Perceptions Of Traits Research Articles

Gender Differences in Patient Perceptions of Physicians' Communal Traits and the Impact on Physician Evaluations.

Background: Communal traits, such as empathy, warmth, and consensus-building, are not highly valued in the medical hierarchy. Devaluing communal traits is potentially harmful for two reasons. First, data suggest that patients may prefer when physicians show communal traits. Second, if female physicians are more likely to be perceived as communal, devaluing communal traits may increase the gender inequity already prevalent in medicine. We test for both these effects. Materials and Methods: This study analyzed 22,431 Press Ganey outpatient surveys assessing 480 physicians collected from 2016 to 2017 at a large tertiary hospital. The surveys asked patients to provide qualitative comments and quantitative Likert-scale ratings assessing physician effectiveness. We coded whether patients described physicians with "communal" language using a validated word scale derived from previous work. We used multivariate logistic regressions to assess whether (1) patients were more likely to describe female physicians using communal language and (2) patients gave higher quantitative ratings to physicians they described with communal language, when controlling for physician, patient, and comment characteristics. Results: Female physicians had higher odds of being described with communal language than male physicians (odds ratio 1.29, 95% confidence interval 1.18-1.40, p < 0.001). In addition, patients gave higher quantitative ratings to physicians they described with communal language. These results were robust to inclusion of controls. Conclusions: Female physicians are more likely to be perceived as communal. Being perceived as communal is associated with higher quantitative ratings, including likelihood to recommend. Our study indicates a need to reevaluate what types of behaviors academic hospitals reward in their physicians.

Examining the consistency of the good target across contexts and domains of personality

AbstractObjectiveGood targets are those individuals who are seen more accurately than others. The present study examines the extent to which the good target is consistent across two domains and two contexts as well as how being perceived accurately is moderated by target well‐being.MethodN = 194 participants completed a round‐robin forming first impressions design, wrote short essays on five life domains and completed a self‐report including measures of well‐being. An additional N = 211 participants read the essays to assess the author’s personality. We used the social accuracy model to allow for detailed analysis of individual differences among targets across traits and motives.ResultsWe found support for the theory that the good target generalizes across both contexts and domains and also found evidence for a likable target. Target well‐being was not consistently associated with the good target across contexts and domains, though target well‐being was a consistent moderator for the likable target.ConclusionThe good target is consistent across contexts and domains, but target well‐being is not a consistent moderator of distinctive accuracy beyond in‐person perceptions of traits. The likable target is more consistent across contexts and domains and has stronger links to target well‐being.

The Impact of Dermal Fillers on Perceived Personality Traits and Attractiveness.

Dermal fillers are increasingly popular for facial rejuvenation and enhancement, including effacement of nasolabial folds (NLFs) and marionette lines and lip augmentation. This study aimed to evaluate casual observer perception of physical and interpersonal traits of subjects who receive filler treatment. An anonymous survey of 8 before/after treatment photographical sets was administered in Likert scale format (1-7) using online crowdsourcing. Three sets of photographs were before/after NLF/ marionette line treatment, three of lip augmentation, and two internal controls. Respondents were surveyed on personal demographics, as well as perceptions of subject photographs across nine domains (facial symmetry, confidence, likeability, youthfulness, trustworthiness, attractiveness, intelligence, approachability, happiness). In total, 260 respondents completed the survey. The majority were male (63.1%), Caucasian (58.1%), 18-34years old (58.1%), and college graduates (66.2%). Respondents rated photographs with line filler treatment and lip filler treatment as significantly improved compared to the pre-treatment photographs across all nine trait domains [p < 0.001, for all]. No differences were found between the control photosets [p > 0.05, for all]. Middle-aged respondents (35-55years) were more likely to perceive treated filler photographs as more youthful than younger respondents (18-34years) [p < 0.006] Additionally, respondents with lower educational attainment (high-school graduate or less) were more likely to perceive treated patients as less intelligent compared to higher-educated respondents (college/postgraduates) [p < 0.05, for both]. The use of dermal fillers for treatment of NLF/marionette lines and lip augmentation have significant associations with the perception of improved attractiveness and several personality traits. Additionally, casual observer demographic subgroups may influence perceptions. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

