Sense Of Time Research Articles

Now is the Time: The Impact of Linguistic Time Reference on Corporate Default Risk

Synopsis The research problem This paper assesses whether and how people’s perceptions of time — strong future time reference (FTR) versus weak FTR — affect corporate default risk. Motivation or theoretical reasoning Studies have shown that default risk varies across firms, regions, and countries, highlighting the need for a comprehensive understanding of the contributing factors. Traditional studies focus on how firm-level, industry-level, national and international economic and financial variables shape corporate default risk, but they fail to explain cross-country and cross-regional differences in corporate default risk from the perspective of informal institutions, particularly, language. This study takes the first step to examine whether and how future-oriented language shapes corporate default risk. The test hypotheses We first tested whether strong-FTR language decreases corporate default risk. We further tested whether the effect of strong-FTR language on default risk depends on firms’ level of information transparency. In addition, we tested whether the effect of strong-FTR language on default risk depends on a country’s disclosure requirements. Lastly, we tested whether the effect of strong-FTR language on default risk depends on a country’s control of corruption. Target population We find that corporate default risk is significantly higher in regions dominated by speakers of weak-FTR languages, using a comprehensive sample of firms in 36 countries with 180,013 observations spanning from 1988 to 2017. Adopted methodology Ordinary least square regressions were used in this study. Analyses Corporate default risk is measured by two proxies of firm probability of default, following Merton [(1974) Journal of Finance, 29(2), 449–470] and Lee and Lin [(2012) Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions, and Money, 22(4), 973–989]. Our independent variable is Strong FTR, which equals 1 if a language belongs to the strong-FTR language family, as defined by the European Science Foundation’s Typology of Languages in Europe (EUROTYP) project. If a language does not require “obligatory [FTR] use in (main clause) prediction-based contexts” [Dahl (2000)Tense and Aspect in the Languages of Europe, O. Dahl (Ed.), pp. 309–328], then we put this language into the weak-FTR group. On the other hand, if a language does have the above-mentioned requirement, then it belongs to the strong-FTR group. Findings We found that corporate default risk is significantly higher in regions dominated by speakers of weak-FTR languages. Furthermore, the FTR effect on default risk is weakened in countries with stronger formal institutions (e.g., high disclosure quality, greater transparency, and less corruption). Our results introduce a new explanation for heterogeneity in corporate default risk, provide insights about whether language is an economic institution, and adds to research on the effects of languages on economic and financial outcomes.

Comparison of passenger wait and travel time perceptions at bus stops

Passenger's perceived time is important in improving the public transport system. Since it is only possible to reach these values with a survey, it is very difficult to obtain them. Therefore, studies on this subject are very few and valuable. In the study, passengers' perceived waiting time and travel time values were determined at bus stop. In order to obtain these values, a survey was conducted with the passengers. The linear relationship between waiting time and travel time data was examined and a model was created. The data obtained with the basic regression model, which is the basis of machine learning, is divided into 20% test and 80% training data. The estimation was made with 85% success with the tested data.

A time compositional analysis of the association between movement behaviors and indicators of mental health in young adults.

Movement behaviors (i.e., physical activity [PA], sedentary behaviors [SB], sleep) relate to mental health. Although movement behaviors are often analyzed as distinct entities, they are in fact highly inter-dependent (e.g., if an individual increases sleep, then PA and/or SB must be reduced) and these dependencies should be accounted for in the analysis. We tested whether perceptions of time spent in movement behaviors (i.e., moderate-to-vigorous intensity PA [MVPA], light physical activity [LPA], SB, and sleep) related to depressive symptoms and self-report mental health in young adults using a compositional analysis. We then estimated change in depressive symptoms with reallocation of time across movement behaviors using compositional time-reallocation models. Data were drawn from the longitudinal NDIT dataset. Complete data were available for 770 young adults (Mage = 20.3, 55% females). The proportion of time spent in MVPA relative to other movement behaviors related to depressive symptoms non-significantly and to mental health significantly. Reallocating 15 min from MVPA to SB resulted in a significant (0.46 unit) increase in depressive symptoms, and reallocating 15 min of MVPA to LPA was associated with a (0.57) increase in depressive symptoms. These results indicate the importance of relative time spent in each movement behavior to mental health. Further research should examine these associations over time.

