Perception Of Stimulation Research Articles

The Effect of Rhythmic Audio-Visual Stimulation on Inhibitory Control: An ERP Study.

Inhibitory control, as an essential cognitive ability, affects the development of higher cognitive functions. Rhythmic perceptual stimulation has been used to improve cognitive abilities. It is unclear, however, whether it can be used to improve inhibitory control. This study used the Go/NoGo task and the Stroop task to assess various levels of inhibitory control using rhythmic audio-visual stimuli as the stimulus mode. Sixty subjects were randomly divided into three groups to receive 6 Hz, 10 Hz, and white noise stimulation for 30 min. Two tasks were completed by each subject both before and after the stimulus. Before and after the task, closed-eye resting EEG data were collected. The results showed no differences in behavioral and EEG measures of the Go/NoGo task among the three groups. While both 6 Hz and 10 Hz audio-visual stimulation reduced the conflict effect in the Stroop task, only 6 Hz audio-visual stimulation improved the amplitude of the N2 component and decreased the conflict score. Although rhythmic audio-visual stimulation did not enhance response inhibition, it improved conflict inhibition.

A Predictive Processing Model of Episodic Memory and Time Perception

Human perception and experience of time are strongly influenced by ongoing stimulation, memory of past experiences, and required task context. When paying attention to time, time experience seems to expand; when distracted, it seems to contract. When considering time based on memory, the experience may be different than what is in the moment, exemplified by sayings like "time flies when you're having fun." Experience of time also depends on the content of perceptual experience-rapidly changing or complex perceptual scenes seem longer in duration than less dynamic ones. The complexity of interactions among attention, memory, and perceptual stimulation is a likely reason that an overarching theory of time perception has been difficult to achieve. Here, we introduce a model of perceptual processing and episodic memory that makes use of hierarchical predictive coding, short-term plasticity, spatiotemporal attention, and episodic memory formation and recall, and apply this model to the problem of human time perception. In an experiment with approximately 13,000 human participants, we investigated the effects of memory, cognitive load, and stimulus content on duration reports of dynamic natural scenes up to about 1 minute long. Using our model to generate duration estimates, we compared human and model performance. Model-based estimates replicated key qualitative biases, including differences by cognitive load (attention), scene type (stimulation), and whether the judgment was made based on current or remembered experience (memory). Our work provides a comprehensive model of human time perception and a foundation for exploring the computational basis of episodic memory within a hierarchical predictive coding framework.

Neural Entrainment vs. Stimulus-Tracking: A Conceptual Challenge for Rhythmic Perceptual Stimulation in Developmental Neuroscience.

Neural Entrainment vs. Stimulus-Tracking: A Conceptual Challenge for Rhythmic Perceptual Stimulation in Developmental Neuroscience.

Pengaruh Terapi Aktivitas Kelompok (TAK) : Stimulus Persepsi Sesi 1-3 Terhadap Kemampuan Mengontrol Halusinasi Pendengaran Pada Pasien Skizofernia

Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by abnormalities in the perception or expression of reality. One of the most common symptoms in schizophrenia is the appearance of hallucinations, which is about 70%. Purpose: This study is to effect Group Activity Therapy (TAK): Perception Stimulus sessions 1-3 on the Ability to Control Hearing Hallucinations in Schizophrenic Patients in Sebayang Room at Tampan Mental Hospital, Riau Province. This research research method is quantitative with a Quasi Experiment approach, conducted on 16 respondents from 03 to 13 March 2020 at the Tampan Mental Hospital, Riau Province. Researchers used the Auditory Hallucinations Rating Scale (AHRS) module and evaluation sheet before and after the intervention. The technique used univariate and bivariate analysis with Paired Sample T Test. The results showed a significant influence between Group Activity Therapy (TAK) Perceptual Stimulation of the Ability to Control Auditory Hallucinations, with a value of p = 0.01.

Psychotherapy Reduces Self Esteem Scizophrenic Patients: Literature Review

Low self-esteemis all the thoughts, beliefs and beliefs that an individual knows about him self and affects his relationships with others. This study aims to determine what interventions can be given to over come chronic low self-esteem problems. The method used in this research is descriptive review by conducting literature reviews both from within and outside the country. Literature searches were carried out through several databases, namely Google Scholar, Pubmed, and Science Direct. The strategy used to search the literature is touse the keyword "chronic low self-esteem, psychotherapy, schizophrenia/schizophrenia". Based on the search, we found 839.112 articles, but after filtering the articles peryear,the complete articles and the suitability of keywords and article contents, it became 10 articles. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that several interventions that canbe given to reduce chronic lowself-esteem in patients with early psychotic symptoms and schizophrenia are CBT (Cognitive Behavior Therapy), EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing). GAT (Group Activity Therapy). Perceptual stimulation; told, therapy as usual (TAU) and Competitive Memory Training (COMET)/ Competitive Memory Training. Family involvement as care giver at home in the process of psychotic patient therapy can help the patient's recovery process.)

