Perceptions Of Transformational Leadership Research Articles

Professional learning activity in and of teacher teams: multilevel assessment of how transformational leadership, goal interdependence, and collective efficacy affect information sharing

Engaging in learning with colleagues is paramount for teachers to enhance students’ learning. To be effective and sustainable, it requires engagement both by individual teachers as well as whole teams. Surprisingly however, research examining learning activity as a characteristic of individuals in teams and a property of teams, as well as their antecedents on both levels, is still scarce. This study examined how perceptions of transformational leadership, as mediated by goal interdependence and collective-efficacy, facilitate teachers’ engagement in information sharing, and whether effects are similar for individuals and teams. Questionnaire data were analyzed using multilevel structural equation modelling. Results showed that individual engagement in information sharing and individuals’ perceptions of goal interdependence were directly impacted by transformational leadership practices. Information sharing of teams, and collective efficacy, were impacted by consistent perceptions of goal interdependence. Teachers shape their learning amongst themselves in teams, with individual support from their leader.

Transformational Leadership of the School Heads and Physical Education Teachers' Self-Efficacy from Selected Private and Public Universities

This paper investigate and analyze 177 PE teachers from five universities in Hubei Province (two public and three private schools) to verify whether the School heads transformational leadership can be a predictor of improving PE teachers' self-efficacy. This paper also discusses whether there is a difference between transformational leadership and self-efficacy when teachers are grouped according to gender, teaching year, education, teacher title, and type of school. The results show that higher titles, higher education backgrounds, and public school teachers have higher levels of perception of transformational leadership and self-efficacy. The perception of transformational leadership and self-efficacy is not influenced by gender and teaching years. Meanwhile, School heads four dimensions of Transformational leadership are positively correlated with PE teachers' self-efficacy in different dimensions. The regression model showed that different dimensions of transformational leadership predicted teachers' self-efficacy. Among them, Inspirational Motivation (β=0.330), Individualized Consideration (β=0.303), Idealized Influence (β=0.227), and Intellectual Stimulation (β= 0.134). Fostering teachers' sense of belonging to the school, increasing the importance of school physical education, establishing timely and effective communication, and making teachers acknowledge the purpose of school education is the essence of transformational leadership.

Public Administration Leadership and Public Policies

This is a study of Portuguese central public administration addressing leadership typology, using the Full Range Leadership (FRL) model to better understand the leadership effectiveness process (Bass & Avolio, 1994). The study examines of the impact of training, professional experience, and organizational context on managers performance as well as predominant leadership styles. A total of 422 participants in the Portuguese state central public administration responded to this quantitate research.The results indicate that the perception of leadership style differs significantly between leaders and followers, as does the perception of evaluation. Regarding the organization where they work, significant differences were found in the perception of transformational leadership, contingent rewards, laissez-faire, recruitment, training, and evaluation. The association between leadership style and public policies is significant, and this relationship is moderated by whether the participant holds a managerial position. This study tells us what type of leadership is predominant in public administration and its association withpublic policies.

Effects of internal crisis communication during the COVID-19 pandemic: employee perceptions of communication quality, leadership and relational outcomes

PurposeThis study, informed by the Situational Crisis Communication Theory, aims to suggest two primary response strategies that can be used for effective internal crisis communication during a pandemic situation, such as COVID-19. The effect of base response strategies on employees' perceptions of communication quality, leadership and relational outcomes were investigated.Design/methodology/approachAn online survey of full-time employees in the United States was conducted.FindingsThe findings showed that for an instructing information strategy, not all types of information were equally associated with positive employee responses in terms of perceived quality of internal communication related to the COVID-19 pandemic and transformational leadership. Specific information that employees need to know in order to safely perform daily tasks, such as organizational protocols and thorough preparation, seem to be the most needed and desired information. Adjusting information was positively associated with employee perceptions of internal communication quality and perceptions of CEO leadership. Employees' perceived quality of internal communication affected by the base crisis response strategies were positively correlated with perceptions of transformational leadership and relational outcomes (i.e. employee trust in the organization, employee perceptions of the organization's commitment to relationships with employees, employee support for organizational decision-making related to COVID-19).Originality/valueThis study presents important theoretical and practical insights through an interdisciplinary approach that applies the theoretical framework and relationship-oriented outcomes of public relations to public health crisis situations.

