (SPPQ). Athletes' age and SPPQ served as control variables. Both athletes (37.5%) and coaches (40%) perceived that the philosophy of the leadership efficacy model should be increased. Coaches evaluated their philosophy (F = 4.43; p = 0.036; η2 = 0.014), support in MSLS (F = 5.05; p = 0.025; η2 = 0.016) and active management in MSLS (F = 4.08; p = 0.044; η2 = 0.013) higher than their athletes. The athletes assessed the maturity of the team members (LAFQ dimension) (F = 13.98; p <0.001; η2 = 0.044), negative feedback in MSLS (F = 6.02; p = 0.015; η2 = 0.020), and passive management in MSLS (F = 4.95; p = 0.027; η2 = 0.016) higher than their coaches. The tendency of coaches to have a more positive perception of their leadership behavior compared to their athletes represents the coach-athlete perception gap of leadership. Future research can examine the efficacy of congruent perceptions of leadership between athletes and coaches during the sports season and the impact produced by objective performance indicators.

TEACHERS’ PERCEPTION OF A FEMALE MANAGER LEADERSHIP STYLE

The most important part of an organization, an institution or a school is the leadership and the person who did it called the leader. The leader is someone who can give big influence and also inspire the subordinate. Leadership is people-driven and the ability to inspire people helps to achieve the set goals of an organization (Lahti, 2013). Most of organization is sometimes lead by a male leader. Only a few that leads by the female leader. People believe that male is better than female in leading an organization. Kuchynkova (2015) reported that men tend to be more logical and rational with the requisite toughness, while women are more intuitive, sensitive and predisposed towards change and diplomacy. The writer conducted a descriptive qualitative study for this mini research. This study was conducted in order to get the teacher’s perception of female manager leadership style.

The Relationship Between Perceived Transformational Leadership Style and Organizational Commitment in Kindergarten Teachers

This study aims to determine the positive relationship between perceptions of the principal's transformational leadership style and organizational commitment in teachers/educators. Organizational commitment should be owned by every teacher/educator to achieve the goals of the educational institution listed in the vision and mission of the educational institution. However, commitment to the organization could be more concern for educational institutions. This study is to fill the literature gap and provide direction to stakeholders as a consideration for making references regarding transformational leadership style and teacher organizational commitment. The data collection method in this study used a scale with the Likert Model scale scoring technique. The hypothesis in the study is that there is a relationship between the perception of the principal's transformational leadership style and the teachers' organizational commitment. The population and sample in the study were all educators in kindergartens in Cilacap District, totaling 30 teachers/educators. Data collection methods using the Transformational Leadership Style scale and Organizational Commitment scale. The results of the Pearson Product Moment correlation analysis of the two variables amounted to (rxy) 0.402 (p &lt; 0.014). The results showed a positive and very significant relationship between the perception of transformational leadership style and organizational commitment in teachers in kindergarten. The coefficient of determination of the correlation coefficient is R2 = 0.162. The conclusion from the data presented shows that leadership style provides an effective contribution to organizational commitment in teachers by 16.2%. The usefulness of this research is the need and importance of leadership style to determine the organizational commitment attached to teachers.

Teachers’ Perception of Different Leadership Styles of Head Teachers in Public Girls’ Secondary School District Kech

This research aimed to investigate the perceptions of teachers towards the various leadership styles practiced by head teachers in public secondary schools of the district Kech, Baluchistan. The study had two main objectives: firstly, to explore how teachers perceive their head teachers' leadership styles, and secondly, to identify the different leadership styles employed by female head teachers in public secondary schools in the Kech district. A quantitative approach using a descriptive survey design was utilized to conduct the research. The population consisted of 19 public girls' secondary schools, 19 head teachers, and 146 female secondary school teachers. The research sampled 9 female head teachers and 100 female teachers from 9 respective schools, selected through a random sampling technique. The data was collected using Likert scale (5 points) questionnaires, and analyzed using descriptive statistics. The findings suggest that the adoption of democratic leadership styles has a positive and significant impact on teachers' perceptions of their head teachers' leadership effectiveness.

