Perceptual Processes Research Articles

Behavioural stochastic resonance across the lifespan.

Stochastic resonance (SR) is the phenomenon wherein the introduction of a suitable level of noise enhances the detection of subthreshold signalsin non linear systems. It manifests across various physical and biological systems, including the human brain. Psychophysical experiments have confirmed the behavioural impact of stochastic resonance on auditory, somatic, and visual perception. Aging renders the brain more susceptible to noise, possibly causing differences in the SR phenomenon between young and elderly individuals. This study investigates the impact of noise on motion detection accuracy throughout the lifespan, with 214 participants ranging in age from 18 to 82. Our objective was to determine the optimal noise level to induce an SR-like response in both young and old populations. Consistent with existing literature, our findings reveal a diminishing advantage with age, indicating that the efficacy of noise addition progressively diminishes. Additionally, as individuals age, peak performance is achieved with lower levels of noise. This study provides the first insight into how SR changes across the lifespan of healthy adults and establishes a foundation for understanding the pathological alterations in perceptual processes associated with aging.

Molecular mechanisms and behavioral relevance underlying neural correlates of childhood neglect

BackgroundChildhood neglect is associated with brain changes, yet the molecular mechanisms and behavioral relevance underlying such associations remain elusive. MethodsWe calculated fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (fALFF) using resting-state functional MRI and tested their correlation with childhood neglect across a large sample of 510 healthy young adults. Then, we investigated the spatial relationships of the identified neural correlates of childhood neglect with gene expression, neurotransmitter, and behavioral domain atlases. ResultsWe found that more severe childhood neglect was correlated with higher fALFF in the bilateral anterior cingulate cortex. Remarkably, the identified neural correlates of childhood neglect were spatially correlated with expression of gene categories primarily involving neuron, synapse, ion channel, cognitive and perceptual processes, and physiological response and regulation. Concurrently, there were significant associations between the neural correlates and specific neurotransmitter systems including serotonin and GABA. Finally, neural correlates of childhood neglect were associated with diverse behavioral domains implicating mental disorders, emotion, cognition, and sensory perception. LimitationsThe cross-sectional study design cannot unequivocally establish causality. ConclusionsOur findings may not only add to the current knowledge regarding the relationship between childhood neglect and mental health, but also have clinical implications for developing preventive strategies for individuals exposed to childhood neglect who are at risk for mental disorders.

Neural substrate for the engagement of the ventral visual stream in motor control in the macaque monkey.

The present study aimed to describe the cortical connectivity of a sector located in the ventral bank of the superior temporal sulcus in the macaque (intermediate area TEa and TEm [TEa/m]), which appears to represent the major source of output of the ventral visual stream outside the temporal lobe. The retrograde tracer wheat germ agglutinin was injected in the intermediate TEa/m in four macaque monkeys. The results showed that 58-78% of labeled cells were located within ventral visual stream areas other than the TE complex. Outside the ventral visual stream, there were connections with the memory-related medial temporal area 36 and the parahippocampal cortex, orbitofrontal areas involved in encoding subjective values of stimuli for action selection, and eye- or hand-movement related parietal (LIP, AIP, and SII), prefrontal (12r, 45A, and 45B) areas, and a hand-related dysgranular insula field. Altogether these data provide a solid substrate for the engagement of the ventral visual stream in large scale cortical networks for skeletomotor or oculomotor control. Accordingly, the role of the ventral visual stream could go beyond pure perceptual processes and could be also finalized to the neural mechanisms underlying the control of voluntary motor behavior.

Age-Related Differences in Prestimulus EEG Affect ERPs and Behaviour in the Equiprobable Go/NoGo Task.

Detailed studies of the equiprobable auditory Go/NoGo task have allowed for the development of a sequential-processing model of the perceptual and cognitive processes involved. These processes are reflected in various components differentiating the Go and NoGo event-related potentials (ERPs). It has long been established that electroencephalography (EEG) changes through normal lifespan development. It is also known that ERPs and behaviour in the equiprobable auditory Go/NoGo task change from children to young adults, and again in older adults. Here, we provide a novel examination of links between in-task prestimulus EEG, poststimulus ERPs, and behaviour in three gender-matched groups: children (8-12 years), young adults (18-24 years), and older adults (59-74 years). We used a frequency Principal Component Analysis (f-PCA) to estimate prestimulus EEG components and a temporal Principal Component Analysis (t-PCA) to separately estimate poststimulus ERP Go and NoGo components in each age group to avoid misallocation of variance. The links between EEG components, ERP components, and behavioural measures differed markedly between the groups. The young adults performed best and accomplished this with the simplest EEG-ERP-behaviour brain dynamics pattern. The children performed worst, and this was reflected in the most complex brain dynamics pattern. The older adults showed some reduction in performance, reflected in an EEG-ERP-behaviour pattern with intermediate complexity between those of the children and young adults. These novel brain dynamics patterns hold promise for future developmental research.

