Self-perceived Image Research Articles

Nutritional and Psychosocial Intervention to Improve the Self-Concept of Body Image and Increase the Self-Esteem of Overweight and Obese Individuals: A Quasi-Experimental Study.

Negative habits persist in contemporary society that can sometimes result in overweight or the deterioration of body image. This study aimed to assess the suitability of a nutritional and psychosocial intervention as part of an interdisciplinary approach to improve the perception of body image and increase the self-esteem of individuals who are overweight or obese. A total of 55 participants (25 men and 30 women) were included in this quasi-experimental intervention study. Measurements were taken as part of an ambulatory treatment to obtain values for weight, self-esteem, and body image perception using the Rosenberg scale and the Body Self-Esteem scale. At the end of the intervention and after one year, the weight reductions reached an average of 13.4 kg, positive self-image perception improved from a mean of 88.73 at pretest to 148.02 at follow-up, and self-esteem improved from a mean of 22.6 to 32.6. These were all statistically significant changes (p < 0.001). The model is effective in terms of weight reduction, together with improved levels of self-esteem and favorable perceptions of body image.

Effect of Makeup Use on Depressive Symptoms: An Open, Randomized and Controlled Trial.

Depression is one of the most disabling diseases globally, with a high disease burden that generates high direct and indirect costs. The incidence of depression is twofold higher in adult women than in men. Biological and psychosocial factors constitute the pathophysiological bases of the condition and due to the complexity of the condition, current understanding is that the "treatment strategy must be multimodal". The objective of this study was to measure the effect of introducing the frequent use of makeup on improving depressive symptoms in adult women of medium-low purchasing power METHODS: Participants with the targeted profile who did not frequently use makeup were selected and randomised to receive (test group) or not (control group) stimuli and makeup products intended for encouraging the frequent use of makeup. The Zung Depression Self-Assessment Scale was used to assess depressive symptoms, with additional assessments on self-image perception using the mirror test and salivary cortisol level. The results demonstrated a sustained reduction in depressive symptoms (8.3 percentage points reduction in the Average Zung Index; P < 0.05), with a significant improvement in self-image perception (25% increase in the average score obtained in the mirror test; P < 0.05) and a specific influence on salivary cortisol levels (55% reduction in salivary cortisol concentration; P < 0.05) after the first makeup application. The results show that encouraging the frequent use of makeup, a practice that can be achieved by most people and which is simple and inexpensive to implement, can contribute to effective and sustainable improvement in the well-being and mental health of a significant portion of the population.

The relationship between major life events and non-suicidal self-injury among college students: the effect of rumination and body image.

Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) poses a growing risk to public health worldwide. While numerous studies have identified major life events as key risk factors for NSSI, the mechanisms by which emotional and cognitive problems mediate or moderate this relationship remain unclear. To enhance the understanding of this field, we will draw upon the cascade theory of self-injury and the benefits and barriers model, to examine the relationship between major life events and NSSI, as well as the effect of rumination and body image. A sample of 2,717 college students (Mage = 19.81 years; SD = 1.09) participated in this study and anonymously completed the questionnaires. The moderated mediation model were conducted using Model 4 and Model 15 of the Process macro program in SPSS. The results showed that rumination mediated the positive relationship between major life events and NSSI. Furthermore, body image was found to moderate both the relationship between major life events and NSSI, as well as the relationship between rumination and NSSI. The current findings suggest that rumination is an important mediator in the relationship between major life events and NSSI among college students. Teachers, parents, and researchers should recognize the important role of body image self-perceptions of college students and actively promote a healthy and accurate body image.