Brain Dynamics Altered by Photic Stimulation in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment.

Individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) are at high risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Repetitive photic stimulation (PS) is commonly used in routine electroencephalogram (EEG) examinations for rapid assessment of perceptual functioning. This study aimed to evaluate neural oscillatory responses and nonlinear brain dynamics under the effects of PS in patients with mild AD, moderate AD, severe AD, and MCI, as well as healthy elderly controls (HC). EEG power ratios during PS were estimated as an index of oscillatory responses. Multiscale sample entropy (MSE) was estimated as an index of brain dynamics before, during, and after PS. During PS, EEG harmonic responses were lower and MSE values were higher in the AD subgroups than in HC and MCI groups. PS-induced changes in EEG complexity were less pronounced in the AD subgroups than in HC and MCI groups. Brain dynamics revealed a “transitional change” between MCI and Mild AD. Our findings suggest a deficiency in brain adaptability in AD patients, which hinders their ability to adapt to repetitive perceptual stimulation. This study highlights the importance of combining spectral and nonlinear dynamical analysis when seeking to unravel perceptual functioning and brain adaptability in the various stages of neurodegenerative diseases.

COMPARISON OF THE EFFECT GROUP ACTIVITY THERAPY: PERCEPTION STIMULATION & DEEP BREATH THERAPY TO ELDERLY STRESS IN CIREBON CITY

Hypertension as ranks first a degenerative disease that affects the elderly with a prevalence of 45.9% at the age of 55-64 years, 57.6% at the age of 65-74 years, and 63.8% at the age of 75 and over. Stress is one of the risk factors for hypertension in the elderly. Various studies show stress has a strong influence on the onset of hypertension in the elderly, also contributing as much as 9% to the risk of developing hypertension. Perceptual stimulation group activity therapy and deep breaths are non-pharmacological methods of treating psychological stress. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of group activity therapy (TAK): perceptual stimulation and deep breaths on the stress level of the elderly in Cirebon City. Experimental research design pre- and post intervention, elderly population with essential hypertension in Sitopeng Health Center Cirebon City, total sample 32 people, simple random sampling technique, and data analysis  using thetechnique  Mann Whitney and Wilcoxon. There were differences in stress levels in the elderly in Cirebon City after treatment in the activity therapy group: perceptual stimulation and deep breathing therapy, where the value of α = 0.031 <0.05. Puskesmas can use a group activity therapy approach in carrying out activities (for example, health promotion), which can have a positive effect on the emotional health of the elderly.  

A research on relevance between photoplethysmography signal and perceptual stimulation

In this paper, the Photoplethysmography (PPG) signal response of humans under different perceptual stimuli was mainly discussed. The autonomic nervous system (ANS) regulates the functioning of organs or tissues in the body to make the body adapt to the environment. When the human body is stimulated, it can obtain information about ANS from the analysis results of heart rate variability (HRV).The proposed method is used with PPG signals for time domain and frequency domain analysis to obtain HRV parameters and short-time Fourier transform (STFT) output heat map, respectively. Different environmental stimuli were given during the experiment and changes in PPG signals were observed. There were eight males and eight females with a total of 16 subjects with an average age of 24 years. Heart rate was observed to vary with stimulation in 16 subjects. The heat map clearly distinguishes whether the subject is affected by the stimulus and causes the ANS to regulate the human body. The data obtained under various stimuli are directly compared and measured from physiological signals. It can establish an objective patient’s current emotional judgment and can be used to explore the patient’s diagnosis status during the diagnosis process.