Relationship between transformational leadership, adverse patient events, and nurse-assessed quality of care in emergency units: The mediating role of work satisfaction

BackgroundEffective leadership plays a pivotal role in healthcare settings, particularly in the fast-paced and high-pressure environment of the emergency room, as it is closely linked to patient safety and the overall quality of care. This study assessed the mediating role of work satisfaction in the relationship between nurses' perceptions of their nurse managers' transformational leadership, reported adverse patient events, and the nurse-assessed quality of care in the emergency units. MethodsA cross-sectional survey design was carried out involving 283 emergency room nurses from the Philippines, utilizing standardized scales. Mediation testing was performed using Hayes' PROCESS macro in SPSS (Model 4). ResultsEmergency room nurses perceived their nurse managers as highly transformational. Nurses' perceptions of transformational leadership in their nurse managers were associated with a reduction in reported adverse patient events and an increase in nurse-assessed nursing care quality. Work satisfaction partially mediated the relationship between transformational leadership and nurse-assessed nursing care quality, but it did not serve as a mediator between transformational leadership and reported adverse patient events. ConclusionThe results suggested that enhancing transformational leadership behaviors among nurse leaders can foster work satisfaction in ER nurses, which, in effect, contributes to enhanced nursing quality of care provision in emergency settings.

English

The interruption of regular physical exercise among Chinese college students is a key cause of the lack of motivation to exercise. Therefore, on the basis of self-efficacy theory, this study analysed the interrelationships between the perception of transformational leadership in physical education (PE) by teachers, physical self-efficacy, and exercise adherence among Chinese college students. A questionnaire survey was conducted using a convenience sample of 448 students from five universities in Hebei Province, China. They perceived transformational leadership by PE teachers to significantly positively influence exercise adherence. In addition, physical self-efficacy partially mediated the relationship between college students’ perceptions of transformational leadership by PE teachers and exercise adherence. These findings suggest that university administrators could encourage PE teachers to make greater use of transformational leadership and improve education and guidance regarding physical self-efficacy for college students to promote exercise adherence.   Key words: Transformational leadership, physical self-efficacy, exercise adherence, college students.

Transformational Leadership Behaviors and the Intrinsic Motivation of Employees in Turkey: The Role of Psychological Empowerment and Demographics

Transformational leaders make a difference in organizations by inspiring and motivating employees. This makes the concept of transformational leadership a significant area of research. This article investigates the relationship between transformational leadership, psychological empowerment and intrinsic motivation in the Turkish workplace. The mediating role of psychological empowerment is also examined. Data was collected from 315 participants working in different sectors in Turkey and analyzed. We found that the transformational leadership behaviors of managers had a positive effect on psychological empowerment and intrinsic motivation. Moreover, the relationship between transformational leadership and intrinsic motivation was fully mediated by psychological empowerment. The article also tests whether employees’ perceptions of transformational leadership, psychological empowerment and intrinsic motivation change according to demographics or not. The present study provides a comprehensive perspective on the psychological and motivational effects of leaders on employees. Keywords: Transformational leadership, Psychological empowerment, Motivation.

PERCEPTIONS OF TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP OF SCHOOL PRINCIPLES AND WORK ENGAGEMENT TO PERFORMANCE THROUGH ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT

This study aims to analyze and examine the effect of leadership perception.commitment organizational to employees at Surabaya Grammar School. This study uses a quantitative approach with an explanatory method and a sampling technique that is total sampling with a total of 90 respondents. The data analysis technique used is the path analysis. The results of this study conclude, among others: 1.) Principal's perception of transformational leadership has a positive and significant effect on organizational commitment; 2.) Job involvement has a positive and significant effect on organizational commitment; 3.) Principal's perception of transformational leadership has a positive and significant effect on performance; 4.) Work involvement has a positive and significant effect on performance; 5.) Organizational commitment has a positive and significant effect on performance; 6.) Principal's perception of transformational leadership influences performance through positive and significant organizational commitment; 7.) Work involvement has an effect on performance through positive and significant organizational commitment.

TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP PERCEPTIONS OF SCHOOL ADMINISTRATORS ACCORDING TO TEACHER PERCEPTIONS

The purpose of this research is to examine the transformational leadership behaviors of school administrators in the education sector and to determine how they are perceived by teachers. The research population consists of the administrators of primary schools operating in Kocaeli Province Darıca District in 2023. The sample of the study consisted of 220 teachers who agreed to participate in the study on a voluntary basis. Normality test (Kolomogorov Smirnov), descriptive statistics (Frequency analysis, descriptive statistics), independent group comparison (Independent sample t-test, One-Way ANOVA), pearson correlation analysis and reliability analysis (Cronbach's alpha) were used in the analysis of data in the study. The research revealed that school administrators show transformational leadership roles and behaviors. It can be said that the majority of school administrators have sufficient knowledge and equipment to ideally realize the transformation

Understanding the impact of transformational leadership on nurse compassion provision through a time-lagged field study.

A large volume of literature identifies positive, rejuvenating benefits associated with giving compassion to others. However, the relationship between giving compassion and feelings of exhaustion remains underexplored. Understanding when giving compassion can potentially lead to feelings of emotional exhaustion is particularly important for nurses who are called upon to provide high levels of compassion to suffering patients in their daily work. We suggest that by engaging in transformational leadership behaviors, frontline supervisors can help nurses realize the positive benefits associated with giving compassion. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of nurses' perceptions of transformational leadership offered by their supervisors on the relationship between the levels of compassionate behaviors nurses report engaging in with patients and feelings of emotional exhaustion and job satisfaction. A time-lagged field survey was conducted across two waves of 112 full-time employed inpatient nurses within the United States. Providing high levels of compassionate behavior to patients was associated with reduced (increased) perceptions of emotional exhaustion and increased (decreased) job satisfaction when supervisors engaged in higher (lower) levels of transformational leadership. Transformational leadership serves as an important resource to help caregivers such that nurses feel invigorated and satisfied, as opposed to drained or fatigued, when engaging in high levels of compassionate behaviors toward suffering patients. For nurses to fully reap the established positive benefits associated with providing compassion to patients, frontline supervisors should be encouraged to engage in behaviors reflective of transformational leadership.

Transformational leadership and predictors of resilience among registered nurses: a cross-sectional survey in an underserved area

BackgroundHigh resilience increases nurses' ability to cope with job-related stressors and enhances job satisfaction and, consequently, their retention. The study aims to identify resilience predictors and perceptions of transformational leadership in a convenience sample of registered nurses in Lebanon.MethodsAn anonymous cross-sectional survey of a convenience sample of 240 registered nurses working for more than a year at three private hospitals in an underserved area in South Lebanon was used. The survey instrument included demographic questions, the True Resilience Scale ©, and the Global Transformational Leadership Scale. Multiple linear regression was used to assess the predictors of resilience after a descriptive analysis of the study variables.ResultsThe survey response rate was 85%. The nurses' mean resilience score was 119.4 (SD 15.3), and their perception of transformational leadership score was M = 25.0, SD = 6.8. Compared to bedside nurses, nurse managers, nurses with more than five years of experience, and nurses in critical nursing units had statistically significant higher resilience scores (p < 0.05). Resilience scores and perception of global transformational leadership were moderately correlated (r = 0.53, p < 0.05). In the final multiple linear regression model, 30% of the variation in resilience scores was explained by designation (p < 0.05) and perception of Global Transformational Leadership (p < 0.01). Perception of global transformational leadership scores explained 29% of the variance in resilience scores. Designation and perception of global transformational leadership predicted resilience in this sample.ConclusionsA national survey of the Lebanese nursing workforce is needed to achieve an improved predictive model and support policy developments to increase resilience among bedside nurses and retain them in the nursing workforce. Nurse administrators can help by strengthening their transformational leadership behaviors. Consistent use of transformational leadership styles will strengthen bedside nurses' resilience, increase nurse retention, and help sustain the Lebanese nursing workforce.

Leaders' Role in Shaping Followers' Well-Being: Crossover in a Sample of Nurses.

The link between well-being at work and leadership has received considerable attention. Leaders have the power to influence followers not only due to formal position, but also their positive behaviors could reinforce the followers' positive working experience. Following the crossover model (Westman, 2001), this study investigates whether leaders' work-related positive psychological states (i.e., work engagement) cross over to those of the followers (i.e., work engagement and job satisfaction) through the mediation of the latter's perception of transformational leadership. We used MPlus 8 to test two multilevel mediations in a sample of 1505 nurses nested in 143 groups led by as many leaders (87.19% of nurses and 56.50% of head nurses of the entire population). Results show that while there is not a crossover of leader work engagement to nurse work engagement, manager work engagement can cross over to nurse job satisfaction, enhancing their well-being through transformational leadership behaviors. This study adds further insights both on crossover theory and on the importance of leaders in expanding and transferring resources to followers at work. Fostering work engagement at a managerial level in the healthcare sector could be the driver to facilitate the well-being of nurses at work, address negative outcomes, and promote positive ones.