THE INFLUENCE OF PERCEPTIONS OF LEADERSHIP STYLE AND ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR ON EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE AT THE INVESTMENT OFFICE AND ONE-STOP INTEGRATED SERVICES OF LAMPUNG PROVINCE

A good leader will definitely get good performance from his subordinates. Employee performance is a real behavior displayed by each employee as work achievements produced in accordance with his role in the organization. This study aims to examine the influence of variables partially or simultaneously the perception of leadership style and organizational behavior together on employee performance at the Investment Office and One-Stop Integrated Services of Lampung Province. The population in this study is employees in the Environment of the Investment Office and One-Stop Integrated Services of Lampung Province, totaling 85 people. Sample The research to be studied considering the number of the population is limited in determining this sample, the author uses the Slovin formula with a sampling error error rate of 10 percent so that the number of samples is 46 people. The results showed that the perception of leadership style partially affects the performance of employees of the Investment Office and One-Stop Integrated Services of Lampung Province. Organizational behavior variables affect employee performance in the Investment Office and One-Stop Integrated Services of Lampung Province and variables of Perception of leadership style and organizational behavior together have a positive and significant effect on the performance of employees of the Investment Office and One-Stop Integrated Services of Lampung Province.

Academic Chairs’ Leaderships Styles and Teachers’ Job Satisfaction in Higher Education Institutions in UAE

&lt;p style="text-align:justify"&gt;This study aims to identify the dominant leadership styles of chairs from the perspective of faculty members in different college departments in higher education in the UAE. Furthermore, the study aims to identify the teachers' perceptions of leadership styles that affect their job satisfaction. The study used quantitative means with faculty members in different higher educational settings in the UAE. The survey used a five-point Likert scale. The leadership styles have values (completely agree =5, agree = 4, neutral =3, disagree=2, completely disagree=1). The job satisfaction questions have values (completely satisfied =5, satisfied = 4, fairly satisfied =3, dissatisfied =2, completely dissatisfied=1). The chosen subjects were faculty members from different colleges. Those subjects are 135 university teachers who are divided into four age groups. The data revealed no dominant leadership styles in the colleagues from faculty members' perspectives; however, the statistics lean towards the laissez-faire leadership style. It also reveals correlations between the three leadership styles and job satisfaction. The democratic leadership style has the greatest impact and most significant environment and incentives among the three independent variables.&lt;/p&gt;

Teachers’ and principals’ perceptions of school climate: the role of principals’ leadership style in organizational quality

In this paper, we report on teachers’ and principals’ shared perceptions regarding beliefs, rules, trust, and encouragement of new initiatives. Collectively, these are aspects of leadership for learning (LFL) describing an overall shared climate in schools. We demonstrate how these perceptions on school climate differ across teachers and principals within and across countries. Moreover, we report how different perceptions of school climate are associated with leadership style. We analyze data from 37 countries that participated in the last cycle of the Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS) in 2018. To build the measurement model, we employ multigroup multilevel confirmatory factor analysis, whereas multivariate linear regression is used to inspect associations. Overall, principals and teachers differ in their views of school climate. In the majority of the countries, principals report stronger school climate than teachers. We further confirm these perceptual differences between teachers and principals by separately studying the relationships between teacher perceived school climate and principal perceived school climate with relevant leadership variables. In the entire sample, we find that principals’ perceptions of school climate are more strongly and consistently associated with leadership in schools. This relationship is particularly stable for distributed leadership. In the entire sample, leadership styles are weakly positively correlated with teacher perceptions of school climate too; however, this association is less pronounced and less stable within individual countries. The analyses conducted within countries revealed that the distributed leadership rather than instructional leadership shapes teachers’ perceptions of school climate. More discussion is presented on the need for alignment between different perceptions of school climate and leadership styles in the overall organizational quality.

Zooming in on style: Exploring style perception using details of paintings.