Pengaruh Terapi Aktivitas Kelompok dengan Stimulasi Persepsi terhadap Kemampuan Mengontrol Halusinasi pada Pasien Skizofrenia

The prevalence of mental emotional disorders indicated by symptoms of depression and anxiety for ages 15 years and over reaches around 14 million people or 6% of the total population of Indonesia. While the prevalence of severe mental disorders, such as schizophrenia, reaches around 400,000 people or as many as 1.7 per 1,000 residents. Hallucinations are one of the symptoms of schizophrenic mental disorder. Therapy Activities Groups with perceptual stimulation are therapies that use activities to perceive various stimulations related to experience with life to be discussed in groups. The aim of the research was to know the effect of group activity therapy on hallucinogenic control ability in schizophrenic patients in Jambi Province Mental Hospital in 2018. This study used a quasi experimental design with a design of one group design with pretest and posttest. The study was conducted at the Jambi Province Mental Hospital in June-September 2018 with a total sample of 30 people taken by purposive sampling. The results of this study are that there is a significant effect of group activity therapy on hallucinogenic control ability in schizophrenic patients at Jambi Province Mental Hospital. This study is expected to increase knowledge, understanding and skills of mental nurses in treating or treating schizophrenic patients, to improve the ability to control the hallucinations of schizophrenic patients through therapeutic activities of perception simulation groups by applying group activity therapy.

The pleasure of art as a matter of fact.

> All other forms of perception divide a man, because they are exclusively based either on the sensuous or on the intellectual part of his being; only the perception of the Beautiful makes something whole of him, because both his natures must accord with it. > — Schiller, 1793–1795, Letters on the Aesthetic Education of Man , p. 138, Letter 27 Can art make us better people? Better members of society? In her recent article, ‘Pleasure junkies all around! Why it matters and why “the arts” might be the answer: a biopsychological perspective’, Christensen [1] claims that engaging with art can promote healthy choices, choices that balance short-term pleasure goals with long-term general well-being. She suggests that many modern life conveniences, such as social media, computer games or online shopping, have the potential to turn us into ‘pleasure junkies’ because they maximize short-term pleasures. But art, Christensen argues, is a safe choice and a means to remedy this unhealthy addiction to pleasure. Christensen's argument is grounded on three claims about the sort of pleasure we get from art. First, in contrast to low-level pleasure , which Christensen conceives as ‘a mere perceptual stimulation leading to a rewarding sensation (food, sex, etc.)’ ([1], p. 2), pleasure from art is presented as a kind of higher-order pleasure that engages ‘broader neural networks implied in the attribution of meaning’ (p. 2), presumably leading to ‘long-term maintenance of healthy bodily function’ (p. 2). Second, ‘the arts do not induce states of craving without fulfilment—as do activities with reinforcement schedules which are prone to create habits and addictions such as intermittent variable ratio or interval reinforcement schedules (e.g. social media, gambling, football, extreme sports, drugs’ (p. 4). Third, ‘the arts do not search for a perceptual “Bliss point” […]. They do not just …

I can see where you would be: Patterns of fMRI activity reveal imagined landmarks

Visual mental imagery arises when perceptual information is accessed from memory, originating the experience of “seeing with the mind's eye”. Different content-dependent brain areas in the human ventral visual stream are activated during visual mental imagery, similarly to what happens during visual perception. The neural patterns within these regions, but not in the early visual cortex, are similar during imagery and perception, suggesting that, in the absence of perceptual stimulation, content-dependent brain areas are able to re-instantiate specific neural patterns allowing for mental imagery. However, it remains unknown whether these areas contain adequate neural representations that create mental images or need to interact with other regions in the brain, such as the hippocampus (HC), to access the necessary information from memory. To test this hypothesis, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging and both multivoxel pattern classification and psychophysiological interaction analyses. Participants were scanned while viewing or imagining scenes of familiar environments. We found that the identity of familiar places can be decoded from the neural patterns in the parahippocampal place area (PPA), retrosplenial complex/parieto-occipital sulcus (RSC/POS) and HC, during both imagery and perception, and that item-specific information from perceived places was re-instantiated during mental imagery of the same places and vice versa. Furthermore, the right PPA significantly interacted with the right HC and RSC/POS according to the performed task. Specifically, the functional coupling between PPA and HC was higher during mental imagery, whereas the functional coupling between PPA and RSC/POS was higher during perception. Our investigation provides an important contribution to the understanding of how the brain uses previously acquired knowledge to build a mental representation of the world.

Shared and distinct contributions of rostrolateral prefrontal cortex to analogical reasoning and episodic memory retrieval.