THE EFFECT OF TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP AND LEARNING ORGANIZATION THROUGH CULTURE AS MODERATION ON CITIZEN ORGANIZATION BEHAVIOR IN POLICE INSTITUTION

This paper describes a new idea about the influence of transformational leadership on Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) through the moderation of Organizational Culture (OC) based on a survey of police members' perceptions of Transformational Leadership, Learning Organization, Culture, and OCB. This research mainly aimed to investigate the causal relationship between rewards (material, social, symbolic) and OCB and confirm the moderating effect of ratings. Data were collected from police members by distributing 1.634 questionnaires in seven District Police Offices representing the Integrity Zone of the Corruption-free Area or the Clean and Serving Bureaucratic Region. All questionnaires were returned and valid. The results indicated that transformational leadership had a positive correlation to OC. Learning organizations had a negative relationship with OC, but it has a positive relationship with OCB. The OC had a significant and positive relationship with OCB. Based on indirect testing, transformational leadership had a significant positive relationship with OCB through organizational culture, while learning organizations had a negative one. New research results develop police OCB and can apply to reforming police organizations through OC. The novelty of the results showed that transformational leadership has a significant positive impact on the OC of Indonesia Police members, while learning organization directly had a positive relationship, but it has a negative relationship with OCB through organization culture. Keywords: Transformational Leadership, Organizational Citizenship Behavior, Organization Culture, Police DOI： https://doi.org/10.35741/issn.0258-2724.58.1.12

Growing amidst the COVID-19 pandemic: The interplay among transformational leadership in government, public trust, and posttraumatic growth

Individuals may experience positive changes or gain growths after struggling with traumas or challenging circumstances such as the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to assess potential levels of posttraumatic growth (PTG) of the general public during the COVID-19 pandemic and PTG's associations with perceptions of transformational leadership in local government and public trust. The data of a probability sample of 1011 community-dwelling adults (61.2% females; Mean age = 41.2 years, SD = 15.8) in Macao, China, were collected via a telephone poll survey. Multiple regression analyses were conducted and a bootstrapping approach was utilized to test the hypothesized moderating effects and mediating effects of trust in local government on the association between perceived transformational leadership and PTG, respectively. Results showed that about half of the respondents reported at least a medium level of PTG. Whereas perceived transformational leadership in the Macao local government was positively associated with four individual aspects of PTG (i.e., appreciation of life, new possibilities, personal strength, and relating to others) as well as the overall PTG, while controlling for the demographic variables, trust in the local government showed no moderating or mediating effects in these associations. Our findings suggest the value of governments’ transformational leadership in promoting people's PTG in the face of public crises such as COVID-19. More transformational leadership behaviors, such as attending to citizens’ personal needs and conveying an inspirational vision, in government are called for to bring about greater positive responses from individuals and ensure social vitality and resilience during this long-term public health battle.

Transformational Leadership dan Job Performance dengan Self Efficacy sebagai Variabel Mediasi pada Anggota Tentara Nasional Indonesia Angkatan Darat (TNI-AD)

Every individual has different characteristics and characteristics. The characteristics and characteristics of individuals can be influenced from internal and external. Institution member who lacks ability, he cannot complete his responsibilities to the fullest. For this reason, it is necessary to pay attention to the factors that can affect the performance of members, the problem of decreased performance can be detrimental to members of the organization or employees and the company. The purpose of this study is to see whether there is a relationship between perceptions of transformational leadership and self-efficacy on performance among members of the Army. In this study using a quantitative approach to simple regression analysis with a total sample of 80 members. Obtained results that have a positive and non-significant effect between perceptions of transformational leadership and performance with self-efficacy as mediating variables β = 0.166; p = 0.189) which shows that self-efficacy is not a mediating variable between transformation leadership and performance.