Gender inequality in science, technology, engineering and mathematics: gendered time disparities in perceived and actual time spent in practical laboratory-based activities

Lab-based activities provide essential skills for students within STEM disciplines, as lab activities provide students with research skills and science knowledge. Therefore, it is critical to note that female students have reported feeling less confident in conducting lab-based activities and report a lower sense of belonging in the lab. In two studies (N = 544) we examined gender differences in the time that students spent, and perceived they spent, on various laboratory-based activities. We predicted that female (vs. male) students in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) would both perceive, and actually spend, less time in practical, science-specific activities, such as using equipment, compared to observing or note-taking. Study 1a (N = 227) was an online, cross-sectional survey where university STEM students reported their perceptions of time spent during lab-based practical activities, and how satisfied they were with their time spent in these activities. Study 1b (N = 318) was an observational study of university practical lab sessions in STEM disciplines. Our findings demonstrated that female (vs. male) students (1) spent more time recording and taking notes during lab sessions, (2) did not perceive, yet actually spent, less time in the lab using equipment, and (3) were equally satisfied with their time in the lab using equipment. Together, these results suggest that women occupy stereotypically gendered roles in the STEM lab, spending less time on activities that are key for their professional development. Furthermore, the fact that students from disciplines with more female participation were more satisfied with their time spent in lab activities can promote the insidious effects of assessing gender participation and equality in STEM through numbers only. The differences in time spent in lab activities-yet the lack of acknowledge of these differences-opens the discussion about how women might be receiving reduced utility from their programmes, and that universities may not be delivering on their obligations to ensure equal access to teaching resource and opportunities.

Is the salesperson persuasive enough? The role of the tourists' perceived time adequacy and processing fluency

Communication style has been well-researched for over four decades. However, the communication style in the tourism context and the role of time conditions are unknown. This research attempted to identify the effective communication styles in souvenir purchases based on different tourists' subjective time perceptions. Three studies were conducted using text and video respectively for different scenarios. Results suggest that a social-oriented (vs. task-oriented) communication style has a more positive effect on tourists' perceived persuasive effect through processing fluency. Surprisingly, this effect only exists when the tourist's perceived time adequacy is low. This study contributes to the socioemotional selectivity theory by discovering the effect of time scarcity in short-term service, while validating the effect of communication style in different time conditions. To managers, it will not go wrong by using social-orientated communication. However, using task-orientated communication, a more economical way, will be equally effective when a tourist's shopping time is adequate.

Out of time, out of mind: Multifaceted time perceptions and mental wellbeing during the COVID-19 pandemic

Individuals commonly report feeling rushed in industrial societies such as the United States. However, social and economic upheavals such as disasters, recessions, and pandemics complicate perceptions of time by disrupting routines and creating experiences of trauma. In existing research, time perceptions usually are studied separately, leaving unclear how individuals in the United States might experience time in multifaceted ways while working, caring, and grieving. Moreover, previous research has not established whether multifaceted time perceptions each carry independent influences on mental wellbeing, or how they are shaped by sociodemographic background or pandemic-related stressors. Drawing on national Gallup data collected during the COVID-19 pandemic (Spring 2021), we find that Americans generally report some degree of feeling rushed, and also perceive multiple types of time disorientation involving slowness, quickness, and days and weeks blending together. Perceptions that time is moving too quickly or too slowly show an inverse relationship, as expected. Feeling rushed and that days or weeks are blending together also show relationships with both of these perceptions over a 3-month recall period. Importantly, we find that each of these time perceptions is shaped uniquely by income, work hours, age, or having children at home, and that each matters for understanding levels of depressive and anxiety symptoms and overall sense of mastery or control in life. Pandemic-related stressors, including economic strain, working from home, homeschooling a child, and severe household conflict, also show considerable relationships with these multifaceted time perceptions.