EPIDEMIOLOGIA DA ESCOLIOSE PEDIÁTRICA EM HOSPITAL TERCIÁRIO EM RECIFE-PE

ABSTRACT Objective: The present study aims to outline the epidemiological parameters of patients with scoliosis between the ages of 0 and 18 years old, who were evaluated at the Getúlio Vargas Hospital in Recife-PE. Methods: The participants completed a demographic questionnaire, followed by clinical evaluation, including Cobb angle measurement, clinical photographic registration and quality of life questionnaires. Results: The sample consisted of 103 patients, mostly females, with a mean age of 13.86 years, from the interior of the state, diagnosed with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis classified as Lenke 1. Neuromuscular and congenital scoliosis were less common. The quality-of-life questionnaire showed a significant difference in self-image perception among patients with idiopathic scoliosis, those who had a curve measuring under 50 degrees had better scores than those who had greater angles. Patients with larger curves scored lower on all questionnaire items, but there was no significant difference when compared to the other group. Conclusion: It was shown that the main epidemiological parameters in the pediatric population with scoliosis are girls, mean age 13 years, coming from the interior of the state being idiopathic scoliosis, the most common, classified as Lenke 1. Neuromuscular scoliosis was the main type of deformity following the idiopathic; cerebral palsy being the most common etiology. Level of evidence IV; Prognostic Studies Investigating the effect of a Patient characteristic on the outcome of Disease.

Depression, psychosocial factors, and laboratory routine testing in people living with HIV in Northeastern Mexico: prevalence, correlations, and its associations

Introduction: Depression is up to five times more prevalent in people living with HIV (PLWHIV). There are neurohormonal, virological and psychosocial factors involved and it is associated with antiretroviral treatment non-adherence, decreased life expectancy, faster progression to AIDS and premature death. Studies support that with lower CD4 levels, and the higher viral load (VL), depression increases. Objective: To establish whether there is a correlation and association between the VL and CD4 count with depression and its symptoms in PLWHIV. Method: Under follow-up in the Infectious Disease outpatient clinic a survey of sociodemographic variables, and a Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI) was applied to the study subjects, whose results were analyzed using Rho Spearman (rs) and Chi Squared test (X2) with VL and CD4 levels. Results: 137 individuals were included, from 18-73 years, which 97 (70.8%) were male assigned at birth. The prevalence of depression reported, was 25.5%. A positive correlation was found between VL and BDI score, and a negative correlation between BDI score and CD4. In addition, correlation was found between VL, and depressive symptoms such as guilt, discouragement and self-image perception. These symptoms were strongly associated with death wishes, previous suicide attempts, and treatment non-dherence. Conclusion: VL may have implication in depression and its symptoms in this population, so their control is extremely important to prevent depressive episodes and suicidal behavior and prolong treatment adherence.

Perception of women in relation to self-image and structural chauvinism in a reference service in Pernambuco

We sought to understand the implications of structural chauvinism in the perception of women's self-image. We opted for a cross-sectional, qualitative and exploratory cohort approach, with women aged 19 to 25 years in an outpatient clinic that is a reference in women's health care, from November 2022 to May 2023. Data were collected through semi-structured, audio-recorded interviews, and transcribed. Data analysis was guided by the content analysis technique performed by Bardin. The sample included 10 women, with an average age of 21.8 years and all declared themselves as black or brown. Of the ten participants, one is transsexual and nine are cisgender. The categories revealed, through the women's reports, that they recognize the existence of machismo, but with a distance from its crossings in their lives. There was also a lack of awareness about the relevance of self-image, and a closer look at this dimension of the female psyche. It is understood that there is a long way to go in understanding this phenomenon, as well as in health professionals' strategies for prevention and intervention in women's health care.

Analysis of self-esteem and self-image based on beauty standards

The individual's perception of body self-image influences their well-being, self-esteem, physical and mental health and quality of life. This study aimed to analyze self-esteem and self-image based on beauty standards, carried out through field research, with a descriptive nature and a quantitative-qualitative approach, with a sample of 128 participants, with four instruments used to collect data. data: sociodemographic questionnaire; Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale (1965) based on Hutz's (2000) adaptation for Brazil; a questionnaire built with eight questions about beauty standards and the silhouette scale Stunkard, Sorensen and Schlusinger (1983). Through the results obtained, it was found that most people follow pages on social networks about standards of beauty, aesthetics, body, considering body appearance as an indicator of beauty and having self-demand to comply with standards. Psychology can contribute to the knowledge and better relationship of this topic to mental health.