See Me, Like Me! Exploring Viewers’ Visual Attention to and Trait Perceptions of Party Leaders on Instagram

The use of visual self-personalization by politicians to shape perceptions of their character and personality is a prominent form of modern political communication, especially on social media. Yet, little is known about the effect these portrayals have on the visual attention of voters and their impressions of the traits of the politicians depicted. This exploratory study examines the effects of visual self-personalization (professional vs. private focus) by Finnish political leaders of both genders on Instagram. Through a pilot laboratory study, viewers’ visual attention was measured using eye-tracking technology and, in combination with this, leader trait impressions were experimentally examined. The results indicate that photos depicting politicians in professional settings are more attention grabbing and effective in shaping trait impressions than photos showing politicians in private life. Among the recommendations for future research, it is noted that gender aspects should be further explored as this study, by focusing on a gender-egalitarian country, had a limited scope in that respect.

Association of Facial Paralysis With Perceptions of Personality and Physical Traits

Facial paralysis has a significant effect on affect display, with the most notable deficit being patients' the inability to smile in the same way as those without paralysis. These impairments may result in undesirable judgements of personal qualities, thus leading to a significant social penalty in those who have the condition. To quantify the association of facial paralysis with the way smiling patients are perceived by others with respect to personality traits, attractiveness, and femininity or masculinity and to evaluate the potential association of facial palsy-related patient-reported outcome measures with how patients are perceived by others. This retrospective cross-sectional study used 20 images of smiling patients with facial paralysis evaluated between January 1, 2014, and December 31, 2016. Using photograph editing software, the photographs were edited to create a simulated nonparalysis smiling facial appearance. A total of 40 photographs were split into 4 groups of 10 photographs, each with 5 altered and 5 unaltered photographs. The surveys were designed such that altered and unaltered photographs of the same patient were not placed in the same survey to avoid recall bias. Anonymous raters used a 7-point Likert scale to rate their perception of each patient's personality traits (ie, aggressiveness, likeability, and trustworthiness), attractiveness, and femininity or masculinity based on photographs in their assigned survey. Raters were blinded to study intent. Scores from the Facial Clinimetric Evaluation questionnaire were included to assess self-perception. Data were analyzed from November 11, 2019, to February 20, 2020. Ratings of personality traits, attractiveness, and femininity or masculinity. Social function domain scores and overall scores were analyzed from the Facial Clinimetric Evaluation questionnaire. This study included photographs of 20 patients with facial paralysis (mean [range] age, 54 [28-69] years; 15 [75%] women). A total of 122 respondents completed the survey (71 [61%] women). Most respondents were between the ages of 25 and 34 years (79 participants [65%]). Overall, smiling photos of patients with facial paralysis were perceived as significantly less likeable (difference, -0.29; 95% CI, -0.43 to -0.14), trustworthy (difference, -0.25; 95% CI, -0.39 to -0.11), attractive (difference, -0.47; 95% CI, -0.62 to -0.32), and feminine or masculine (difference, -0.21; 95% CI, -0.38 to -0.03) compared with their simulated preparalysis photographs. When analyzed by sex, smiling women with facial paralysis experienced lower ratings for likeability (difference, -0.34; 95% CI, -0.53 to -0.16), trustworthiness (difference, -0.24; 95% CI, -0.43 to -0.06), attractiveness (difference, -0.74; 95% CI, -0.94 to -0.55), and femininity (difference, -0.35; 95% CI, -0.58 to -0.13). However, smiling men with facial paralysis only received significantly lower ratings for likeability (difference, -0.24; 95% CI, -0.47 to -0.01) and trustworthiness (difference, -0.30; 95% CI, -0.53 to -0.07). As patients' self-reported social function and total Facial Clinimetric Evaluation scores increased, there was an increase in perceived trustworthiness (rs[480] = 0.11; P = .02) and attractiveness (rs[478] = 0.10; P = .04) scores by raters. In this study, photographs of patients with facial paralysis received lower ratings for several personality and physical traits compared with digitally edited images with no facial paralysis. These findings suggest a social penalty associated with facial paralysis.