Different pasts, contested presents and desired futures: local narratives and identities in the co-production of a shared wind energy ownership model

ABSTRACT Previously, local actors have often had a stake in renewable energy projects through cooperative ownership and other variants of community energy configurations. However, the increase in project size and necessary investments as well as policy shifts towards auctions and “local energy” have made it difficult for communities to obtain a stake in such developments, while also increasing the potential for controversies. This article investigates the construction of a shared ownership model of a utility-scale wind farm by identifying three narratives presented by local actors and exposes how these narratives position them to shape the ownership configuration of the project to their advantage. We show how local actors’ stories construct the development in the local area as business as usual, tragic degradation or potentially an epic turn-around. These different constructions of the wind power project draw on different historical developments, construct different presents and envision different futures as a result of the proposed wind power project. Furthermore, we disentangle how these constructions and different perceptions of time employed by the actor groups legitimize different ownership structures and project configurations, thus co-producing the project and the trajectory of local development. We end by arguing that such narratives related to the (il)legitimacy of renewable energy projects are important for the ability to move the renewable energy transition forward in a just manner.

Distortions in time perception during collective trauma: Insights from a national longitudinal study during the COVID-19 pandemic.

During the protracted collective trauma of the COVID-19 pandemic, lay of distorted perceptions of time (e.g., time slowing, days blurring together, uncertainty about the future) have been widespread. Known as "temporal disintegration" in psychiatric literature, these distortions are associated with negative mental health consequences. However, the prevalence and predictors of temporal disintegration are poorly understood. We examined perceptions of time passing and their associations with lifetime stress and trauma and pandemic-related secondary stress as COVID-19 spread across the United States. A probability-based national sample (N = 5,661) from the NORC AmeriSpeak online panel, which had completed a mental and physical health survey prior to the pandemic, completed two surveys online during March 18-April 18, 2020, and September 26-October 16, 2020. Distorted time perceptions and other pandemic-related experiences were assessed. Present focus, blurring weekdays and weekdays together, and uncertainty about the future were common experiences reported by over 65% of the sample 6 months into the pandemic. Half of the sample reported time speeding up or slowing down. Predictors of temporal disintegration include prepandemic mental health diagnoses, daily pandemic-related media exposure and secondary stress (e.g., school closures, lockdown), financial stress, and lifetime stress and trauma exposure. During the first 6 months of the COVID-19 pandemic, distortions in time perception were very common and associated with prepandemic mental health, lifetime stress and trauma exposure, and pandemic-related media exposure and stressors. Given that temporal disintegration is a risk factor for mental health challenges, these findings have potential implications for public mental health. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Investigation of Serious Leisure Time Perceptions of Street Basketball Players in Terms of Different Variables

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study is to investigate the serious leisure perceptions of people with different characteristics who participate in street basketball. The study group consists of a total of 278 participants taking a part in street basketball activities in the outdoor basketball courts on the coastline of Samsun, Ordu, Giresun, Trabzon, Rize and Artvin provinces situated in the Black Sea region of Turkey. A survey form, prepared by using a personal information form and a serious leisure scale-short form, was used to obtain the research data. Designed by Gould et al. (2011), the Serious Leisure Scale was adapted into Turkish by Isik et al. (2020). The SPSS 26.0 statistical package program was used in all statistical calculations and the findings were considered significant at the p0.05 level. As a result of the analyses, some significant differences were found between the sub-dimensions of the serious leisure scale and the participants' age, job status, levels of participation, sports spans, and leisure intervals.

Head teachers' perceptions about time spent on teaching and learning: A context from Nepal

