Perception Of Patterns Research Articles

Comparable Encoding, Comparable Perceptual Pattern: Acoustic and Electric Hearing.

Perception with electric neuroprostheses is sometimes expected to be simulated using properly designed physical stimuli. Here, we examined a new acoustic vocoder model for electric hearing with cochlear implants (CIs) and hypothesized that comparable speech encoding can lead to comparable perceptual patterns for CI and normal hearing (NH) listeners. Speech signals were encoded using FFT-based signal processing stages including band-pass filtering, temporal envelope extraction, maxima selection, and amplitude compression and quantization. These stages were specifically implemented in the same manner by an Advanced Combination Encoder (ACE) strategy in CI processors and Gaussian-enveloped Tones (GET) or Noise (GEN) vocoders for NH. Adaptive speech reception thresholds (SRTs) in noise were measured using four Mandarin sentence corpora. Initial consonant (11 monosyllables) and final vowel (20 monosyllables) recognition were also measured. Naïve NH listeners were tested using vocoded speech with the proposed GET/GEN vocoders as well as conventional vocoders (controls). Experienced CI listeners were tested using their daily-used processors. Results showed that: 1) there was a significant training effect on GET vocoded speech perception; 2) the GEN vocoded scores (SRTs with four corpora and consonant and vowel recognition scores) as well as the phoneme-level confusion pattern matched with the CI scores better than controls. The findings suggest that the same signal encoding implementations may lead to similar perceptual patterns simultaneously in multiple perception tasks. This study highlights the importance of faithfully replicating all signal processing stages in the modeling of perceptual patterns in sensory neuroprostheses. This approach has the potential to enhance our understanding of CI perception and accelerate the engineering of prosthetic interventions. The GET/GEN MATLAB program is freely available at https://github.com/BetterCI/GETVocoder.

Can you feel the algebraic structure? Quaternion and finite rings in the service of patterns and weaving

Artists frequently create symmetrical patterns, but disregard the mathematical structure that allows their formation. We here seek to expose this underlying construct and afford new ways of using mathematical structures to produce surprising, artistic symmetrical patterns. We introduce different multi-color symmetrical patterns whose generation entails only a transformation on an initial location matrix. By using different algebraic structures, we were able to obtain a range of surprising symmetric patterns. We demonstrate how planar patterns can be generated by generalizing a result of [15] to RGB and CMYK color formats using a Quaternion group. In addition, we show how finite rings can produces a perception of symmetrical weaving patterns. Lastly, we use the Quaternion group to produce spherical patterns in the RGB format. We believe these algebraic structures contain natural beauty that a variety of audiences will find interesting and applicable: digital artists, mathematics aficionados, teachers and college students.

Illusory perception of visual patterns in pure noise is associated with COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs.

Just as perceptual heuristics can lead to visual illusions, cognitive heuristics can lead to biased judgements, such as "illusory pattern perception" (i.e., seeing patterns in unrelated events). Here we further investigated the common underlying mechanism behind irrational beliefs and illusory pattern perception in visual images. For trials in which no object was present in the noise, we found that the tendency to report seeing an object was positively correlated with the endorsement of both COVID-19 specific conspiracy theories and paranormal beliefs. The present results suggest that the cognitive bias to see meaningful connections in noise can have an impact on socio-political cognition as well as on perceptual decision making.