Persepsi Guru tentang Kepemimpinan Transformasional Kepala Sekolah di Smk Negeri 2 Bukittinggi

This study aims to determine teachers' perceptions of the principal's transformational leadership at SMK Negeri 2 Bukittinggi as seen from, (1) Idealized Influence, (2) Inspirational Motivation, (3) Intellectual Stimulation. , and (4) individualized consideration. This type of research is descriptive research with quantitative research methods. The population of this research is teachers of SMK Negeri 2 Bukittinggi with as many as 100 teachers. The sample is 52 teachers using the Stratified Proportional Random Sampling technique. The instrument used is a Likert Scale model questionnaire. The results of data analysis and processing show that teachers' perceptions of the transformational leadership of school principals at SMK Negeri 2 Bukittinggi can be seen from the following explanations: (1) the idealized influence of principals at SMK Negeri 2 Bukittinggi is quite implemented with an average of 3.5 , (2) the inspirational motivation (Inspirational Motivation) of the principal at SMK Negeri 2 Bukittinggi has been carried out well with an average of 3.6, (3) the intellectual stimulation (Intellectual Stimulation) of the principal at SMK Negeri 2 Bukittinggi is quite carried out with an average an average of 3.4, (4) individualized consideration of principals at SMK Negeri 2 Bukittinggi has been carried out well with an average of 3.7. Overall, it was concluded that the teacher's perception of the transformational leadership of the head of SMK Negeri 2 Bukittinggi has been implemented well with an average of 3.6 (good).

Transformational leadership influences on work engagement and turnover intention in an engineering organisation

Orientation: This study examined how transformational leadership (TFL) moderates the relationship between work engagement (WE) and perceptions of turnover intention (TI) in an engineering organisation. Research purpose: The study seeks to address the paucity of research on the moderating effect of TFL on the relationship WE and TI in the South African working environment and more specifically in the engineering organisation. Motivation for the study: The engineering sector is an important contributor to the DGP, but faces a skills shortage. Transformational leadership can play a key role in the retention of skills. Research approach/design and method: The study comprised 129 engineers in a South African engineering organisation. The study used a nonexperimental, quantitative research approach, while the population included a convenience nonprobability sample ( N = 124) of permanently employed engineers in a South African engineering organisation (women = 18%). Perceptions of TFL, WE and TIs were measured, and data were analysed by applying hierarchical moderator regression analysis to predict employee TI from WE in interaction with TFL. Main findings: The results indicate that TFL dimensions, namely idealised influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation and individualised consideration, moderated the relationship between WE dimensions, namely vigour and dedication and TI. Perceptions of a leader who articulated the organisation’s vision, acted as a role model, was inspiring, stimulated creativity and developed followers would enhance employees’ levels of energy, dedication and efforts and hence reduce TI. Practical/managerial implications: Transformational leadership is vital for positive employee engagement and employee retention. Leaders should therefore have TFL competencies and be adept in engaging with their followers. Contribution/value-add: This study adds value to the current engineering organisation as well as TFL, WE and TI literature by examining the effects of WE and TI, positing that TFL is a sound moderator in the relationship between the WE and TI.

The Role of Personal Knowledge Management on the Effects of Self-Leadership to Transformational Leadership: A Study on the Public Healthcare Managers

In the present era called the information age, also known as the digital age, healthcare managers have to deal with many challenges besides trying to adapt to the rapidly changing micro and macro-environment affected by the pandemic. Currently, digitalization and hybrid work ecosystem are on the rise requiring healthcare managers to effectively use self knowledge management tools to lead themselves and be able to lead their staff members by inspiring, encouraging and motivating them transforming their staff members creating value for all. However, there is insufficient research on the relationship of leadership styles and personal knowledge management. The aim of this study is to determine the mediating role of personal knowledge management in the effect of self-leadership on transformational leadership. The study was carried out with scales of self-leadership, transformational leadership and personal knowledge management. Scales were validated by factor analysis. Structural equation modeling was used to test the relationships. The research universe consisted of the public healthcare managers working in Istanbul. It was found that the validity and the reliability of the research scales were high. According to the research findings; the self-leadership and transformational leadership perceptions of healthcare managers working in public institutions are high. The results obtained demonstrate the existence of a partial mediation effect of personal knowledge management on the positive effect of self-leadership on transformational leadership.