Most studies on the perception of style have used whole scenes/entire paintings; in our study, we isolated a single motif (an apple) to reduce or even eliminate the influence of composition, iconography, and other contextual information. In this article, we empirically address two fundamental questions of the existence (Experiment1) and description (Experiment2) of style. We chose 48 cut-outs of mostly Western European paintings (15th to 21st century) that showed apples. In Experiment1, 415 unique participants completed online triplet similarity tasks. Multidimensional scaling (MDS) reached a nonrandom three-dimensional (3D) embedding, showing that participants are able to judge stylistic differences in a systematic way. We also found a strong correlation between creation year and embedding, both a linear correlation with Dimension 2, and a rotational correlation in the first two dimensions. To interpret the embedding further, in Experiment2, we fitted three color statistics and nine attribute ratings (glossiness, three-dimensionality, convincingness, brush coarseness, etc.) to the 3D perceptual style space. Results showed that Dimension 1 is associated with spatial attributes (Smoothness, Brushstroke coarseness) and Convincingness, Dimension 2 is related to Hue, and Dimension 3 is related to Chroma. The results suggest that texture and color are two important variables for style perception. By isolating the motifs, we could exclude higher levels of information such as composition and context. Interestingly, the results reinforce previous findings using whole scenes, suggesting that style can already be perceived in sometimes very small fragments of paintings.

EFL Student’s Perception of Teachers’ Hybrid Teaching Style: A Case Study

&#x0D; This study aims to determine student perceptions of lecturers' teaching styles regarding hybrid learning. Because students' perceptions of how to teach lecturers towards hybrid learning currently are, of course, many differences that object over there are known to students, With this research, learn how to teach lecturers using contemporary media that oppose over there current exist right in addition to promising to do in addition to also in various ways. Sources of data from students' perceptions of hybrid teaching style; the writer collected data by interview; the writer interviewed 10 students of Universitas PGRIi Adi Buana Surabaya; however, only 5 students could participate in the interview. Data collection uses documentation techniques by making conversation transcripts. In addition, data were analyzed using reduction analysis in addition to interpretation. The results of this object over here study state that objects over there in the teaching style of lecturers in hybrid learning, it currently exists tremendously important to use media technology well, in addition to teachers now are also good at using media so that object over there students better understand the teacher's teaching style, in addition to teachers must also monitor students properly during hybrid learning. &#x0D;

Comparative Analysis Between Banking and Insurance Sector on Perception of Transformational Leadership Styles

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine the differences in leadership styles prevalent in the public sector with those working in the banking and insurance industries. Cluster variables from both industries included in the analysis are as follows: Idealized influence, inspiring motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration are all components of leadership. Theoretical Framework: Due to its apparent efficacy, transformational leadership has received a lot of attention from public sector researchers over the past decade. Successful leaders alter their teams by enlisting their followers' help in effecting change. A transformational leader is one who "transforms" their followers by inspiring them to make positive personal and professional shifts. Design / Methodology / Approach:The study is exploratory research design using Quantitative data collected from the Banking and Insurance sector employees. The study uses a well-structured questionnaire using Likert scale items. The sample was chosen on Convenience basis from 5 select public sector Insurance companies and 5 select public sector Insurance companies. 100 Questionnaires each were distributed and 97 valid responses were selected for banking industry and 90 responses from Insurance Industry were selected for the study. Paired t test using SPSS software was utilised for analysing the data in the study. Findings:The findings of the study show that there is significant difference between the leadership styles practices in Banking and Insurance industry. The banking sector employees showed a greater inclination towards transformational leadership with higher mean scores and statistically significant outcomes. Research Implications: Banking and insurance each have their own distinct cultures and management philosophies; as a result, they cannot be studied as a single entity under the umbrella of the BFSI sector. Additional research on the various leadership styles currently in use within the banking and insurance sectors is necessary. Originality/Value: There are no studies related comparative analysis between Insurance and Banking industry on the leadership styles in Public sector.

A Study about the Effect of Positive Perception of Innovation on Leadership Styles

Innovation is basically defined as improvements and changes which provide added value to the enterprises. The impacts of innovation are generally seen as positive by business owners and executives, but in some cases this perception may be negative as well. The aim of this study is to research the effect of the perception that innovation will create a competitive advantage, will increase the product quality and is considered as an escape from a crisis, which are indeed positive perceptions of innovation, on transformational, interactional, charismatic, servant and strategic leadership styles. For this purpose, a survey was conducted on 108 SMEs operating in and around Bursa province. As a result of the related survey and further studies, the effect of the positive perception of innovation on the innovation-oriented leadership styles was determined as follows: on transformational leadership 51.9%, on interactional leadership 14%, on charismatic leadership 79.4%, on servant leadership 46.4% and on strategic leadership 40.2%.