Живая субъективность и культурно-исторический метод: границы применимости

Background. Any method of research or influence has limits of applicability. Determining the limits of applicability of the cultural-historical approach will reveal new phenomena in the study of living subjectivity that cannot be investigated within the framework of the cultural-historical approach to the psyche. Objective of the study was to determine the limits of applicability of the cultural-historical method and to describe new mental phenomena, the study of which requires fundamentally different methodological approaches.Methods. The material is the author’s and his colleagues’ long-term research in the field of functioning and development of consciousness. The method involved logical analysis when comparing the cultural-historical approach to psyche and the approach based on intuitive-reflective self-observation of living subjectivity. Results. The analysis showed that cultural-historical method and socio-cultural method derived from it, aim at managing subjectivity with the help of objectified structures of the psyche — sign-symbolic formations such as speech, logical thinking, scientific concepts, social norms or culturally developed perceptual patterns. At the same time, the “fossils of living subjectivity” — symbols and signs, scientific concepts, schemes, algorithms, norms, theories, and others — are “psychological tools” that mediate the operation of living subjectivity. All directions in Russian psychology within this approach originated from this approach — the assertion of the leading role of speech in the development of the higher mental functions (HMF) by L.S. Vygotsky, the concept of the orienting basis of action (IBA) by P.Ya. Galperin, school programs for teaching concepts by D.B. Elkonin and V.V. Davydov, neuropsychological methods by A.R. Luria, studies of the development of voluntary movements by A.V. Zaporozhets and others. All these approaches worked; however, the living subjectivity remained a mystery. On the contrary, the method applicable to the study of living subjectivity can be called the method of “releasing impact” — an experiment based on self-observation and self-report in conditions where the subject can freely structure reality. Conclusion. The cultural-historical method is effective in teaching ready-made knowledge at school, in developing skills, restoring lost cognitive functions in patients, or shaping cognitive and socio-moral forms of behavior based on external control. However, this method is not applicable to living subjectivity — experiences, the motivational-semantic sphere based on the magical laws of participation, emotional sphere and creative thinking, since this method considers a person as an object. The principles of studying living subjectivity are proposed, practical approaches to influence living subjectivity, as well as the contradictions and dangers associated with them are analyzed.

Mitosis detection by appearance and motion pattern perception

Mitosis detection by appearance and motion pattern perception

Eye-tracking Technologies in Mobile Devices Using Edge Computing: A Systematic Review

Eye-tracking provides invaluable insight into the cognitive activities underlying a wide range of human behaviours. Identifying cognitive activities provides valuable perceptions of human learning patterns and signs of cognitive diseases like Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and autism. Also, mobile devices have changed the way that we experience daily life and become a pervasive part. This systematic review provides a detailed analysis of mobile device eye-tracking technology reported in 36 studies published in high-ranked scientific journals from 2010 to 2020 (September), along with several reports from grey literature. The review provides in-depth analysis on algorithms, additional apparatus, calibration methods, computational systems, and metrics applied to measure the performance of the proposed solutions. Also, the review presents a comprehensive classification of mobile device eye-tracking applications used across various domains such as healthcare, education, road safety, news, and human authentication. We have outlined the shortcomings identified in the literature and the limitations of the current mobile device eye-tracking technologies, such as using the front-facing mobile camera. Further, we have proposed an edge computing driven eye-tracking solution to achieve the real-time eye-tracking experience. Based on the findings, the article outlines various research gaps and future opportunities that are expected to be of significant value for improving the work in the eye-tracking domain.

Perceptions of Movement Patterns and Concealment Detection in Naive Observers and Law Enforcement Officers: A Lens Model Analysis

This research investigates whether police officers can reliably use behavioral cues to determine whether a person is concealing an object. Using a Lens Model framework, we performed a mega-analysis of three experiments. In each study, officers and laypersons judged whether people were concealing an object and reported “articulable behaviors” they used to perform this task. Although participants were able to articulate behaviors that they believed were helpful, results showed that these behaviors were not related to whether the person was actually concealing. Officers and laypersons were equally poor at judging whether someone was concealing or not. Current officer training on the use of nonverbal behaviors to determine who is concealing a dangerous object may be ineffective, and a reconsideration of training is warranted. In light of the findings, requiring officers to provide “articulable behaviors” in Fourth Amendment cases may not provide a sufficient safeguard against unreasonable searches of civilians.

Perceived lack of control promotes creativity

The sense of lack of control has been shown to foster illusory pattern perception, superstition, conspiracy and religious beliefs. In two identical experiments we investigated whether the feeling of lacking control (vs. control) can also foster creative thinking, which we operationalized as the ability to produce associative and dissociative combinations of either related and unrelated concepts. Participants were asked to think about an incident in their life wherein they felt either to be in control or to lose control of the situation. Immediately afterwards, they had to perform a set of tasks tapping (divergent) creative thinking. In both experiments, we observed higher scores in all creativity tasks for participants who recalled loss-of-control events than for those recalling in-control events. Our findings suggest that compensatory processes, triggered by experiencing lack of control, can promote divergent thinking. We propose an account situated within current models of semantic control.

Why Aren't All Cantonese Tones Equally Confusing to English Listeners?