Exploring the link between personality traits and European attitudes towards refugees

Attitudes towards refugees are formed via complex interactions between socioeconomic factors, perceptions of cultural threat and personality traits. Yet despite the widespread social changes the European refugee situation has generated throughout the continent, no previous literature has adequately examined these interactions in that context. This study addressed that gap by testing the relationship between personality traits and European attitudes towards refugees in the context of the European refugee crisis by conducting an ordinal regression analysis of data obtained from online surveys that we distributed in four European countries (N = 6,000).Questions were aligned with descriptors used in the Five Factor model of personality traits and a proxy of the Honesty-Humility trait used in the HEXACO model. Our results indicate that Openness to Experience, Agreeableness, and Honesty-Humility are negatively associated with refugee prejudice. Findings about Neuroticism, Extraversion, and Conscientiousness are mixed. Moreover, our results revealed that intercultural contact has a positive impact on attitudes towards refugees and that the valence of this contact plays a more significant role than the frequency of contact. Given that attitudes towards refugees have been found to correlate with asylum policy preferences, these discoveries are of considerable value to people working in asylum policy settings, as they provide them with a more nuanced understanding of the factors influencing election results; especially during a period where refugee resettlement is a salient issue.

O2.1. LOCAL AND LONG-RANGE CONNECTIVITY PATTERNS OF AUDITORY PERCEPTUAL DISTURBANCE IN SCHIZOPHRENIA

BackgroundAuditory hallucinations are a prevalent, debilitating symptom of schizophrenia (Sz). Lack of detailed phenomenological assessments of perceptual disturbances in large psychiatric imaging datasets limits our ability to disentangle the underlying neural mechanisms of hallucinations. Our study investigates how changes in local functional communication dynamics may be associated with wide-ranging auditory disturbances in Sz.MethodsLocal functional connectivity was estimated using regional homogeneity (ReHo) analysis of resting fMRI data, which quantifies synchronization of fMRI activity of a voxel to its neighboring voxels. Resting fMRI data of 99 Sz patients was analyzed (mean age=36.2±13.3 y, sex=71/28 m/f); Auditory perceptual disturbance in the past week was estimated using the auditory perception state (APS) subscale score of the recently validated Auditory Perceptual Trait and State Scale (http://www.mdbrain.org/APTS.pdf). Voxelwise regression analysis of ReHo was performed including APS score as a regressor of interest. Significant results were thresholded using AFNI’s 3dClustSim with autocorrelation function option to yield corrected p<0.05, corresponding to cluster-size threshold of 49 voxels at voxelwise p=0.001.ResultsHigher APS scores were associated with reduced ReHo in clusters in left putamen, right putamen, left temporoparietal junction, and right hippocampus. In a follow-up analysis using these clusters as seeds in whole-brain resting-state functional connectivity analysis (rsFC) analysis, higher APS scores were significantly associated with reduced rsFC between the right putamen seed and clusters in the contralateral putamen and auditory cortex.DiscussionOur findings are consistent with those of a prior study that reported abnormal ReHo in left and right putamen of a unmedicated first-episode Sz patients (Cui et al. 2016). However, in that small sample (n=32), striatal ReHo was elevated relative to controls, and AH severity was not significantly correlated with striatal ReHo measures. Our study investigated ReHo in a large sample of chronic, medicated patients (all except 4 were taking antipsychotic medication at time of study). While it is widely accepted that striatal signaling is disrupted in Sz, future work is needed to better understand how striatal signaling deficits may change over the course of illness and how this relates to particular symptoms such as hallucinations. Implications for development of novel therapies that account for these nuanced findings will be discussed.