The impact of task measurements on sequential dependence: a comparison between temporal reproduction and discrimination tasks

Decisions about a current stimulus are influenced by previously encountered stimuli, leading to sequential bias. However, the specific processing levels at which serial dependence emerges remain unclear. Despite considerable evidence pointing to contributions from perceptual and post-perceptual processes, as well as response carryover effects impacting subsequent judgments, research into how different task measurements affect sequential dependencies is limited. To address this gap, the present study investigated the role of task type in shaping sequential effects in time perception, employing a random-dot kinematogram (RDK) in a post-cue paradigm. Participants had to remember both the duration and the direction of the RDK movement and perform the task based on a post-cue, which was equally likely to be direction or duration. To delineate the task type, we employed the temporal bisection task in Experiment 1 and the duration reproduction task in Experiment 2. Both experiments revealed a significant sequential bias: durations were perceived as longer following longer previous durations, and vice versa. Intriguingly, the sequential effect was enhanced in the reproduction task following the same reproduction task (Experiment 2), but did not show significant variation by the task type in the bisection task (Experiment 1). Moreover, comparable response carryover effects were observed across two experiments. We argue that the differential impacts of task types on sequential dependence lies in the involvement of memory reactivation process in the decision stage, while the post-decision response carryover effect may reflect the assimilation by subjective, rather than objective, durations, potentially linking to the sticky pacemaker rate and/or decisional inertia.

Dissociations in perceptual discrimination following selective damage to the dentate gyrus versus CA1 subfield of the hippocampus

The hippocampus (HPC) is well-known for its involvement in declarative (consciously accessible) memory, but there is evidence that it may also play a role in complex perceptual discrimination. Separate research has demonstrated separable contributions of HPC subregions to component memory processes, with the dentate gyrus (DG) required for mnemonic discrimination of similar inputs and the CA1 subfield required for retention and retrieval, but contributions of these subregions to perceptual processes is understudied. The current study examined the nature and extent of a double dissociation between the dentate gyrus (DG) to discrimination processes and CA1 subfield to retention/retrieval by testing two unique individuals with bilateral damage to the DG (case BL) and CA1 (case BR). We tested BL and BR on a wide range of standardized neuropsychological tests to assess information encoding and retention/retrieval and co-opted many measures to assess perceptual discrimination. Compared to normative data, BL exhibited performance below expectations on most measures requiring perceptual discrimination and on measures of encoding but demonstrated intact retention. Conversely, BR showed no difficulties with perceptual discrimination or verbal encoding but exhibited poor verbal retention, as well as poor encoding and retention of spatial/integrative tasks (e.g., object in a location). These results indicate that, despite its prominent role in memory, the DG is necessary for perceptual discrimination and encoding, whereas CA1 is necessary for retention/retrieval and encoding of spatial information. The pattern of results highlights the critical nature of individual case studies in the nuanced understanding of HPC subfield contributions to different memory processes, as well as the utility of repurposing neuropsychological measures to capture individual differences.

Prestimulus Alpha Phase Modulates Visual Temporal Integration.

When presented shortly after another, discrete pictures are naturally perceived as continuous. The neuronal mechanism underlying such continuous or discrete perception is not well understood. While continuous alpha oscillations are a candidate for orchestrating such neuronal mechanisms, recent evidence is mixed. In this study, we investigated the influence of prestimulus alpha oscillation on visual temporal perception. Specifically, we were interested in whether prestimulus alpha phase modulates neuronal and perceptual processes underlying discrete or continuous perception. Participants had to report the location of a missing object in a visual temporal integration task, while simultaneously MEG data were recorded. Using source reconstruction, we evaluated local phase effects by contrasting phase angle values between correctly and incorrectly integrated trials. Our results show a phase opposition cluster between -0.8 and -0.5 s (relative to stimulus presentation) and between 6 and 20 Hz. These momentary phase angle values were correlated with behavioral performance and event-related potential amplitude. There was no evidence that frequency defined a window of temporal integration.