Food Restriction And Self-Image Perception In Ballet Dancers

Food Restriction And Self-Image Perception In Ballet Dancers

Physical Activity Level and Influence on Mood States, Anxiety and Self Image in University Students

The regular practice of physical activities in the life of university students becomes secondary, either due to high academic demands or abrupt changes in lifestyle. However, as this academic environment is competitive and demanding, it can in turn change mood levels, anxiety and perception of these students; in this sense the exercise can be a great ally in facing the adversities of the academic period. Thus, the present study sought to evaluate and compare the levels of mood, anxiety and perception of body self-image of 66 university students. The results showed that the level of physical activity influenced the Total Mood Disorder (TMD), with the most active groups having an improvement over time [(SA group (6.55±29.03%, p=0.046) and MA (9.48±28.94%, p=0.023)]. However, the anxiety and self-image of the students was not verified improvement. Thus, it can be understood that higher levels of habitual physical activity can help university students in their mood patterns, thus helping with an improvement in the academic environment.

Dyadic effects of interpersonal perception on the quality of couple relationships: Idealization and accuracy matter.

Interpersonal perceptions have an impact on the quality of couple relationships but we want to examine the putative moderating role of gender considering personal meanings as the target of perception. We employed the Couple's Grid to measure interpersonal perception based on personal constructs and the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model (pooled regression) to analyze the mutual effects of partners' observations. We explore the dyadic effects of seven variables of interpersonal perception on relationship quality in a sample of 26 Spanish opposite-sex couples. Idealization of the partner was associated with one's own and partner's relationship quality (actor and partner effects),while being accurate in the perception of the partner's self-image was positively related to men's relationship quality but negatively related to women's (actor effects). The findings stimulate the existing debate regarding the benefits of being accurate or biased in a relationship and the need to take into account gender differences for guiding therapeutic interventions.

Sex and Rural/Urban Centre Location as Determinants of Body Image Self-Perception in Preschoolers.

Body image and self-perception are highly related to psychological health and social well-being throughout the lifespan. Body image problems can lead to pathologies affecting the quality of life. Thus, it is essential to analyse perceived self-image from an early stage. This study aimed to assess body image and dissatisfaction in preschoolers, analyzing possible differences depending on sex (boy/girl) and school location (rural/urban). The sample consisted of 304 preschoolers from Extremadura (Spain) between three and six years of age. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to evaluate the differences in scores according to sex and centre location. The results showed significant differences in the body shape perception depending on the student's sex, with females showing higher scores in their Body Mass Index (BMI). However, females showed greater body dissatisfaction than their male counterparts, with greater disagreement between their perceived and desired figures. Actions and programmes to promote children's healthy body image need to be implemented with consideration for differences between the sexes.

Spanish Translation, Transcultural Adaptation, Validation and Clinical Applicability of Female Genital-Self Image Scale (FGSIS).

BackgroundAs female genital cosmetic surgeries have significantly increased, appropriate tools to evaluate self-esteem about women's own genitalia are necessary.Aimto translate, culturally adapt to Spanish women and to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Female Genital Self-Image Scale (FGSIS).MethodsFGSIS was forward and backward translated, culturally adapted into Spanish and its content evaluated through Delphi consensus. One item from the original scale was discarded after expert panel evaluation, developing the final Spanish scale (FGSIS-S) consisting of 6 items. Its psychometric properties were evaluated among 202 women attending gynecological consults through an online survey. The survey included socio-demographic data and FGSIS-S.Main Outcome MeasureSocio-demographic items, psychometric characteristics of the FGSIS-S (construct evaluation, internal consistency and test-retest reliability) were assessed.ResultsFGSIS-S proved to relate appropriately with the proposed construct (sum-content validity index 0.9, and significant inverse correlation with women concerned about their genital appearance or considering cosmetic surgery) with a 1-factor solution on exploratory factor analysis. The test proved good internal consistency (McDonald's omega 0.86) and test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation 0.86, P < .001). In 41.1% of cases, women referred concern about their genital's self-image and in 12.4% had considered undergoing cosmetic surgery.Clinical TranslationThe validated version of FGSIS-S can help both professionals and patients, and its implementation can be easily made in gynecological consults.Strengths and LimitationsThe main limitation is a self-selection bias in women attending gynecological consults, who may be more worried about their gynecological/sexual health. The sample is also a relatively homogeneous Caucasian population, with medium-high educational level, coming from gynecological consults. Strengths include the large sample size and the demographic survey that permitted evaluating the performance of FGSIS-S in the context of concern about genitals or consideration of cosmetic surgery.ConclusionFGSIS-S is an adequate scale to measure women's genital image self-perception in Spanish-speaking population of Spain.Bartolomé A, Villalaín C, Bermejo R, et al. Spanish Translation, Transcultural Adaptation, Validation and Clinical Applicability of Female Genital-Self Image Scale (FGSIS). Sex Med 2022;10:100558.