English listeners often struggle to perceive tones, but some are easier than others. This study examined these phenomena grounded in the feature weighing perspective (FWP) and the Perceptual Assimilation Model for Suprasegmentals (PAM-S). Forty-seven English and Cantonese listeners completed 4,212 trials of Cantonese tone discrimination and sequence recall tasks. The English listeners showed asymmetrical perceptual patterns of discrimination but not sequence recall. Specifically, these English listeners discriminated T1-T5, T3-T5, and T4-T5 more accurately than T1-T4, T3-T4, and T1-T3. However, they recalled the contour tone and level tone sequences with similar accuracies. Results of the discrimination task aligned with the predictions of PAM-S but not FWP. However, results of the sequence recall task did not support PAM-S. Together, these results suggest that PAM-S only applies to simple discrimination, not abstract phonological processing with a high memory load.

S50 A Comparison of Perceived Severity and Clinical Presentation in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

Background: Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) can present with diverse clinical patterns. Patient perception relative to illness severity may be influenced by a variety of factors, such as IBD type, disease extension, or number of surgeries associated to the condition. Although objective clinical presentation might establish some degree of severity, patient perception towards the disease could differ. In this study, we aim to determine variance between patients’ perception of severity and patterns or extension of their corresponding disease, along with surgical history that can contribute to their viewpoint. Methods: Patients with IBD attending a tertiary care clinic and participating in a study of the impact of IBD in productivity completed an anonymous questionnaire in an interview format. We assessed the patient's perceptions regarding the severity of their conditions and medical history. The medical history section includes inquiries about the patient's number of surgeries associated with the condition and clinical patterns by IBD type, which were validated using retrospective record review. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were executed. This study is approved by the UPR-MSC IRB. Results: A total of 130 patients, 99 with CD and 31 with UC, were recruited (68F/62M, mean age: 30.18 ± 10.03). The mean age at onset of symptoms was 21.42±9.04 years, while the mean age at diagnosis was 22.32±8.98 years. When assessing patient’s perception on the severity of their condition, 58% indicated their disease to be slightly to moderately severe, 29% said it is quite to highly severe, and 13% mentioned their disease is not severe. In patients with CD, the following clinical patterns were identified: 35% with an inflammatory pattern, 14% as stenosing, and 51% as fistulizing. Additionally, 18% had perianal involvement. In terms of severity and CD clinical pattern, there was no significant difference between a perception of quite to high severity of the disease and any of the phenotypes (P = 0.3210). For patients with UC, 42% had left-sided colitis and 58% had pancolitis. There was no significant difference when comparing perception of quite to high severity and extension of UC (P = 0.3541). Of those recruited, 67 had some type of surgery to treat their condition. However, there was no significant difference between the number of patients with surgeries that perceived their condition to be quite to highly severe and those without surgeries that also perceived their condition to be quite to highly severe (P = 0.1876). Conclusion(s): The study showed that there was no single determinant among the variables examined that significantly increased patients’ perception of having severe disease. Individuals that reported a quite to high severity of their condition did not illustrate a particular pattern or extension of IBD. Further studies pertaining to patient sentiment and perception towards disease severity are of utmost importance to help improve care and treatment.

Transformation Requirement Pattern for Capturing Data-Intensive Applications Requirements

A business analyst typically encounters activities and features that they have previously worked on as they move from project to project. Interestingly, despite the fact that these tasks are identical, analysts typically begin to work on them from scratch. Recreating the wheel leads to fundamental problems like neglecting the flaws in requirement analysis. Therefore, the analyst must begin implementing the strategy of requirement reuse through requirements patterns to ensure higher quality requirements with far less ambiguous parts and in a brief time. The focus of building a requirement pattern for transformation requirements of software-intensive systems ensures that critical information is not overlooked. It also enhances the effectiveness of business analysts. Although there is a plethora of research on requirements patterns in the studies, the studies did not focus on the requirement patterns for software-intensive systems. This research paper focuses mainly on the interactions of data-intensive systems namely transition requirements and a Transformation Requirement Pattern (TFReqPat) template is generated to capture the transitions requirements. It also analyses the anatomy of TFReqPat which is a guideline for capturing the data-intensive applications transition requirements. As a case study, a requirement pattern catalog with a systematic example of requirements for a banking application is presented. Furthermore, an empirical investigation was conducted to study participant’s perceptions of requirement patterns in general and in particular in order to evaluate the proposed TFReqPat. The statistical analysis reveals that the TFReqPat is more appropriate, efficient, and successful for software-intensive systems than the conventional reuse strategy.

Foster Caregivers' Perceptions of Children's Sleep Patterns, Problems, and Environments.