Purpose: The study explores the perceptions of head teachers about time spent on teaching and learning in their schools. Specifically, the study investigates the headteachers' perceptions of teacher-spent time (TST) in teaching and its implementation status in school-level education in Nepal. 
 Design/Methodology/Approach: It is based on the qualitative descriptive survey research design. It was carried out with ten community school headteachers of the Ilam district as the sample. Six of them belonged to three rural municipal areas, and four were from two municipal areas. The sample for the study was drawn purposively. A semi-structured interview was used to collect the data from the headteachers as the respondents, and the data was analyzed by applying the thematic analysis technique under five themes. 
 Findings: The result indicates that the disparity among the schools in terms of physical conditions and resources resulted in workload management problems, challenges with TST implementation, and weak supervision. 
 Conclusion: It was concluded that the promotion of teacher awareness about their profession was necessary for effective TST implementation and the overall development of quality education. 
 Limitations and Implications: The study uses only one variable-headteachers' perceptions of TST and a small sample that may affect the generalizability of the result. So, it is suggested that a further study be conducted covering various dimensions of TST. 
 Practical Implications: Despite these limitations, the study has a number of practical implications for the Nepalese education policy and practice as well as other contexts with a comparable set of circumstances. These include improving school leadership, enhancing teacher preparation, and addressing resource shortages to improve student learning outcomes.
 Contribution to Literature: The study can contribute to the literature on education by highlighting the perspectives of head teachers and providing insights into effective strategies for optimizing the amount of time spent on teaching and learning.

Primary students’ perceptions of history and time

ABSTRACT As phenomena, time, and history, particularly the nature of the two and how to tell them apart, are not easily defined. In the tradition of historical consciousness, time, and the human understanding of the nature of time are defined as a part of a historical consciousness, where this may more or less evolved. In this study, students aged 11 were interviewed and asked what history and time are. Their answers consisted in three different ways of describing the nature of time: time as events, time as a continuous now, and time as continuous progress. How students described time was then compared to Rüsen’s (Rüsen, Retzlaff, & Wiklund, 2004; Rüsen, 2005) definitions of historical consciousness. The ability of younger children to understand time has been an issue debated in previous research. This study concludes that time and concept of time is understood by eleven-year-olds but in various forms. These various forms are essential knowledge for history teachers at all levels. There is evidence for historical consciousness, as described by Rüsen, however, in forms appropriate for their age.

Predictors of satisfaction with digital follow‐up in Norwegian Labor and Welfare Administration: A sequential mixed‐methods study

AbstractThis study examines predictors of satisfaction with digital follow‐up among young people in the Norwegian Labor and Welfare Administration (NAV). A total of 1195 young employment seekers were recruited across Norway. Participants completed a cross‐sectional online survey comprising demographic questions, general questions on service quality, digital services, and open‐ended questions on their experiences with NAV. Using a mixed‐methods approach, we developed hypotheses derived from qualitative open‐ended text fields and tested these assumptions with quantitative analyses. Results revealed three themes related to satisfaction (information, response time, and impersonal contact), and multiple linear regression identified perceived response time, language comprehension, and information as predictors. Perceived response time was found to be the strongest predictor. We suggest that clients' perceptions of response time may be influenced by their service expectations, and service expectations may be shaped by the application of digital technologies. Hence, clarification of expectations may be of importance in digital follow‐up of young people. Finally, this study underscores the importance of clear and understandable information to reduce digital exclusion. We suggest that these changes should occur in collaboration with user‐panels.

The chronopolitics of climate change adaptation: land reclamation in Tuvalu

ABSTRACT Discourses of urgency have dominated adaptation responses to climate change, necessitating fast and decisive action. These discourses are particularly apparent in low-lying island states due to rising sea levels. Tuvalu, an atoll state in the South Pacific, has engaged in land reclamation projects as a means of adaptation. Focusing on these projects, I explore how chronopolitics can help tease apart the complex spatialities and temporalities which underpin adaptation. Chronopolitics describes the relationship between the politics of individuals and groups and their perspective on time, thus it can help to unpack how time perceptions shape adaptation decision-making processes. Drawing on fieldwork in the South Pacific and COP24 in Poland, I contend that adaptation serves as a performative process that supports alternative climate futures. Within this paper, I use critical geopolitics to show how these futures are suffused with power relations, at domestic, international and financial levels. Moreover, through an examination of the 2019 Pacific Island Forum, I argue that land reclamation serves as a visible, material resource to enrol in performative forms of diplomacy. Subsequently, I show how it is imperative that geographers, and social scientists more broadly, are attentive to the temporality and spatiality of adaptation to understand its political potential.