Attentional selection and communication through coherence: Scope and limitations.

Synchronous neural oscillations are strongly associated with a variety of perceptual, cognitive, and behavioural processes. It has been proposed that the role of the synchronous oscillations in these processes is to facilitate information transmission between brain areas, the 'communication through coherence,' or CTC hypothesis. The details of how this mechanism would work, however, and its causal status, are still unclear. Here we investigate computationally a proposed mechanism for selective attention that directly implicates the CTC as causal. The mechanism involves alpha band (about 10 Hz) oscillations, originating in the pulvinar nucleus of the thalamus, being sent to communicating cortical areas, organizing gamma (about 40 Hz) oscillations there, and thus facilitating phase coherence and communication between them. This is proposed to happen contingent on control signals sent from higher-level cortical areas to the thalamic reticular nucleus, which controls the alpha oscillations sent to cortex by the pulvinar. We studied the scope of this mechanism in parameter space, and limitations implied by this scope, using a computational implementation of our conceptual model. Our results indicate that, although the CTC-based mechanism can account for some effects of top-down and bottom-up attentional selection, its limitations indicate that an alternative mechanism, in which oscillatory coherence is caused by communication between brain areas rather than being a causal factor for it, might operate in addition to, or even instead of, the CTC mechanism.

Generalisation to novel exemplars of learned shape categories based on visual and auditory spatial cues does not benefit from multisensory information.

Although the integration of information across multiple senses can enhance object representations in memory, how multisensory information affects the formation of categories is uncertain. In particular, it is unclear to what extent categories formed from multisensory information benefit object recognition over unisensory inputs. Two experiments investigated the categorisation of novel auditory and visual objects, with categories defined by spatial similarity, and tested generalisation to novel exemplars. Participants learned to categorise exemplars based on visual-only (geometric shape), auditory-only (spatially defined soundscape) or audio-visual spatial cues. Categorisation to learned as well as novel exemplars was then tested under the same sensory learning conditions. For all learning modalities, categorisation generalised to novel exemplars. However, there was no evidence of enhanced categorisation performance for learned multisensory exemplars. At best, bimodal performance approximated that of the most accurate unimodal condition, although this was observed only for a subset of exemplars within a category. These findings provide insight into the perceptual processes involved in the formation of categories and have relevance for understanding the sensory nature of object representations underpinning these categories.

Detection of Unfocused EEG Epochs by the Application of Machine Learning Algorithm.

Electroencephalography (EEG) is a non-invasive method used to track human brain activity over time. The time-locked EEG to an external event is known as event-related potential (ERP). ERP can be a biomarker of human perception and other cognitive processes. The success of ERP research depends on the laboratory conditions and attentiveness of the test subjects. Specifically, the inability to control experimental variables has reduced ERP research in the real world. This study collected EEG data under various experimental circumstances within an auditory oddball paradigm experiment to enable the use of ERP as an active biomarker in normal laboratory conditions. Then, ERP epochs were analyzed to identify unfocused epochs, affected by typical artifacts and external distortion. For the initial comparison, the ability of four unsupervised machine learning algorithms (MLAs) was evaluated to identify unfocused epochs. Then, their accuracy was compared with the human inspection and a current EEG analysis tool (EEGLab). All four MLAs were typically 95-100% accurate. In summary, our analysis finds that humans might miss subtle differences in the regular ERP patterns, but MLAs could efficiently identify those. Thus, our analysis suggests that unsupervised MLAs perform better for detecting unfocused ERP epochs compared with the other two standard methods.