Profiling Italian cat and dog owners\u2019 perceptions of pet food quality traits

BackgroundOver recent years, pet owners have started to demonstrate increased sensitivity toward their companion animals, which includes an increase in the attention paid towards their nutrition, seen as a way of safeguarding their pets’ welfare. The aim of this study was to identify how pet food quality traits are perceived as being the most important by dog and cat owners. To this end, a survey of dog and cat owners was conducted by means of a questionnaire distributed in pet stores and trade fairs throughout Italy.ResultsA total of 935 surveys were collected; 61.8% of which were compiled by female pet owners. The respondents were relatively homogeneously distributed between cat (30.8%), dog (39.4%), and cat and dog (29.8%) owners. A quarter of the owners (25.5%) reported to have asked their veterinarian for advice on which pet food to buy, and almost a third (30.4%) trusted the advice posted on the web sites of well-known brands. “Contains natural ingredients” was the characteristic that obtained the highest mean score (4.3 out of 5).Elderly owners (> 65 years) placed most importance on whether a product had a high price, and least on feed appearance, animal satisfaction, and stool quality. Young owners (< 35y) paid most attention to the stool quality, the percentage of protein in the feed, and the presence of recyclable packaging, and least attention to feed appearance, smell, and animal satisfaction. Feed appearance, smell, a higher cost, and certain label indications (protein content, presence of fresh meat, grain free) were mostly important among the buyers of wet pet food. Some specific differences also emerged between dog, cat, and dog and cat owners.ConclusionsIn this survey of Italian pet food buyers, the presence of “natural” ingredients was considered to be the most important indicator of pet food quality, whereas characterized by a high price was considered least important. The data obtained from this survey could be used to help pet food companies identify which pet food quality traits are perceived as important by dog and cat owners.

Paid for looks when others are looking: CEO facial traits, compensation, and corporate visibility

Using both archival data and survey data in which participants rated the facial traits of S&P 500 CEOs, we find that CEOs perceived as more competent or attractive receive a higher salary but not higher non-salary pay, particularly for firms with higher corporate visibility (conceptualized as investor visibility, customer visibility, and media visibility). However, findings also show that the favorable perceptions of CEO facial traits do not predict firm performance. Further testing shows that externally (internally) hired CEOs are paid a salary premium for looking competent (attractive), suggesting that the salary-facial traits relation may depend on how much information is readily available about the CEO candidate’s ability when s/he is hired. Supplemental analyses provide evidence that the CEO salary-facial traits relation varies depending on CEO characteristics and firm board characteristics. Implications for the CEO labor market are discussed.

Autistic traits moderate relations between cardiac autonomic activity, interoceptive accuracy, and emotion processing in college students

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) plays a key role in maintaining physiological homeostasis, and research with neurotypical and autistic individuals has found relations between cardiac autonomic responses, as well as awareness of one's cardiac responses, and social and emotional processing. The current study examined relations between cardiac autonomic activity, heartbeat perception, emotion processing, and levels of autistic traits in a group of college students. Cardiac ANS at baseline and during an emotional picture task was measured, and a heartbeat perception task was used to assess interoceptive accuracy (IA). Questionnaires then assessed autistic traits, alexithymia (difficulties processing one's own emotions), and emotion recognition. Consistent with past work, greatest heart rate deceleration was seen in response to negative images. In the overall sample, no correlations were found between cardiac ANS, IA, autistic traits, and aspects of emotion processing, but when examining individuals high and low on autistic traits separately, distinct associations were found. Within the group of participants with elevated autistic traits, greater baseline respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) was predictive of lower levels of alexithymia and autistic traits, as well as higher IA, but these associations were not seen in participants low on autistic traits. These findings suggest that variability in autistic traits in a non-autistic sample can lead to differential relations between cardiac autonomic responses, awareness of one's cardiac responses, and emotion processing.