Mental Health Literacy and Positive Mental Health in Adolescents: A Correlational Study.

This study aimed to assess adolescents′ Mental Health Literacy (MHL) level, Positive Mental Health (PMH) level, the association between sociodemographic variables and the MHL and PMH levels, and the relationship between adolescent′s MHL and PMH levels. A quantitative, cross-sectional, correlational study was conducted with a convenience sample of 260 adolescents studying in the 5th to 12th years of school. The Mental Health Knowledge Questionnaire, the Mental Health-Promoting Knowledge, and the Positive Mental Health Questionnaire were used for data collection. Most of the adolescents were female (55.8%) with a mean age of 14.07 years. The participants showed good levels of MHL (MHKQ). The participants showed good levels of MHL (MHKQ = 60.03; MHPK-10 = 4.49) and high levels of PMH ( = 128.25). The adolescents with higher levels of MHL were the oldest, in a higher year of school, female, those whose mothers are employed, those who have healthy eating habits, and those who have a better body image self-perception. Adolescents in a lower year of school, with adequate sleep habits, who spend fewer hours a day in front of a screen or online, and who have a better self-perception of mental and physical health and body image were the ones with higher PMH levels. These findings suggest the need to implement experimental or quasi-experimental studies to ascertain the effectiveness of interventions that promote adolescents′ positive mental health literacy.

Spiritual Care pada Orang Dengan HIV/AIDS (ODHA) untuk Mencegah Persepsi Citra Diri Negatif

Introduction: Prevent the perception of negative self-image in people lived with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) and increase positive self-image. The method used is by providing education through the Telenursing method. The final result achieved in this community service is to prevent the perception of negative self-image in PLWHA. Objective: Implementation of spiritual care for PLWHA to prevent the perception of negative self-image. Method: This community service uses an educational method that is carried out by telenursing. Researchers used observation sheets as a pre-implementation evaluation in the form of a scale of knowledge, perceptions, beliefs, moral views, beliefs, and attitudes. Telenursing is the use of technology as a method of providing long-distance health services so that patients and nurses do not need to meet face-to-face. This community service research is divided into 4 stages. Namely Environmental surveys and targets, Preparation of facilities and infrastructure, Implementation of community service education, and Evaluation. This activity was attended by 10 respondents under the auspices of the association of HIV/AIDS prevention activities in Ciamis Regency. Result: The results of spiritual care for PLWHA to prevent the perception of negative self-image as a form of implementing community service for 10 PLHAs in the Ciamis district show that it does not provide significant results because there are other inhibiting factors such as support and negative community stigma in the community. people living with HIV. Conclussion: Spiritual care has a positive impact on various parties, especially people with HIV/AIDS. Improved self-image is not only created from internal factors but must also be supported by various parties. Community service activities held regarding spiritual care for people with HIV/AIDS to prevent the perception of a negative self-image received a good response from PLWHA.

Emotional experiences of elderly patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease using extended home oxygen therapy: A qualitative study on reports at a university specialized outpatient clinic in Brazil

IntroductionWhat do patients talk during a clinic evaluation? What do they report besides referring physical complaints? It is crucial to value ’hidden’ symbolic issues under a conversation between patient and his/her doctors and nurses. Elderly people are at increased risk of developing Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) that requires the management of associated emotions. In advanced stages, they need to use Long-term Home Oxygen Therapy (LTOT) as part of treatment. Patients perceive difficulties with its use, generating anguish.ObjectivesTo explore meanings of emotional experiences as reported by patients regarding LTOT, seen in a public university outpatient service.MethodsQualitative design. Semi-directed interviews with open-ended questions were carried out with seven elderly patients at Pulmonology Outpatient Clinic at General Hospital at University of Campinas, diagnosed with COPD and using LTOT in period 2019 to 2020. Data were analyzed using Content Analysis with the support of Webqda software. COREQ checklist was used.ResultsThree categories emerged from interviews: (1) Changes of self-image perception with great dissatisfaction in not recognizing their selves physically. (2) Sadness with social isolation and feelings of awkwardness regarding themselves. (3) Affective aspects bringing the need to re-mean old family supports.ConclusionsSimply listening to reports of emotional complaints implies only a description of a clinical condition of the psychic sphere. Elderly patients with COPD bring psychological representations of their clinical condition that call for a symbolic interpretation. If such patients become aware of hidden meanings, they can better manage their fears and other uncomfortable feelings.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

Current Trends in Skeletal Borderline Patients: Surgical versus Orthodontic Treatment Decisions—What Is the Evidence?