EXAMINING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP AND SCHOOLS BEING A LEARNING ORGANIZATION AND TEACHERS' JOB SATISFACTION LEVELS

Bu araştırma ile ortaokullarda çalışan öğretmenlerin, müdürlerinin dönüşümcü liderlik rolleri ile okulların öğrenen örgüt olma ve öğretmenlerin iş tatmini algıları arasındaki ilişkinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma ilişkisel tarama modelinde yapılmıştır. Araştırma evreni, 2019-2020 akademik yılında Erzurum ili Yakutiye ilçesindeki Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı devlet ortaokullarında çalışan öğretmenlerden oluşmaktadır Araştırmanın örneklemini, küme ve basit tesadüfi örnekleme yöntemiyle belirlenen 41 ortaokulda çalışan 411 öğretmen oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada veri toplama aracı olarak “Dönüşümcü Liderlik Ölçeği”, “Öğrenen Okul Ölçeği” ve “İş tatmini ölçeği” kullanılmıştır. Verilerin istatistiksel çözümlemeleri için frekans, yüzde, ortalama, standart sapma, Pearson Momentler Çarpım korelasyonu ve çoklu doğrusal regresyon analizi kullanılmıştır. Anlamlılık düzeyi. 05 olarak esas alınmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda; öğretmenlerin dönüşümcü liderlik, öğrenen örgüt ve iş tatmini düzeylerine ilişkin algılarının yüksek olduğu; dönüşümcü liderlik (idealleştirilmiş etki, esin kaynağı olma, entelektüel uyarım, bireysel destek sağlama) ile öğrenen örgüt (takım halinde öğrenme, zihni modeller, paylaşılan vizyon, kişisel hakimiyet) ve iş tatmini düzeyleri (içsel doyum ve dışsal doyum) arasında pozitif yönde ve orta düzeyde anlamlı bir ilişki olduğu ayrıca dönüşümcü liderlik ve öğrenen örgütün öğretmenlerin iş tatmini düzeylerini pozitif yönde ve anlamlı düzeyde yordadığı görülmüştür. Bunun yanında; dönüşümcü liderliğin, idealleştirilmiş etki ve entelektüel uyarım boyutları, iş doyumunun içsel doyum boyutunu; idealleştirilmiş etki ve entelektüel uyarım boyutları, iş tatminin içsel doyum boyutunu pozitif yönde anlamlı düzeyde yordamaktadır.

Okul Müdürlerinin Dönüşümcü Liderliği ile Öğretmenlerin Öznel İyi Oluşları Arasındaki İlişki: Korelasyonel Bir Çalışma

Araştırma, okul müdürlerinin dönüşümcü liderliği ile öğretmenlerin öznel iyi oluşları arasındaki ilişkiyi belirlemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Nicel ilişkisel araştırma yöntemi ile gerçekleştirilen bu araştırmaya Ankara ili merkez ilçelerinde bulunan resmi ortaokullarda görev yapan 517 öğretmen katılmıştır. Katılımcıların seçiminde tabakalı örnekleme tekniği kullanılmıştır. Veriler “Dönüşümcü Liderlik Ölçeği” ve “Öğretmen Öznel İyi Oluş Ölçeği” ile elde edilmiştir. Toplanan verilerin analizinde betimsel istatistikler ve çoklu regresyon analizi kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonucuna göre öğretmenlerin dönüşümcü liderlik algılarının yüksek, ancak öznel iyi oluş algılarının düşük olduğunu görülmüştür. Araştırma sonuçları dönüşümcü liderliğin öğretmenlerin öznel iyi oluşlarının anlamlı bir yordayıcısı olduğunu ve aralarında pozitif yönlü ve düşük düzeyde ilişki olduğunu göstermektedir. Alanyazına katkı sağlaması beklenen bulgular tartışılmış ve bunlara dayalı olarak hem araştırmacılara hem de uygulayıcılara bazı önerilerde bulunulmuştur. Okullarda öğretmenlerin öznel iyi oluşunu artırmaya ve mesleki gelişimlerine katkı sağlamaya yönelik etkinliklerin okulun genel programı içerisinde yer alması, öğretmen ve okul yöneticileri arasında karşılıklı beklenti ve ihtiyaçlara yönelik okul içi ve dışında çeşitli kaynaştırma etkinliklerinin düzenlenmesi önerilerinde bulunulmuştur.