A Survey of Personality Trait Perceptions in Leadership Promotions in the Greek Armed Forces

Army personnel perceives character and personality traits as playing an important role in promoting high ranking officers to leaders. Whether the different categories of army personnel perceive the relative importance of such traits similarly is a question of significance for the morale, cohesiveness and efficiency of the armed forces. This paper addresses the documented scarcity of empirical research on such perceptions. The research literature on leadership traits was reviewed with emphasis on the armed and security forces. An online questionnaire was designed and 2702 responses of Greek armed and security forces personnel were collected, including 947 officers, 534 non-commissioned officers, 531 veterans, 81 security forces personnel, and 609 civil personnel. An 86.3% of respondents felt that leadership promotions failed to consider appropriate character and personality traits such as crisis management, integrity, perception, meritocracy, strategic proficiency, bluntness, and impartiality. Cooperation with the political leadership was considered unduly important. Cluster Analysis confirmed by Discriminant Analysis rendered four clusters: politically non-aligned; religious; authority-oriented conformist; and dissatisfied nonconformist. To maintain the morale and cohesiveness of military personnel, it was advised that the promotion to leaders of the armed and security forces be enriched with distilled elements of wisdom from the perceptions of all personnel clusters. Keywords: Leadership, armed forces, personality traits, Cluster Analysis DOI: 10.7176/JRDM/63-04 Publication date: March 31 st 2020

Insert a joke about lawyers: Evaluating preferences for the Dark Triad traits in six occupations

The current research examined how perceptions of the Dark Triad traits vary across occupations. Results from two studies (NTOTAL = 933) suggested that participants believe it is acceptable, if not advantageous, for lawyers and musicians to be high in the Dark Triad traits. Participants, likewise, indicated that teachers should be high in narcissism but low in Machiavellianism and psychopathy. Potentially, the performative aspects of narcissism are considered an asset for teachers, while Machiavellianism and psychopathy are considered a liability. The findings further indicated that, regardless of the occupation in question, people high in a specific Dark Triad trait believe others should also be high in that same trait. All results are considered in the context of the attraction-selection-attrition model.

Trait knowledge forms a common structure across social cognition

Researchers have noted the resemblance across core models of social cognition, in which trait inferences centre on others' intentions and abilities (for example, warmth, competence). Current views posit that this common 'trait space' originates from the adaptive utility of the dimensions, predicting a relatively fixed and universal architecture. In contrast, we hypothesize that perceivers learn conceptual knowledge of how traits correlate, which shapes trait inferences similarly across domains (for example, faces, person knowledge, stereotypes), from which a common trait space emerges. Here we show substantial overlap between the structures of perceivers' conceptual and social perceptual trait spaces, across perceptual domains (studies 1-4) and that conceptual associations directly shape trait space (study 5). Furthermore, we find evidence that conceptual trait space is learned from social perception and actual personality structure (studies 6 and 7). Our findings suggest conceptual trait associations serve as a cornerstone in social perception, providing broad implications for the study of social behaviour.

Cue masking and cultural signals: Testing context-specific preferences for bald(ing) leaders

Androgenic Alopecia affects the majority of aging men and consequently a substantial number of leaders. Yet, there is little research on how male pattern baldness (MPB) influences leader perceptions, and no research on context-specific leader preferences for bald men. Across three studies, we add to this sparse literature by investigating a) how baldness as a biological cue for age (i.e. MPB) affects various trait perceptions, as opposed to baldness as a cultural signal for dominance (i.e. a shaved head), and b) how this information influences contingent leader preferences across coordination problems. We hypothesized a preference for a dominant leader appearance (shaved head) during war vs. peace, and a preference for an older leader appearance (MPB) during exploitation vs. exploration. In Study 1, we find that men with MPB are indeed perceived as older and that head shaving attenuates this age cue while increasing perceived dominance. Studies 2 and 3 do not show increased leader preferences for men with MPB or men with shaved heads, in any context. Instead, both studies show a particular dislike for men with a shaved head when the coordination problem requires intergroup peacekeeping.