The disparity of problems, impairments, and disorders among children in foster care is well-documented and spans virtually every domain of functioning. Sleep, however, has received minimal attention among this vulnerable group, which is concerning given the multitude of ways sleep affects children's development, health, and behavior. A total of 485 foster caregivers from across the United States completed a survey including quantitative items and qualitative, open-ended questions about sleep and related health and behavior for one child (M = 6.4 years, SD = 2.2; range 4-11 years) currently in their care. Overall, caregivers reported developmentally appropriate child sleep and wake times; however, difficulty falling asleep (avg. 46 min per night) and staying asleep (avg. 34 min awake overnight) were common. Additionally, a high prevalence of sleep-related problems was reported including moving to someone else's bed during the night (85.8%), nightmares (51.2%), sleep terrors (26.4%), snoring (32.8%), bedwetting (31.6%), and teeth grinding (21.8%). Qualitative responses indicated emotional and behavioral challenges at bedtime, particularly elevated fear, and anxiety. Findings are consistent with previous work finding significant health disparities among children placed in foster care. Results highlight a need for trauma-informed, behavioral sleep interventions for this pediatric population which might serve to reduce other health disparities.

Relationship Between Temporal Pattern Perception Test and Mismatch Negativity in Children With Auditory Processing Disorder and Dyslexia.

Mismatch negativity (MMN) is an objective test for assessing auditory function. The central auditory nervous system processes different stimuli in various ways. This can be assessed using MMN elicited with different stimuli in an "oddball" paradigm. This study evaluated temporal ordering skills using MMN with different durations of stimuli. This study aimed to determine the correlation between the results of the behavioral duration pattern test (DPT) with MMN in typically developing children versus children with dyslexia and auditory processing disorder (APD). Subjects and. Two groups of children participated in the study. The experimental group included 16 children with APD and dyslexia who had scored below the age-matched scores in the DPT. The control group consisted of 16 typically developing children with age-matched scores in the DPT. MMN was elicited using the same stimuli (250 ms and 500 ms) as that of the DPT in both groups. MMN latency, MMN amplitude, and area under the curve were measured in both groups. Compared to the control group, children with APD and dyslexia showed increased MMN latency, reduced amplitude, and decreased area under the curve. There was a low correlation (r= -0.293, p<0.05) between MMN latency and DPT scores. The correlation between MMN amplitude and DPT scores was moderate (0.472, p<0.001). Furthermore, a strong correlation (0.536, p<0.001) between area under the curve and DPT scores was demonstrated. MMN amplitude and MMN area under the curve could serve as valid indicators during assessment of temporal ordering in children with APD and dyslexia.

Perception of food patterns among adults using restrictive diets: a prospective observational cross-sectional study

Introduction: Obesity is a disease of increasing prevalence among adults in Brazil. It is an undesirable condition both from a health and an aesthetic point of view. The cult of the thin body sometimes motivates the adoption of restrictive diets, which significantly limit the menu. However, the use of this type of diet may be associated with unhealthy repercussions on food, well-being, and weight loss. Objective: To evaluate the perception of the dietary pattern of adult users of restrictive diets in a city in the northwest of São Paulo. Methods: Prospective observational cross-sectional study, carried out through an online questionnaire, with 108 subjects of both genders who perform/have already performed restrictive diets. Results: Predominance of female individuals (84.3%) aged between 18 and 21 years (49.1%). Regarding the Body Mass Index (BMI), 48.1% were classified within the normal range and 31.5% as preobese. In the period before the diet, 72.2% of the participants believed they were overweight. The beginning of the diet was motivated mainly by the desire to lose weight (87%) and its accomplishment happened, in most cases, without professional supervision (58.3%). Excessive eating episodes during the diet period were significant (only 14.8% never experienced it), with feelings of guilt associated in 71.3% of the cases. Conscious control during meals to avoid weight gain occurred with high frequency in 72.3% of cases. Conclusion: A portion of the population presents problematic perceptions about the experience with restrictive diets, which are associated with eating and psychological disorders.

Multisource Adaption for Driver Attention Prediction in Arbitrary Driving Scenes

Driver attention cues contribute to the following intended maneuver prediction and provide a risk indicator for the advanced driver-assistance systems in complex driving scenarios. The diverse traffic scenes result in a challenging task to predict human visual attention with high generalization capability. The data heterogeneity caused by multiple sources with different data characteristics, such as video sources, was investigated in the current research and mitigated using the domain adaption modules (i.e., domain-specific batch normalization, Gaussian priors, and smoothing filter) and the domain-specific focal loss. Inspired by human attention mechanism, generic coders and task-driven attention modules were incorporated into a lightweight network to replicate human-like perceptual patterns, such as the perception of latent risk. Integrating these adaptive modules, we proposed the adaptive driver attention (ADA) model to predict salient regions in different traffic scenes. Consequently, the ADA model trained jointly on four driver attention datasets achieves the best performance against the state-of-the-art methods across seven metrics. Retrospective visualizations of the network and cross-validation results further explain the merit of the proposed method. Since these approaches are generic, adaptive modules are universally applicable for standard deep neural network architectures to alleviate the heterogeneity across datasets and easily extended for arbitrary traffic scenes in the real world.