Cognitive bias and contextual information management: Considerations for forensic handwriting examinations

AbstractAs for other largely subjective perceptual and cognitive processes, the forensic analysis and interpretation of handwriting is potentially susceptible to bias. Cognitive bias may subconsciously influence the outcome of specific tasks at any point in an examination, during pre‐analysis, analysis, comparison, interpretation and/or reporting of results. One class of cognitive bias, contextual bias, may arise from information provided by the client, results reported from other forensic disciplines within a laboratory or the content of the questioned and/or known material itself. The base rate information (i.e., examiner knowledge, experience, and innate beliefs) associated with the type and range of examinations an examiner has previously encountered may also lead to bias. Bias introduced at any stage of the examination process, and even prior to the examination (e.g., when deciding what is collected for examination) may affect the examination outcome.This Overview focuses on contextual information management (CIM) protocols that are used to remove potentially biasing task‐irrelevant case information from the view of the reporting forensic handwriting examiner (FHE). Where laboratory resources and logistics allow for these procedures to be in place, they should be applied as part of the pre‐analysis stage of the examination process that is, at a stage in the examination prior to the reporting FHE accessing the examination material or associated documentation. Also highlighted are some additional procedures that have been proposed by others to minimize the opportunity for cognitive bias to arise in handwriting examinations.This article is categorized under: Jurisprudence and Regulatory Oversight > Expert Evidence and Narrative

Gaze behavior reveals automaticity and attention allocation during music teaching vs. observing.

In a unique case-study approach in which I served as both the research participant and the experimenter, I wore eye-tracking glasses while teaching a brief music lesson to two university students learning trumpet, then approximately two weeks later, I watched a video of the lesson and tracked my gaze again. To investigate unconscious perceptual processes engaged during music teaching, I compared my attention allocation while teaching to my attention allocation during selfobservation. My gaze behavior while teaching revealed a high level of automaticity regarding lesson sequencing and allocation of attention. Strategic moment-to-moment shifts in attention between the two students occurred entirely below my conscious awareness, yet post hoc analyses revealed precisely timed changes that were related to momentary goals. While watching the video, absent the demands of behavioral interaction and momentary decision-making, I directed more sustained attention to both students than I had while teaching. These results reveal important features of "teacher thinking" that are not directly observable or typically construed as conscious behavior. That this component of teaching practice does not involve volitional control suggests that teachers' descriptions of their thinking may not reveal to novices important elements of pedagogical expertise.

PSYCHOLINGUISTIC INTERPRETATION OF THE CONCEPT OF HOME: UKRAINIAN REALITIES

Since the beginning of the war, Ukrainians have suffered many heavy losses and painful changes. One of the such changes in the usual way of life were forced to move to safer zones for accommodation, search for shelter, temporary home, which are the basic value in the psychomental environment space of Ukrainians. However, it is this concept that has undergone moral and ethical changes in the realities of war, semantic transformations in the conceptual and linguistic picture of the world of our compatriots. Identify this dynamic, find out the semantic dominants of awareness the analyzed concept, the vectors of its perceptual characteristics provides an opportunity to psycholinguistic interpretation, primarily an associative experiment that makes it possible obtaining "live", up-to-date models of processes of deep reconstruction of the environment the world. The object of research is the associative meaning of the concept of HOME as the basic one in the system value coordinates of Ukrainians, the subject is the perceptual specificity of this concept in the conditions of the Russian-Ukrainian war. The leading method used in the work was experimental-a free associative experiment, as well as an analysis of the obtained results and further synthesis for obtaining objective generalizations and verification author’s hypotheses related to the assumption of semantic dynamics of basic concepts under the influence of crisis exogenous factors. Component-based methods are also applied, descriptive and comparative analysis. Theoretical value and scientific novelty of the obtained results the results are determined by a certain contribution to the deepening of theories of psycholinguistics, semantics, linguoculturology, in particular problems of factors of dynamics of perceptual processes, their influence on the semantic transformations of basic concepts in projections on the specifics of the national mentality. The practical significance of the conducted research can to be implemented in the educational process in appropriate lecture courses, in lexicographic in practice and in the scientific work of applicants for higher education at various levels. Actual the material includes more than 200 reactions received from respondents from different social groups. The results of the free associative experiment, where the stimulus was HOME allowed us to form its associative field (2022), identify coincidences and discrepancies in the perception of the analyzed concept with the corresponding field represented in Ukrainian associative dictionary S. Martinek (2002-2005), find out the semantic dynamics and emotional-expressive halo of the word-stimulus in various extralingual conditions. So, it is common to understand the HOME as a ‘place of family’, ‘place of residence’, ‘apartment’, ‘room’, ‘house’, which dominate the structure of the associative field of the early 2000s. However, there are fewer semantic-related reactions in the 2022 associative field ‘home-house’, and much more reactions that have non-constant, neutral character, and show feelings, emotions in relation to this concept, having a bright connotative, for example, home is comfort, warmth, peace, protection, safety, comfort and others, as well as typical reactions only for modern realities like security, Ukraine, which illustrates heightened in the realities of war awareness of seemingly ordinary phenomena, but in reality — conceptual and fundamental values.