Журнал «1812 год» в контексте юбилейных мероприятий 1912 года

The author explores the perception of the characteristic traits of Russian people that was widespread among military intellectuals and their associates — publishers, authors and sub­scribers of the journal “1812” at the end of the 19th — the beginning of the 20th centuries. The same group of military historians, academics and popularizers initiated the foundation of the Museum of 1812 and the Borodino panorama, painted by F. A. Roubaud for the 100th anni­versary of the Patriotic War of 1812. On the one hand, publications in the journal reflected the prevailing worldview and the lexis used at that time. On the other hand, articles of the journal disseminated a set of values amongst the readership, having an equal or lower educa­tional, cultural and social status. The knowledge of the language of the journal and the speci­ficity of its semantics allows translating the meanings encoded in the articles and the Pano­rama into the language of the contemporary visitor. This article provides a textual analysis of twenty four issues of the journal. Comparative analysis of literary, popular science and in­formation texts and the biographies and activities of the authors, makes it possible to under­stand the intended meaning these “unobtrusive participants in discourse” ascribed to the words “character trait” or “character” of Russian people.

The phenomenon of bullying in the working en-vironment of nursing staff - surveys

Introduction. The nursing profession is characterised by many factors that are a source of stress and conflict. In many situations, aggression and violence is the way to react, and this can lead to what is often described as bullying. The aim of the study. Analysis of the phenomenon of bullying in the working environment of nursing staff. Materials and methods. The research was conducted using the survey method with the use of the author's questionnaire. The group of respondents consisted of 92 health care workers aged 22-59 years.Results. The phenomenon of bullying in the nursing environment is frequent (41%) and medium (38%). The signs of bullying include activities such as: unjustified criticism and ridicule (87%), gossip leading to slander (59%), commissioning tasks below qualification (58%), criticism (53%). Behaviour of this type was attributed to repeatability (73%), purposefulness (59%) and long duration (36%). Among the victims of mobbing, workers (67%) and coworkers (54%) were mentioned, with all witnesses of the phenomenon (58%) or only the employer (42%) being held re-sponsible for the aggressive actions occurring. The causes of the phenomenon were considered to be lack of skills in personnel management (79%), faulty work organisation (63%), antisocial behaviour of the superior (63%), insufficient implementation and compliance with antimobbing procedures (57%).Conclusions. The nursing community sees the problem of bully-ing as widespread, especially in groups with seniority in the profession up to 25 years. The most important causes of mobbing were lack of personnel management skills, poor work organisation and antisocial behaviour of the superior. Men more often stressed the unbalanced labour market and lack of employment stability. The place and length of service was also a factor differentiating the perception of the phenomenon. Persons with shorter professional experience attributed the signs of bullying to unjustified criticism and ridicule, when the criticism itself was important for opencare staff. The professional experience also changed the perception of the personality traits of the bully. With the extension of the length of service, the interviewed nursing staff attributed a low level of empathy to the bully when interviewed with up to 5 years of service, they emphasized a desire for constant control. Along with the increase in professional experience,the respondents emphasised the role of compliance with work regulations as the most effective method of prevention. The staffof the inpatient clinic more often paid attention to the care of transparency of the criteria of decisions made towards employees. Despite demonstrating general knowledge of the phenomenon of bullying, nurses expressed the need and readiness to participate in training courses on the subject.

Dynamic interactive theory as a domain-general account of social perception.

The perception of social categories, emotions, and personality traits from others' faces each have been studied extensively but in relative isolation. We synthesize emerging findings suggesting that, in each of these domains of social perception, both a variety of bottom-up facial features and top-down social cognitive processes play a part in driving initial perceptions. Among such top-down processes, social-conceptual knowledge in particular can have a fundamental structuring role in how we perceive others' faces. Extending the Dynamic Interactive framework (Freeman & Ambady, 2011), we outline a perspective whereby the perception of social categories, emotions, and traits from faces can all be conceived as emerging from an integrated system relying on domain-general cognitive properties. Such an account of social perception would envision perceptions to be a rapid, but gradual, process of negotiation between the variety of visual cues inherent to a person and the social cognitive knowledge an individual perceiver brings to the perceptual process. We describe growing evidence in support of this perspective as well as its theoretical implications for social psychology.