Background: The aim is to assess the current evidence-based knowledge about treatment decisions for skeletal malocclusion in adult borderline patients. Methods: A literature search was conducted through three databases. Inclusion criteria were restricted to systematic reviews, prospective, retrospective, and control studies. Only articles comparing orthodontic camouflage and orthognathic surgical treatment for Class II and Class III malocclusions in adult patients were selected to be reviewed. Results: Seven articles concerning Class II and nine concerning Class III met the inclusion criteria. Scientific evidence was poor due to low methodological quality. Conclusions: Surgical treatment was found to better improve skeletal and soft-tissue cephalometric values, whereas camouflage treatment mainly involved dentoalveolar movements. Aesthetic changes, as perceived by the patient, were not significantly different in the two groups. Recently improved surgical techniques, differing from those described in the analyzed articles, may provide similar or more stable outcomes compared with orthodontic-only treatment. Although some cephalometric variables can be helpful, the most important parameters for treatment selection are the patient’s presenting complaint and their self-image perception. Further studies with larger sample sizes and similar pretreatment conditions, and considering patient self-evaluation of esthetics and function, should be undertaken.

Disease-Specific Outcome Measures Evaluating the Health-Related Quality of Life of Children and Adolescents with Idiopathic Scoliosis and Scheuermann's Kyphosis: A Literature Review

Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) and Scheuermann's kyphosis (SK) are the most common types of spinal deformities in adolescents, and both have substantial ramifications on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) parameters. Various questionnaires have been developed to assess HRQoL in age-group populations with spinal deformity. Nevertheless, there remains a lack of consensus across the literature as to which instrument is the most suitable for evaluating the HRQoL of this cohort. Thus, this literature review was conducted to present disease-specific questionnaires for children and adolescents with AIS and SK to provide their psychometric characteristics (validity, reliability, and responsiveness) across different languages. A literature search was performed in the Medline (PubMed), Scopus, EMBASE, and Google Scholar databases. Studies that outlined the development and application of questionnaires evaluating HRQoL of children and adolescents with spinal deformity were included, and data on their validity and reliability in different translated languages were collected. A total of 10 disease-specific questionnaires were identified. Except for one questionnaire that was a proxy-reported measure, the other questionnaires were self-reported. We determined that selecting the proper questionnaire for clinical and research purposes requires careful consideration of various factors including the type of treatment intervention planned as well as various patient demographic factors. For children with early-onset scoliosis, the ideal questionnaire to evaluate their HRQoL is the Early-Onset Scoliosis Questionnaire-24. For adolescents with AIS and SK who are potential candidates for surgical intervention, the use of Scoliosis Research Society-22, Scoliosis Japanese-27, and Quality of Life Profile Spinal Deformity questionnaires is appropriate. For patients who are under nonsurgical treatment, the Brace Questionnaire and Italian Spine Youth Quality of Life questionnaires can be utilized. Nonetheless, when the specific intent of a study is to evaluate the self-image perception of patients, the use of drawing-based questionnaires may be the optimal choice.

Subjective perception of spinal deformity after selective versus non-selective fusion of Lenke 1C curves