BCI Toolbox: An open-source python package for the Bayesian causal inference model.

Psychological and neuroscientific research over the past two decades has shown that the Bayesian causal inference (BCI) is a potential unifying theory that can account for a wide range of perceptual and sensorimotor processes in humans. Therefore, we introduce the BCI Toolbox, a statistical and analytical tool in Python, enabling researchers to conveniently perform quantitative modeling and analysis of behavioral data. Additionally, we describe the algorithm of the BCI model and test its stability and reliability via parameter recovery. The present BCI toolbox offers a robust platform for BCI model implementation as well as a hands-on tool for learning and understanding the model, facilitating its widespread use and enabling researchers to delve into the data to uncover underlying cognitive mechanisms.

Mental Imagery: Investigating the Limits of Mental Partitioning

IntroductionDo we form mental models which bear an analogical relation to the real world like those of a photograph? Has the language of thought an analogue nature (it makes use of mental imagery) or whether it is exclusively of digital nature like language? ObjectivesThe basic aim of the present study is to contribute to the ongoing work on mental imagery by extending the research to an unexplored area that of mental partitioning. MethodsThe present research sample consisted of 498 participants (234 males and 264 females). We used the SPSS software package in order to analyze our data. ResultsAccording to our results, we detected significant peculiarities in the cognitive performance of the participants in the tasks of mental partitioning of the Moebius strip, indicating certain limitations inherent in human thinking. ConclusionsThe position we are led to adopt is closer to that of Pylyshyn (2003), who maintained that visual mental imagery depends on abstract form of thought and on previous knowledge. Specifically, it rests on previous abstract propositional thought and knowledge rather than on concrete perceptual processes like the ones proposed by Kosslyn and Sheppard. The present work investigates a potentially valuable theoretical basis in imagery research for understanding maladaptive imagery across various related clinical disorders, while encouraging multidisciplinary approaches among cognitive psychological/neuroscientific and clinical domains.

The Reddit cannabis subjective highness rating scale: Applying computational social science to explore psychological and environmental correlates of naturalistic cannabis use.

Social media data provide unprecedented access to discussions of active, naturalistic, and often real-time cannabis use in an era of cannabis policy liberalization. The aim of this study was to explore psychological and environmental correlates of cannabis effects by applying computational social science approaches to a large dataset of unprompted reports of naturalistic cannabis use with corresponding self-reported numerical ratings of subjective highness. Post title text was extracted via the Pushshift dataset from N = 328,865 posts to the r/trees Reddit community, where posters self-assess and disclose how high they feel on a scale from 1 to 10 (M = 6.9, SD = 1.8). Structural topic modelling and Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) dictionary-based approaches were applied to identify (1) frequently discussed topics and (2) text indicative of 5 psychological processes (affective, social, cognitive, perceptual, biological), respectively, as well as to examine relationships between subjective highness and (1) topic prevalence and (2) psychological process word counts. A 40-topic model was selected for interpretation based on semantic coherence and exclusivity. The most discussed topics in a 40-topic model were characterized by references to smoking places, social contexts, positive affect, cognitive states, as well as food and media consumed. In LIWC dictionary analyses, words mentioning affective, social, and cognitive processes were referenced more often than perceptual or body processes. Posters reported greater subjective highness when using language that referred to in-person social environments and lower subjective highness when using language that referred to online social environments and positive affect psychological states. This examination of unprompted online reports of naturalistic cannabis use identified textual content referring to affect and to other people as being associated with perceived effects of cannabis. These affective and social aspects of the cannabis use experience were salient to active posters in this online community and should be integrated into experience sampling methods and behavioral pharmacology research, as well as public health messaging.