Prediction of the adherence to sports practice of young Ecuadorians based on the perception of the coach's interpersonal style.

Based on the framework of the self-determination theory, the present study aimed to test a predictive model in the Ecuadorian sports context by using autonomy support as a trigger, which was mediated by basic psychological needs and later by autonomous motivation. This procedure was used to predict the intention to be physically active and was carried out on 280 athletes from the province of Azuay (Ecuador) aged between 12 and 20 years (M = 15.28; SD = 1.71). Different scales were used to measure the perception of the interpersonal style of autonomy supported by the coach. The scales employed included the degree of satisfaction of basic psychological needs, motivation to practice sports, and intention to be physically active. A structural equation analysis revealed that perceived autonomy support positively predicted basic psychological needs, which in turn positively predicted autonomous motivation and, as a result, the athletes' intentions to be physically active. It was concluded that coaches' support for the interpersonal style of autonomy can benefit the development of basic psychological needs as well as autonomous motivation, which in turn can increase young athletes' intentions to be physically active. Future research is also recommended to verify this predictive model and to encourage further experimental studies in which coaches promote autonomy support for athletes intending to increase their adherence to practising sports.

Insertion par l’activité économique : les effets bénéfiques de la participation aux ateliers et chantiers d’insertion et du soutien à l’autonomie dans l’encadrement sur l’émergence de ressources psychologiques favorables à l’emploi

IntroductionThis study examines the impact of Ateliers et Chantiers d’Insertion (ACI) on the development of psychological resources that support reemployment. ObjectivesThe study has two objectives: first, to test the effect of ACI on key variables related to return to/maintenance in employment, such as self-efficacy, psychological distress, and basic need satisfaction; and second, to determine which form of support, autonomy support or control, is best suited for ACI employees. MethodThe study surveyed 109 employees from different ACIs in Côte-d’Or to assess their perceptions of support style and the presence of psychological resources that support reemployment/maintenance in employment. It was expected that (1) the employees would declare more psychological resources at the time they took this survey, compared to before passing into the ACI, and (2) that the perception of support that promotes autonomy would be associated with these same psychological resources. ResultsThe results show that employees reported greater psychological resources at the time of the survey compared to before joining ACI, and that a perception of support that promotes autonomy is associated with these same resources. ConclusionThese findings suggest that ACIs have a positive impact in helping employees return to or remain in employment, and that autonomy support is effective in developing these resources. The study provides recommendations for professionals in the field on how to promote autonomy in ACIs.

Challenge-based learning approach to teach sports: Exploring perceptions of teaching styles and motivational experiences among student teachers

The present study analyses how experiencing challenge-based learning (CBL) may affect student teachers' basic psychological needs and the perceptions of their teachers’ styles in comparison with being involved in a traditional teaching (TT) methodology. A quasi-experimental study with experimental and control groups was carried out. A total of 128 responses (ncontrol = 71; nexperimental = 57) were reported by 83 student teachers from the Physical Activity and Sport Sciences Degree (Mage = 20.07, SD = 1.82; range = 17–27 years) who completed some self-reported validated questionnaires. Analyses based on non-parametric test to compare independent and related groups showed that, after the 14-week intervention, student teachers in the CBL condition exhibited higher competence satisfaction (MCBL = 4.21vs.MTT = 3.80) and lower competence (MCBL = 1.87 vs. MTT = 2.46) and relatedness (MCBL = 1.58 vs. MTT = 1.99) frustration than the TT group. As for teaching styles, student teachers in the CBL-based experience perceived their professors as using more strategies supportive of autonomy and structure than student teachers in the TT group. The results of the study outline that CBL might be a valid methodological approach for student teachers to achieve motivational consequences in university context and in their future as teachers.

Relationship between perceptions of recurrence risk and depression state among first-episode ischemic stroke patients in rural areas: The mediating role of coping style.