Campus Medius: Digitales Kartografieren in den Kulturund Medienwissenschaften/Digital Mapping in Cultural and Media Studies by Simon Ganahl

Reviewed by: Campus Medius: Digitales Kartografieren in den Kulturund Medienwissenschaften/Digital Mapping in Cultural and Media Studies by Simon Ganahl Christian Zolles Simon Ganahl, Campus Medius: Digitales Kartografieren in den Kulturund Medienwissenschaften/Digital Mapping in Cultural and Media Studies. Bielefeld: transcript Verlag, 2022. 360 pp. The last decade witnessed the rise of Digital Humanities, a transdisciplinary research practice that seeks to apply new digital tools, techniques, and modes of scholarship to classic fields of research in the humanities. Funded projects have increasingly aimed at generating large and processable databases (e.g., linguistic corpora) and at making available and improving online editions and annotations of books or archival documents. Researchers in the DH were confronted with the importance and difficulty of, on the one hand, tying their investigations in with the multi-medial web culture and, on the other hand, ensuring the long-term storage and accessibility of scans and encoded data. Their goal was to remain independent of temporary (software) fashions. This was the impetus to the foundation of scientific alliances, such as the Austrian "Kompetenznetzwerk Digitale Edition" (KONDE, www.digitale-edition.at), in order to strengthen the exchange between projects of similar digital interests. While the opportunity presented by this development to bring about some urgent structural changes in the academic landscape was, unfortunately, missed and many technical parameters are still open (such as a stable interconnectivity between back end [server] and the front end [web browser] or the data processibility between various projects), nevertheless the awareness of living in a digital age entered into the main academic discourses and, contrary to some doom-laden scenarios, there are indeed important research gains arising from the digital turn that should not be ignored. The digital mapping project Campus Medius, initiated, curated, and edited by Simon Ganahl, should perhaps be approached in this sense: that during these ten years, it remained on the periphery of DH's institutionalization process and tried independently to make the most of the new digital opportunities—and succeeded in doing so throughout. A key factor in the project's exemplary intersection of concept and technical implementation is its strong theoretical background, which avoids current gestures toward the somewhat neglectful abandonment of influential theoretical strands that has taken place in recent decades. In contrast, Ganahl tried to make some of these theories productive with the help of innovative hypertext and visual strategies. [End Page 144] Mikhail Bakhtin's theory of "chronotope," the Foucauldian-Deleuzian concept of "dispositif," and Bruno Latour's Actor-network theory are all used specifically to shape the way in which a rich selection of historical sources is presented in Campus Medius, according to the logic of information processing and with methods drawn from digital cartography. By pursuing "The database is the theory" (36) as a motto, the project demonstrates the importance of elementary information management work to properly trace the relational patterns of perceptions of space, time, and value. The book takes a time-space of twenty-four hours in Vienna in May 1933, marked by the "Turks Deliverance Celebration" organized by the Austrofascist regime in power as an "empirical laboratory." Campus Medius tried to catch and reflect the "medial atmosphere" and narrativity of this very "chronotope" by concentrating on fifteen selected events and following a multi-perspective narrative technique. One quickly recognizes that media experience is at the heart of the project (44–52), with "reading" being only one practice among others, following Ganahl's thesis that "having a media experience in modern society essentially means using reason in sovereign signs, capturing life in examining gazes, or speaking up in governed transmission" (28–29). In the topological sections of the project, it not only reflects upon the networks of sovereign signs, gazes, and voices, which were manifested in the 1933 mass events, but ultimately also offers a media-archaeological perspective on different strands of power and knowledge spanning from the seventeenth century up to the present day. In this way, well-known places such as the gardens of Schönbrunn Palace, the Burgtheater, or the Karl Marx-Hof, as well as media institutions like the national broadcasting company RAVAG, the cinema UFA Ton Kino, or the newspaper Neue Freie Presse are analyzed...