2F1-2 Extracting Risk Perception Processes in the Emergency Room by Debriefing Using Eye Tracking

2F1-2 Extracting Risk Perception Processes in the Emergency Room by Debriefing Using Eye Tracking

Weaker groupitizing abilities in magnitude perception in dyscalculia

The mechanisms underlying simple arithmetic difficulties in dyscalculia are unknown. Evidence suggests deficiencies may arise from basic processes supporting magnitude perception and arithmetic proficiency. We focused on ‘groupitizing’, the ability to decompose and recompose quantities into a whole, examining whether adults with dyscalculia could benefit from visuospatial grouping cues when asked to estimate the quantity of a given set of different number ranges. Results showed adults with dyscalculia tended to focus on individual items rather than grouping them, resulting in low estimation abilities in both small and large quantity ranges. However, the results highlight the importance of differentiating between large and small quantities in the groupitizing process: only where arithmetic was easy (small but not large quantities), were adults with dyscalculia able to demonstrate significant improvement when given grouping cues. Our findings suggest weaker groupitizing abilities play a significant role in magnitude perception and arithmetic proficiency levels in dyscalculia. Educational relevance statementPeople with dyscalculia have difficulties in basic arithmetic that impact their life in many ways, from simple tasks such as calculating change, to life-changing events such as entering higher education or making financial decisions. They use immature counting strategies to solve simple arithmetic questions despite otherwise intact intellectual abilities. The reasons for this are unclear. We argued there may be a link between simple arithmetic proficiency and quantity perception processes. Our study investigated the mechanisms underlying quantity perception that play a role in dyscalculia deficiencies. We focused on ‘groupitizing,’ a process that enables a person to estimate a given quantity more efficiently by recomposing subgroups rather than simply using a counting strategy. The findings suggested a disadvantage in basic groupitizing in people with dyscalculia. Moreover, counting procedures interfered with groupitizing processes and hindered arithmetic proficiency.

Dietary Curcumin Intake and Its Effects on the Transcriptome and Metabolome of Drosophila melanogaster.

Curcumin, a polyphenol derived from Curcuma longa, used as a dietary spice, has garnered attention for its therapeutic potential, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. Despite its known benefits, the precise mechanisms underlying curcumin's effects on consumers remain unclear. To address this gap, we employed the genetic model Drosophila melanogaster and leveraged two omics tools-transcriptomics and metabolomics. Our investigation revealed alterations in 1043 genes and 73 metabolites upon supplementing curcumin into the diet. Notably, we observed genetic modulation in pathways related to antioxidants, carbohydrates, and lipids, as well as genes associated with gustatory perception and reproductive processes. Metabolites implicated in carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid biosynthesis, and biomarkers linked to the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases such as schizophrenia, Alzheimer's, and aging were also identified. The study highlighted a strong correlation between the curcumin diet, antioxidant mechanisms, and amino acid metabolism. Conversely, a lower correlation was observed between carbohydrate metabolism and cholesterol biosynthesis. This research highlights the impact of curcumin on the diet, influencing perception, fertility, and molecular wellness. Furthermore, it directs future studies toward a more focused exploration of the specific effects of curcumin consumption.

Enfacement illusions: Filling a knowledge gap in eating disorder risk assessment, prevention, and intervention?

Body image disturbance (BID) is central to eating disorders (EDs), yet the role of self-face perception has received limited empirical attention despite rising sociocultural pressures emphasizing facial appearance through technologies such as social media. Emerging evidence suggests impairments in self-face recognition accuracy and distorted perceptions of facial appearance among individuals with EDs. Enfacement illusions, involving the experimental induction of perceived ownership over another's face, offer a novel paradigm to comprehensively investigate the perceptual multisensory integration processes underlying self-face perception disturbances in ED populations. Such an approach may hold promise for elucidating core pathological mechanisms contributing to BID and ED psychopathology. We discuss how rigorous investigation of self-face perception through the enfacement illusion paradigm represents an innovative direction of research and/or clinical application that may advance etiological models of EDs and possibly inform interventions targeting the potentially multidimensional nature of body and facial image disturbances characterizing EDs. PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Body image disturbance is central to eating disorders (EDs), yet, the role of face-related disturbances remains critically under-investigated. After summarizing findings on face-related disturbances in EDs we propose how enfacement illusions (i.e., the experimental induction of ownership over another's face) may elucidate self-face perception disturbances in EDs, and their underlying mechanisms. Enfacement illusions may also offer an intervention to potentially address multifaceted face and body image disturbances characterizing EDs.