Knowing me, knowing you: Self and non-self recognition in plant immunity.

Perception of non-self molecules known as microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) by host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) activates plant pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). Pathogen infections often trigger the release of modified-self molecules, termed damage- or danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which modulate MAMP-triggered signaling to shape the frontline of plant immune responses against infections. In the context of advances in identifying MAMPs and DAMPs, cognate receptors, and their signaling, here, we focus on the most recent breakthroughs in understanding the perception and role of non-self and modified-self patterns. We highlight the commonalities and differences of MAMPs from diverse microbes, insects, and parasitic plants, as well as the production and perception of DAMPs upon infections. We discuss the interplay between MAMPs and DAMPs for emerging themes of the mutual potentiation and attenuation of PTI signaling upon MAMP and DAMP perception during infections.

Countering conspiracy theory beliefs: Understanding the conjunction fallacy and considering disconfirming evidence

AbstractResearch suggests that a number of cognitive processes—including pattern perception, intentionality bias, proportionality bias, and confirmation bias—may underlie belief in a conspiracy theory. However, there are reasons to believe that conspiracy theory beliefs also depend in part on a failure to understand the probability of actual events allegedly supporting those conspiracy theories as well as a failure to entertain disconfirming evidence that may contradict those beliefs. Study 1 examines the relationships between general beliefs in conspiracy theories, belief in a novel conspiracy theory, conjunctive error propensity, and the propensity to consider disconfirming evidence. Study 2 investigates the roles of confronting both the propensity to make conjunctive errors and the failure to consider disconfirming evidence in changing conspiracy theory beliefs as well as attitudes associated with those beliefs. The results of both studies suggest that corrections to one's propensity to make conjunctive errors and mindful consideration of disconfirming evidence may serve as viable methods of self‐persuasion pertaining to conspiracy theory beliefs.

Subjective and objective evaluation of the impact of a quality assurance program on computer displays

Objective To examine impact of a quality assurance (QA) program for computer displays. Study design Five commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) displays (Dell Ultrasharp, 32-inch) were used in this study. The SMPTE test pattern was displayed on each monitor and three observers scored its pattern visibility. Screen luminance from select areas on the test pattern were measured with a Gossen light meter (MAVOLUX 5032B) to record maximum (Lmax), minimum (Lmin) and at 30%, 50% and 60% luminance. Next, display brightness and contrast were adjusted to enhance subjective perception of the SMPTE pattern. Screen luminance was measured as described above. Ambient illuminance was recorded at the center of the display. Results The ambient luminance was 0.05 cd/m2. The SMPTE pattern was adequately visualized on only 1 of the 5 displays. Overall, there was minimal variation in Lmin (0 to 0.3 cd/m2) and wide range in Lmax (59 to 339 cd/m2). The ambience ratio was 0.25 to 0.5 (recommended = 0.25). Display adjustment to optimally visualize the SMPTE contrast regions resulted in a decrease in the Lmax range (59 to 178 cd/m2, recommended maximum 250 cd/m2). Notably, brightness-contrast settings had to be customized for each display to optimally view the test pattern. Conclusions This study of high-end COTS displays used for radiologic diagnosis found that most displays required adjustment to optimally view the SMPTE test pattern. This underscores the need to establish a display QA program, as recommended by ADA/ANSI Standard 1094 and AAPM Report 270. Optimal visualization of the SMPTE test pattern required individualized display brightness and contrast controls that could not be simply applied to all monitors, emphasizing the need for periodic monitoring of individual displays. In ongoing studies, we are expanding our analyses to different display models and to ambient lighting settings that are more typical of chair-side settings. Statement of Ethical Review Ethical Review or exemption was not warranted for this study To examine impact of a quality assurance (QA) program for computer displays. Five commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) displays (Dell Ultrasharp, 32-inch) were used in this study. The SMPTE test pattern was displayed on each monitor and three observers scored its pattern visibility. Screen luminance from select areas on the test pattern were measured with a Gossen light meter (MAVOLUX 5032B) to record maximum (Lmax), minimum (Lmin) and at 30%, 50% and 60% luminance. Next, display brightness and contrast were adjusted to enhance subjective perception of the SMPTE pattern. Screen luminance was measured as described above. Ambient illuminance was recorded at the center of the display. The ambient luminance was 0.05 cd/m2. The SMPTE pattern was adequately visualized on only 1 of the 5 displays. Overall, there was minimal variation in Lmin (0 to 0.3 cd/m2) and wide range in Lmax (59 to 339 cd/m2). The ambience ratio was 0.25 to 0.5 (recommended = 0.25). Display adjustment to optimally visualize the SMPTE contrast regions resulted in a decrease in the Lmax range (59 to 178 cd/m2, recommended maximum 250 cd/m2). Notably, brightness-contrast settings had to be customized for each display to optimally view the test pattern. This study of high-end COTS displays used for radiologic diagnosis found that most displays required adjustment to optimally view the SMPTE test pattern. This underscores the need to establish a display QA program, as recommended by ADA/ANSI Standard 1094 and AAPM Report 270. Optimal visualization of the SMPTE test pattern required individualized display brightness and contrast controls that could not be simply applied to all monitors, emphasizing the need for periodic monitoring of individual displays. In ongoing studies, we are expanding our analyses to different display models and to ambient lighting settings that are more typical of chair-side settings.