To investigate the relationship between stroke survivors' perceptions of recurrence risk, coping styles and depression state, and the role coping styles play in mediating that relationship. A cross-sectional descriptive study. From one hospital in Huaxian, China, 320 stroke survivors were randomly selected as a convenience sample. In this research, the Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire, the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 and the Stroke Recurrence Risk Perception Scale were all used. Structural equation modelling and correlation analysis were used to analyse the data. This research followed the EQUATOR and STROBE checklists. There were 278 valid survey responses. There were mild to severe depressive symptoms in 84.8% of stroke survivors. In stroke survivors, there was a significant negative relationship (p< 0.01) between the positive coping of perceptions of recurrence risk and their depression state. Recurrence risk perception's impact on depression state was partly mediated, according to mediation studies, by coping style, with the mediation effect accounting for 44.92% of the overall effect. The connection between perceptions of recurrence risk and depression state was mediated by the coping mechanisms of stroke survivors. A lower degree of depression state among survivors was connected with positive coping to the beliefs of recurrence risk.

Perceptions of leadership style between nurse managers and their staff in Eastern Saudi Arabia: A cross sectional survey

Background: Understanding nurses’ perceptions about their nurse managers is a crucial element to consider as it helps in the performance of the nurse managers and retention of nurses and reflects the nature of a competent workforce in achieving the organisational goals.Objective: To explore if there is a difference in perceptions of leadership style between nurse managers and their staff and discuss why this occurs.Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive comparative research design was used.Results: Nurse managers rated themselves as using transformational and transactional factors more than the nurses perceived them utilising these various leadership styles. Nurse managers, however, rated themselves lower than nurses in both laissez-faire and management-by-exception-passive.Discussion: The leadership style preferred by the followers is consistently rated higher than the leadership style that their leaders are utilising. Formation of accurate self-perception is a delicate process, especially for people in management positions. Bias in higher self-ratings may occur for several reasons, including gender, which forms the basis of this discussion.Conclusions: The results highlight the need for nurse managers to reflect on their practices and find new ways to enhance their leadership styles.

Examination Of The Leadership Style Perceptions Of The Students In The Faculty Of Sports Sciences

İnsanlık tarihinin çok eski dönemlerine kadar dayanan liderlik kavramıyla birlikte, etkili liderlik ile başarılı antrenörlüğün doğru orantılı olduğu düşünülmektedir. Liderlik stilleri, bu stillerin performansa katkısı, sporcuyu başarılı kılması, sporcu-antrenör ilişkisini güçlendirmesi, , antrenör sporcu iletişimini kuvvetlendirmesi, sporcuların motivasyonunun olumlu yönde arttırması liderlik açısından antrenörlüğe olumlu katkı sağladığı düşünülmektedir bu bilgiler ışığında bu araştırmanın amacı; spor bilimleri fakültesinde öğrenim gören antrenörlük bölümü öğrencilerinin liderlik tarzı algılarının incelenmesidir. Araştırma grubunu 2022-2023 eğitim-öğretim yılından Iğdır Üniversitesi SBF’de öğrenim gören 206 gönüllü öğrenci oluşturmuştur. Araştırma da veri toplama yöntemi olarak “Kişisel Bilgi Formu”, ile Çok Yönlü Liderlik Yönelimleri Ölçeği (ÇYLYÖ) kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen veriler SPSS istatistik programı kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Araştırma bulgularına göre; araştırma grubunun cinsiyet değişkeni, lisanslı sporcu olma durumu, yaş değişkeni, sınıf değişkeni, gelir durumu, haftalık spor yapma süresi ve yaptığı spor türüne göre çok yönlü liderlik yönelimleri ölçeği toplam puan ve ölçek tüm alt boyutları toplam puan ortalaması arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklılık olmadığı görülmüştür. Araştırma grubunun spor yapma durumu ile çok yönlü liderlik yönelimleri ölçeği toplam puan ve ölçek alt boyutlarında politik liderlik toplam puan ortalaması arasında anlamlı farklılık olduğu belirlenirken, ölçek alt boyutları insan kaynaklı liderlik, karizmatik liderlik ve yapısal liderlik puan ortalaması arasında anlamlı farklılık olmadığı görülmüştür, araştırma grubunun sporun hayatınızdaki önemi ile çok yönlü liderlik yönelimleri ölçeği toplam puan ve ölçek alt boyutlarından insan kaynaklı liderlik toplam puan ortalaması arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklılık olduğu belirlenirken, ölçek alt boyutları politik liderlik, karizmatik liderlik ve yapısal liderlik toplam puan ortalaması arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklılık olmadığı belirlenmiştir.