Enacting peripeteia in Möbius Strip: Adapting Butoh principles in mixed-media performance

The article draws from the Japanese phenomenological approach (Kyoto School) concerning the embodied experience of time-space. The article aims at the distillation of Butoh principles and its creative adaptation in a mixed-media performance titled Möbius Strip. As a method of choreographic practice, the concept of qualia is the matrix of Butoh notation (Butoh-fu). The western term for qualia would be ‘image-worlds’, which is encountered in the choreographic practice of Trisha Brown, Steve Paxton and Michael Chekhov (). Butoh-fu is a chain of qualia (scores/atmospheres). Consisting of qualia that require full psychophysical engagement of the performer, Butoh-fu, one could dare to say, resonates with Haiku or Zen Koans (). Under this frame, the performance explores notions of temporality availing in the processual nature of qualia to address the issue of ‘politics of time in neo-liberal societies’ (). The performance borrows its title from the concept of a Möbius Strip by mathematicians A. F. Möbius and J. B. Listing; having only one side and remaining in one piece when split down the middle, characterized by alternative modalities of connectivity. Möbius Strip focuses on the effects of war upon ‘ordinary people’ who suddenly find themselves amidst a crisis that urges them to reconsider their principles and discover dormant values. This is a decisive turning point: a peripeteia. The performance is a bittersweet embodied poem that wishes to offer a crack of light amidst the deep darkness of the current warfare. This article documents part of the practice-based research that includes the creation process and theoretical framework of Möbius Strip. The performance seals the studio work, where Butoh training was deployed as a methodological tool to sensitize performers’ psychophysical compresence. Furthermore, while allowing themselves to be observed by the gaze of the audience, they eventually access shifting time perceptions through the performative experience.

Linking refugees’ time perceptions and their time use

ABSTRACT Previous research has described the unique time perceptions of refugees. These have consequences for many areas of their lives: Perception of time should be expressed in the use of time, and ultimately affect the integration of refugees. The present study systematically explores this link between refugees’ time perceptions and their manifestation in patterns of time use. Data from semi-structured interviews with 18 young Syrian and Afghan refugees in Germany and five Germans with migration background were used. Results show that refugees’ time perceptions varied according to their ability to assimilate to the host country’s temporal rhythm, as well as their perception of being in control of their lives. The analysis of time use showed two groups of respondents who invested a lot of time in structured activities (employment, education) and one group of those who did not. Respondents who mostly invested time in structured activities were likely to have time perceptions characterised by either assimilation to the host country rhythm or by the attempt to navigate both home and host country rhythm at the same time, while enjoying the freedom of engagement in activities that would not be available in the home country.

Narrative, Catastrophe and Historicity in Eighteenth-century French Literature

This is surely an ambitious, original and complex book. In it, Jessica Stacey displays a remarkable knowledge of eighteenth-century French thought as well as a solid understanding of how historical narratives are formed and function. Her main aim is to cast light on the ways in which changing perceptions of historical time affected feelings of nationhood and national belonging in eighteenth-century France. She does so by considering a series of literary works and analysing the representations and interpretations of man-made catastrophes contained in them. The choice to focus on disasters of this sort when explaining national boundary formation is properly and intelligently justified by the author. As Stacey points out, ‘catastrophe’, a ubiquitous notion in a time far less optimistic than is normally assumed, acquired in the eighteenth century a new meaning (previous meanings living on, alongside it) partly forged through the opposition between catastrophes willed by God and catastrophes caused by men. The latter, which are the focus of this book, could and had to be properly understood. Whether historical or imaginary, they could be subject to human inquiry and, by the same token, they might then serve as a ‘powerful tool of critique’. In particular, investigating and explaining how a catastrophe had been overcome in the past could offer those stricken the means to face an ongoing disaster; but it could also foster a feeling of unity, supplying an image of a community of belonging which, thanks to its ingenuity, resilience and strength, had once been able to overcome the devastation caused by war or civil war. From this angle, analysing either a real or a fictitious catastrophe could, in some circumstances, more or less unwittingly contribute to forging a feeling of historical community—that is, a national narrative. Obviously, for this to be the case, a convincing continuity between past and present community/communities had to be established. This is a crucial aspect, one that is properly considered in this book. In fact, by building on Reinhart Koselleck’s ideas about changing perceptions of historical time and on François Hartog’s ‘regimes of historicity’, Stacey has been able to highlight ‘catastrophe’s dual role as narrative device and object of historical study’.