Perceptual grouping in complex rhythmic patterns.

Perception of simple temporal patterns has been shown to rely on accentuations in terms of intensity, pitch, or timbre, but also on grouping according to runs of the same events (intervals between successive sounds or light flashes) or significant gaps between them (Garner in The processing of information and structure. Lawrence Erlbaum, 1974; Preusser et al. in Am J Psychol 83(2):151-170 in 1970; Royer and Garner in Percept Psychophys 1(1):41-47, 1966; Royer and Garner in Percept Psychophys 7(2):115-120, 1970; Yu et al. in Atten Percept Psychophys 77(8):2728-2739, 2015). Here we investigate whether the run and gap principles can also account for participants' perceived start of complex rhythmic patterns. We also investigated the role of participants' musical training. Sixteen novices and 16 amateur musicians listened to rhythmic patterns and indicated perceived starting points by a single tap with a drumstick on electronic pads. Auditory patterns contained prominent gaps, runs, or a combination of the two for target intervals. We systematically varied task complexity in terms of the target durations of intervals constituting the patterns and overall tempos. Overall, run and gap principles proved to be useful grouping principles accounting for a large proportion (59.2%) of the selected starting positions underlining the universal relevance of these principles. Grouping principles were not as successful in predicting the perceived start of a rhythmic pattern compared to previous studies. Results indicate that additional grouping principles must be at play. Predictive power of the grouping principles varied depending on the structure of rhythmic patterns. For rhythmic patterns including longer intervals (i.e., longer gaps) the gap principle alone or in combination with the run principle showed the strongest predictive power. Novices and amateur musicians were similar in their usage of grouping principles suggesting that the underlying principles might be equally at the dispositions of performers and listeners.

An Emotional Analysis Method for the Analysis of Cognitive and Psychological Factors in the Change of Second Language Learning Model of Chinese Mainland Students in the Post-epidemic Era.

Since the sudden outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic in 2020, the second language learning patterns of students in mainland China have encountered new challenges that have had a psychological impact on mainland Chinese students. The epidemic has not only inconvenienced students’ normal second language learning but also greatly affected the second language learning patterns of mainland Chinese students. In the post-epidemic era, more and more students are becoming accustomed to studying and learning a second language online. The level of informatization of second language learning patterns of students in mainland China has increased significantly. This study first analyses the mechanisms of change in second language learning patterns and further analyses the influence of knowledge background on the perception of second language learning patterns on this basis. To design the influencing factors of second language learning patterns, a questionnaire was used to investigate the influence of knowledge background on the perception of second language learning patterns. The survey was conducted on students who were learning a second language in mainland China. Then, the survey data were statistically analyzed. In analyzing the influence of effect on second language learning behaviors of students in mainland China, observed variables were designed, including observed variables of affective factors and learning behaviors. After that, the findings of the experiment were summarized based on the results of the questionnaire survey, and the positive influence of emotional factors on second language learning behaviors of mainland Chinese students in the post-development era was concluded.