Rostrolateral prefrontal cortex (RLPFC) is widely appreciated to support higher cognitive functions, including analogical reasoning and episodic memory retrieval. However, these tasks have typically been studied in isolation, and thus it is unclear whether they involve common or distinct RLPFC mechanisms. Here, we introduce a novel functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) task paradigm to compare brain activity during reasoning and memory tasks while holding bottom-up perceptual stimulation and response demands constant. Univariate analyses on fMRI data from twenty participants identified a large swath of left lateral prefrontal cortex, including RLPFC, that showed common engagement on reasoning trials with valid analogies and memory trials with accurately retrieved source details. Despite broadly overlapping recruitment, multi-voxel activity patterns within left RLPFC reliably differentiated these two trial types, highlighting the presence of at least partially distinct information processing modes. Functional connectivity analyses demonstrated that while left RLPFC showed consistent coupling with the fronto-parietal control network across tasks, its coupling with other cortical areas varied in a task-dependent manner. During the memory task, this region strengthened its connectivity with the default mode and memory retrieval networks, whereas during the reasoning task it coupled more strongly with a nearby left prefrontal region (BA 45) associated with semantic processing, as well as with a superior parietal region associated with visuospatial processing. Taken together, these data suggest a domain-general role for left RLPFC in monitoring and/or integrating task-relevant knowledge representations and showcase how its function cannot solely be attributed to episodic memory or analogical reasoning computations.

Exploratory movement generates higher-order information that is sufficient for accurate perception of scaled egocentric distance.

Body movement influences the structure of multiple forms of ambient energy, including optics and gravito-inertial force. Some researchers have argued that egocentric distance is derived from inferential integration of visual and non-visual stimulation. We suggest that accurate information about egocentric distance exists in perceptual stimulation as higher-order patterns that extend across optics and inertia. We formalize a pattern that specifies the egocentric distance of a stationary object across higher-order relations between optics and inertia. This higher-order parameter is created by self-generated movement of the perceiver in inertial space relative to the illuminated environment. For this reason, we placed minimal restrictions on the exploratory movements of our participants. We asked whether humans can detect and use the information available in this higher-order pattern. Participants judged whether a virtual object was within reach. We manipulated relations between body movement and the ambient structure of optics and inertia. Judgments were precise and accurate when the higher-order optical-inertial parameter was available. When only optic flow was available, judgments were poor. Our results reveal that participants perceived egocentric distance from the higher-order, optical-inertial consequences of their own exploratory activity. Analysis of participants’ movement trajectories revealed that self-selected movements were complex, and tended to optimize availability of the optical-inertial pattern that specifies egocentric distance. We argue that accurate information about egocentric distance exists in higher-order patterns of ambient energy, that self-generated movement can generate these higher-order patterns, and that these patterns can be detected and used to support perception of egocentric distance that is precise and accurate.

Boosting vision through combined perceptual learning and non-invasive transcranial random noise stimulation

Introduction Perceptual learning has been shown to produce an improvement of visual functions such as an increase of visual acuity and contrast sensitivity both in participants with cortical visual defects such as amblyopia as well as refractive defects such as myopia or presbyopia. Additionally, transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS), a type of alternating current stimulation, has proven to be efficacious in accelerating neural plasticity and boosting visual perceptual learning in healthy participants. This work investigates whether a short visual behavioural training regime using a contrast detection task, combined with online hf-tRNS, is more effective than the training plus sham stimulation, or stimulation alone, in improving visual functions (VA and CS) in participants with visual defects, specifically: mild myopia and amblyopia. Method A battery of tests measuring visual functions was administered prior to (pre-test) and following the training (post-test). Eight consecutive training sessions on a contrast detection task (combined or not with tRNS) were undertaken by the participants. A third group of participants in the myopia group underwent solely brain stimulation, in the absence of any visual training. Results The experimental groups (tRNS + PL) reached a larger improvement, with respect to the control groups, in both VA (mean improvement of 0.18 LogMAR) and CS at intermediate spatial frequencies. Conclusions These results suggest that neuromodulatory techniques can boost perceptual learning and its generalization to non-trained visual functions, strongly reducing the duration of behavioural trainings needed to improve sight in people both with non-corrected refractive defects as well as with cortical visual defects such as amblyopia.