Using the precaution adoption process model and the health belief model to understand radon testing and mitigation: a pre-post quasi-experimental study

BackgroundDespite being the leading cause of lung cancer for non-smokers, few Canadians take action to test for and mitigate radon. This study’s aim was twofold: (1) to investigate predictors of radon testing and mitigation using the Precaution Adoption Process Model (PAPM) and Health Belief Model (HBM); and (2) to assess the impact on beliefs of receiving radon results above health guidelines.MethodsA convenience sample within Southeastern Ontario households was recruited to test their homes for radon (N = 1,566) for a pre-post quasi-experimental study. Prior to testing, participants were surveyed on risk factors and HBM constructs. All participants whose homes tested above the World Health Organization’s radon guideline (N = 527) were surveyed after receiving their results and followed for up to 2 years after. Participants were classified into PAPM stages and regression analyses were conducted to determine predictors between different stages (from deciding to test onwards). Paired bivariate analyses compared responses before and after receiving results.ResultsPerceived benefits from mitigating was associated with progressing through all stages in the study’s scope. Perceived susceptibility to and severity of illness and perceptions of cost and time to mitigate were associated with progression through some PAPM stages. Homes with smokers or individuals under 18 were associated with not progressing through some stages. Home radon level was associated with mitigation. Attitudes towards many HBM constructs significantly decreased after receiving a high radon result.ConclusionsPublic health interventions should target specific radon beliefs and stages to ensure households test and mitigate for radon.

Caught Between a Clock and a Hard Place: Temporal Ambivalence and Time (Mis)management in Teams

This paper examines how teams manage temporal ambivalence, or the simultaneous and conflicting perceptions of time as a resource, including how much time has passed and whether there is enough of it left. Team members’ time perceptions influence how a team manages time; thus, effective time management requires some collective resolution of temporal ambivalence. To study the effects of temporal ambivalence on time management processes and performance in teams, we conducted a laboratory study in which we manipulated perceptions of time by engineering a wall clock to run at different speeds (normal, fast, or slow) to instantiate different types of temporal ambivalence. Using both quantitative and qualitative analyses, we found that managing temporal ambivalence effectively is essential for teams to appropriately allocate time to different phases of work. Specifically, teams often misallocated their time by either transitioning too late or too early between phases of work, both of which were associated with worse team performance than transitioning closer to the temporal midpoint. Teams with heightened temporal ambivalence were more likely to manage time poorly following one or more of three dysfunctional patterns: bypassing comments, glossing over contradictions, and following passively. By contrast, teams that managed temporal ambivalence effectively did so through time management huddles, in which team members briefly and collectively took time away from the main task to explicitly discuss how to allocate their time. We discuss the implications of these findings for research on team process, ambivalence, and time management in organizations. Funding: This work was supported by Harvard University, INSEAD, and the UCL School of Management.

Perceptions of General Surgery Program Leadership and Residents on Research Sabbatical

IntroductionThe incorporation of a 1-y- or 2-y research period during general surgery residency is increasingly common in many academic programs, yet often, it is heterogeneously structured and ill-defined. This survey-based observational study aimed to characterize the perceptions of general surgery program directors (PDs) and residents regarding an in-training, dedicated research sabbatical. MethodsTwo surveys were conducted using Qualtrics software. One survey was sent to general surgery residency PDs, and the other was sent to general surgery residents currently on a research sabbatical. The primary aim of the survey was to assess the PDs' and research residents’ perceptions of the research sabbatical. ResultsSeven hundred and fifty-two surveys were analyzed, of which 120 were from PDs and 632 from research residents. Among the residents, 44.1% felt that the research time delayed their surgical training. Regarding research funding, 46.7% of the responding residents said that their residency program funded their research, 30.9% said they acquired funding independently, and 19.1% said that it came from a combination of residency program and independent funding. Finally, regarding how residents found their research opportunity, 42.7% said they found it independently and 53.3% said their program provided it. ConclusionsResearch sabbaticals during residency may be considered essential to academic development. However, in this survey-based study, perceptions of research time and its structure varied greatly between PDs and residents. An intentional push toward developing guidelines for research sabbaticals may benefit residency program leadership and residents.