Orthognathic Surgery Has a Significant Positive Effect on Perceived Personality Traits and Perceived Emotional Facial Expressions in Subjects With Primary Mandibular Deficiency.

This study tested the hypothesis that a layperson's social perceptions of a dentofacial deformity (DFD) patient with primary mandibular deficiency (PMD) are more positive after bimaxillary orthognathic surgery.A survey was implemented comparing layperson's social perceptions of emotional expressions and personality traits before and >6 months after orthognathic surgery when viewing standardized facial photographs. The study sample comprised 20 patients selected randomly from a larger primary mandibular deficiency database, treated by 1 surgeon after orthognathic surgery. The outcome variable was change in 6 perceived emotional expressions and 6 personality traits studied. Descriptive and bivariate statistics were computed (P < .05).Five hundred respondents (raters) completed the survey. The respondents were 52% male with 44% aging from 25 to 34. After bimaxillary and chin orthognathic surgery, primary mandibular deficiency patients were perceived to be significantly more dominant, trustworthy, friendly, intelligent, attractive, and less threatening (P < .05). They were also perceived as happier and less angry, surprised, sad, afraid, or disgusted than before surgery (P < .05).Laypeople consistently report improved social traits in primary mandibular deficiency patient's perceived emotional expressions and perceived personality traits after bimaxillary and chin orthognathic surgery.

The Effect of Cleft Orthognathic and Nasal Reconstruction on Perceived Social Traits.

Background:The investigators hypothesized that a layperson’s social perceptions of an adolescent cleft lip and palate (CL/P) patient are more favorable after orthognathic surgery and definitive nasal reconstruction.Methods:The investigators implemented a survey comparing layperson’s perception of specific social traits before and >6 months after jaw and nasal reconstruction in CL/P adolescent subjects by viewing standardized facial photographs. The sample was composed of 10 consecutive subjects treated by 1 surgeon from birth through completion of their staged reconstruction. The outcome variable was changed in 6 perceived personality, 6 emotional expression traits, and 7 perceptions of likelihood of positive interpersonal experiences. Descriptive and bivariate statistics were computed (P < 0.05).Results:Five hundred respondents (raters) completed the survey. The respondents were 58% male with 53% age 25–34. After cleft reconstruction, study subjects were perceived to be significantly more dominant, trustworthy, friendly, intelligent, attractive, and less threatening (P < 0.05). They were also perceived as happier and less angry, surprised, sad, afraid, or disgusted than before surgery (P < 0.05). The subjects were also perceived to be more likely to have positive interpersonal experiences (P < 0.05).Conclusion:We confirmed that laypeople consistently report positive changes in adolescent CL/P subject’s perceived social traits after bimaxillary and chin orthognathic surgery followed by definitive nasal reconstruction.

Judgments of American male talkers who are perceived to sound gay or heterosexual: Certain social contexts don’t affect perception of personality traits

Researchers proposed that different social contexts influence how listeners perceive talkers’ emotional states (Bachorowski and Owren, 2002). Furthermore, it was discovered that, in the absence of any context (i.e., listeners were not informed of talkers’ sexual orientation), some personality traits (e.g., confident, mad, stuck-up, and outgoing) were associated with gay-sounding male talkers, while other personality traits (e.g., boring, old, and sad) were associated with heterosexual-sounding male talkers (Tracy, 2016). The first experiment examined whether a stronger association between these traits and voices might emerge if listeners were informed of the talkers’ sexual orientation (i.e., greater social context). After hearing a spoken utterance, listeners rated gay-sounding and heterosexual-sounding talkers along the previously mentioned personality traits. For the majority of traits, the results demonstrated that listeners’ personality judgments did not change if they were told or were not told the sexual orientation of the talker. The second experiment revealed that, in the absence of vocal information, participants do not associate these personality traits with these particular talkers. Thus, the data from the two studies align. If listeners have knowledge of a talker’s sexual orientation, they do not associate this knowledge with particular personality traits and, thus, their personality judgments of the voices would not be affected.