Visual Perceptual Training Combined with Left Hand Somatosensory Stimulation for Reading in Acquired Right Brain Damage: A Pilot Study

Background: Evaluation and treatment of perceptual dysfunction have traditionally been emphasized by occupational therapists working with adults with brain injury. Visual perceptual problems have been well documented as they have an impact on activities such as driving and reading. Limited information is available on the effectiveness of treatment. Objective: To study the effect of visual perceptual training combined with left hand somatosensory stimulation on reading skills in individuals with acquired right brain damage Methods: 10 subjects with acquired right brain damage were included in the study based on selection criteria. They underwent a comprehensive occupational therapy program of visual perceptual training emphasizing on reading- related tasks and left hand somatosensory stimulation for 6 weeks. Baseline, post intervention and followup assessments were done using Test of Visual Perceptual Skills-3 (TVPS-3), Letter Cancellation Test, and Reading Ability Screening Test (RAST). Results: The program had a significant effect on reading skills with retention on follow-up as shown by RAST (p<0.05). However, there was no significant improvement on TVPS-3 post intervention indicating a lack of generalization to skills other than reading. Conclusion: Visual perceptual training and left hand somatosensory stimulation may be effective in remediation of reading related perceptual deficits in individuals with acquired right brain damage.

Effect size matters: the role of language statistics and perceptual simulation in conceptual processing

The cognitive science literature increasingly demonstrates that perceptual representations are activated during conceptual processing. Such findings suggest that the debate on whether conceptual processing is predominantly symbolic or perceptual has been resolved. However, studies too frequently provide evidence for perceptual simulations without addressing whether other factors explain dependent variables as well, and if so, to what extent. The current paper examines effect sizes computed from 126 experiments in 51 published embodied cognition studies to clarify the conditions under which perceptual simulations are most important. Results showed that effects of language statistics tend to be as large or larger than those of perceptual stimulation. Moreover, factors that can be associated with immediate processing (button press, word processing) tend to reduce the effect size of perceptual simulation. These findings are considered in respect to the Symbol Interdependency Hypothesis, which argues that language encodes perceptual information, with language statistics explaining quick, good-enough representations and perceptual simulation explaining more effortful, detailed representations.

The role of body and environment in cognition

In this Research Topic, we aimed to develop our understandingof cognition by considering the diverse and dynamic relationshipbetween the language we use, our bodily perceptions, and ouractions andinteractions inthebroaderenvironment. Wereceivedtwenty-six articles that take very different approaches to explor-ingthequestionofhowourbodiesandtheenvironmentinfluencecognition.Severalpapersexaminehowperceptualconceptsaredevelopedand accessed. Gainotti (2012) reviews evidence from cognitiveneuropsychology and proposes that different types of conceptsdifferentially rely on sensorimotor experience, with somatosen-sory and movement information playing a major role in artifactrepresentationsandvisualandotherperceptualinformationplay-ingamajorroleintherepresentationoflivingthings. Krauseetal.(2013)findaninterference effectbetween fingersandnumbersina numerosity comparison task and suggest that it emerges froman embodied representation of number based on a shared metricfor symbolic and tactile numerosities. Since perceptual stimula-tion sometimes interferes with and sometimes facilitates otherconceptual processing Connell and Lynott (2012), review recentfindings andproposethatthese differences arisedueto the atten-tional demands on modality-specific processing. Two groups useevent-related potentials to examine how perceptual informationis accessed in conceptual tasks. Hald et al. (2013) find evidencefor modality-specific grounded representations when processingnegated sentences, and demonstrate differential modulation ofthe N400 according to whether or not a true vs. false sentenceinvolves modality switching. Louwerse and Hutchinson (2012)show that different tasks rely on linguistic vs. perceptual infor-mation to different extents, with activation in linguistic corticalregions preceding activation in perceptual cortical regions whenboth types of processing were associated with the task.As well as perceptual information, motor information relat-ing to action concepts was also a central topic. In a review ofbehavioral and neuroimaging work on semantics across differ-ent domains (e.g., concrete/abstract words, numbers, and arith-metic), Hauk and Tschentscher (2013) argue that the specificfunction of sensorimotor areas in processing meaning remainsunclear, and suggest that only by employing a combination ofmethods cancausalunderpinningsbededuced.However,intheirreview, Tomasino and Rumiati (2013) contend that the strategy aparticipant employs in a task is more important than the natureofthestimulusindetermining whether motorsimulationswillbeactivated and support the view that the motor system is impli-cated in—but not necessary to—semantic processing. Locatelliet al. (2012) provide evidence for the role of motor experiencein motor semantics by demonstrating that action experience inthe form of manual dexterity training facilitated subsequent per-formance in judging sentence-picture pairs that were related tothe previously-learned actions. Motor semantics also depend onthetimeatwhichanactionisdescribedastakingplace.Andersonetal.(2013)foundthatchangingthegrammaticalaspectofactionverbs (e.g.,

Neural networks underlying affective states in a multimodal virtual environment: contributions to boredom