PurposeTo assess the self-image perception and the Quality-of-Life (QoL) in female adolescents, with Lenke 1C scoliosis curves, treated with selective versus non-selective posterior spinal instrumentation and fusion (PSF).MethodsPatients undergoing PSF for idiopathic adolescent scoliosis (AIS) were recruited and divided into two groups: patients managed with selective thoracic fusion (STF) were included in Group A, whereas patients treated with non-selective fusion (N-STF) in Group B. Each patient completed the Italian version of the Scoliosis Research Society-22R questionnaire (SRS-22R), the Quality-of-Life Profile for Spinal Deformities questionnaire (QLPSD) and the Spinal Appearance Questionnaire (SAQ), before surgery and at 24-month follow-up.ResultsOne hundred and fifty seven female patients (mean age 16.38) were included in this study. 80 patients underwent STF, while 77 patients received N-STF. At 24-month follow-up, patients managed with N-STF showed better SRS-22R self-image mean score (p = .012), SRS-22R satisfaction mean score (p = .033), QLPSD body image mean score (p = .005), but worse SRS-22 function mean score (p = .006) and QLPSD back flexibility mean score (p = .007), compared with patients who underwent STF. In terms of self-image perception, patients undergoing STF showed significantly worse SAQ total mean score (p = .002), SAQ appearance mean score (p = .001) and SAQ expectation (p = .001). We found a significant correlation between SAQ appearance mean score and SRS-22R self-image (R = − 0.721), SRS-22 mental health (R = − 0.8), QLPSD psychosocial functioning (R = 0.7) and QLPSD back flexibility (R = 0.8).ConclusionAlthough the STF of Lenke 1C curves provides better functional outcomes, in the present study, female patients receiving STF revealed a worse perceived body image, compared with patients treated with N-STF, at 24-month follow-up. Particular attention should be addressed to the preoperative patient’s mental health and body image perception, when choosing between STF and N-STF.

Perception of genital self-image, sexual quality of life and marital adjustment in infertile women

This study was conducted to determine the perception of genital self-image, sexual quality of life and marital adjustment in infertile women. The sample of this descriptive study consisted of 135 infertile women who applied to a university hospital in a provincial center in the east of Turkey between November 2020-January 2021. Data were collected using Personal Information Form, Female Genital Self-Image Scale (FGSIS),Marital Adjustment Test (MAT) and Sexual Quality of Life Questionnaire-Female (SQoL-F). Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics, independent-samples t-test, one-way analysis of variance(ANOVA), Kruskal-Wallis test, Tamhane’s T2 test, and Pearson’s correlation analysis. FGSIS, SQoL-F, and MAT were found at moderate levels in the women who participated in the study (17.99 ± 4.87, 65.58 ± 26.77, 37.77 ± 14.16, respectively). There was a moderate positive correlation between the total scores of FGSIS and SQoL-F, and a moderate and weak positive correlation between FGSIS and MAT and its sub-dimensions (p < 0.01).A moderate and weak positive correlation was found between SQoL-F and MAT and its sub-dimensions(p < 0.01).An increase in a positive genital self-image was associated with an increase in sexual life quality, marital adjustment, and agreement and positive relationship with the spouse. In addition, an increase in sexual quality of life was also associated with an increase in marital adjustment and agreement and positive relationship with the spouse. The vice versa could also be valid.

Prevalencia y factores asociados al consumo de suplementos nutricionales en asistentes a gimnasios de la Ciudad de México

Introducción: En México ha aumentado la proporción de personas que realizan ejercicio y de quienes consumen suplementos nutricionales (SN), lo cual podría implicar mayor riesgo de consecuencias no deseables para la salud, debido a que su uso no está regulado. Estudios previos han reportado la relación del uso de SN con características sociodemográficas y la experiencia u objetivos de entrenamiento de asistentes a gimnasios, pero no con indicadores de la autopercepción de la imagen corporal. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal con una muestra de 1.135 de adultos mexicanos de 18 a 40 años. Se indagó sobre hábitos de entrenamiento, de alimentación y de suplementación. Mediante modelos de regresión de Poisson se analizó la relación de características sociodemográficas, de entrenamiento y autopercepción de la imagen corporal con el uso de SN. Resultados: 58,0% de los participantes fueron hombres y 42,0% fueron mujeres, 46,2% habían consumido algún SN y 35,4% lo consumía durante el estudio. Los SN más consumidos fueron bebidas deportivas (28,7%) y proteína (23,6%). El consumo de SN fue mayor en hombres, participantes de mayor edad, con más tiempo entrenando y con deterioro funcional por dismorfia muscular. Los nutricionistas fueron la tercera fuente que recomendó SN, después de entrenadores y amigos. Conclusiones: Casi la mitad de los asistentes a gimnasios han consumido algún SN. Existen grupos que tienen mayor probabilidad de consumir SN, lo que puede requerir mayor indagación respecto a las razones que explican esto.