The interaction of low perceptual stimulation or goal-directed behavior with a negative subjective evaluation may lead to boredom. This contribution to boredom may shed light on its neural correlates, which are poorly characterized so far. A video game served as simulation of free interactive behavior without interruption of the game’s narrative. Thirteen male German volunteers played a first-person shooter game (Tactical Ops: Assault on Terror) during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Two independent coders performed the time-based analysis of the audio-visual game content. Boredom was operationalized as interaction of prolonged absence of goal-directed behavior with lowered affect in the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). A decrease of positive affect (PA) correlated with response amplitudes in bilateral insular clusters extending into the amygdala to prolonged inactive phases in a game play and an increase in negative affect (NA) was associated with higher responses in bilateral ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC). Precuneus and hippocampus responses were negatively correlated with changes in NA. We describe for the first time neural contributions to boredom, using a video game as complex virtual environment. Further our study confirmed that PA and NA are separable constructs, reflected by distinct neural patterns. PA may be associated with afferent limbic activity whereas NA with affective control.

When does perception facilitate or interfere with conceptual processing? The effect of attentional modulation.

Conceptual processing relies on the perceptual system, and, as such, perception affects conception. Many studies have demonstrated perceptual-conceptual interference, where perceptual stimulation in a particular modality leads to slower and/or less accurate conceptual processing of information from the same modality (e.g., Kaschak et al., 2005, 2006; Vermeulen et al., 2008). However, many other studies have demonstrated perceptual-conceptual facilitation, where perceptual stimulation leads to faster and/or more accurate conceptual processing in the same modality (Kaschak et al., 2006; van Dantzig et al., 2008; Connell et al., 2012; Connell and Lynott, in preparation). At first glance, this apparent discrepancy seems like a serious problem for accounts of simulation-based concepts. Such theories hold that offline representations—that is, representations of objects and events that are not in the current environment (Wilson, 2002)—are functionally comprised of partial replays (i.e., simulations) of the neural activation captured during perceptual, motor, affective, and other experience (Barsalou, 1999, 2008; Glenberg and Gallese, 2012; Connell and Lynott, submitted). If conceptual representations therefore require modality-specific perceptual simulation, then why do they not consistently interact with perception? Why does perceptual stimulation sometimes impair and sometimes facilitate conceptual processing? One account proposed that the difference lies in whether perceptual stimulation is concurrent with the conceptual task or precedes it, and whether or not the perceptual stimulus can be easily integrated into the simulation required by the conceptual task (Kaschak et al., 2005). According to this account, interference occurs when a concurrent perceptual stimulus cannot be integrated into the simulation required by the conceptual task. For example, Kaschak and colleagues argued that an upward-scrolling visual display could not be easily integrated with the sentence The cat climbed the tree, and hence interfered with its simulation. Facilitation occurs when a perceptual stimulus can be easily integrated into a simulation, regardless of whether the perceptual and conceptual components of the trial are presented concurrently or sequentially. For example, an image of a car would facilitate understanding a sentence like The car approached you. However, this account cannot easily explain later findings. For example, concurrent tactile stimulation, in the form of vibrations to the palms and fingers, facilitates people's ability to judge the size of manipulable objects (Connell et al., 2012). Vibrotactile stimulation seems at least as distant from object representations of wallets and keys as upward-scrolling lines are from a cat climbing a tree. Yet, even though both perceptual stimuli appear “nonintegratible,” the former produced facilitation and the latter interference.

Benefícios da estimulação perceptual corporal no esquema corporal de idosos

Os avanços da ciência proporcionaram o aumento da longevidade e refletem o crescimento do contingente de idosos na sociedade atual. O aumento da idade cronológica traz perda progressiva da funcionalidade e altera o processo de fornecimento de informações sobre a percepção corporal, resultando na interpretação distorcida dos parâmetros corporais. Estudos comprovam que o movimento e atividade física são capazes de influenciar positivamente a percepção corporal. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar os efeitos de atividades de estimulação corporal perceptual sobre o esquema corporal dos idosos. A avaliação foi realizada através do teste de projeção de pontos, o IMP (Image Marking Procedure), que é capaz de predizer o grau de distorção entre a imagem real e percebida nos diferentes pontos do corpo. As medidas de percepção das dimensões corporais foram mensuradas antes e depois de um programa de estimulação perceptual corporal. Os resultados do estudo demonstraram que o programa de intervenção corporal pode trazer benefícios para os sujeitos participantes, mas é necessário que a estimulação tenha um foco mais particular conforme as características perceptivas de cada indivíduo.