Perceptions Of Parental Behavior Research Articles

Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea and its psychological correlates: a controlled comparison

Objective: The goal of the study was to examine differences between adolescents and young women with functional hypothalamic amenorrhea (FHA) and control groups in personality traits, eating attitudes and behaviours, and perception of parental behaviour.Background: The FHA is stress-induced anovulation, both related to metabolic challenges, such as excessive exercise and malnutrition, and psychogenic challenges, such as perfectionism and poor coping strategies.Methods: Three groups of adolescents and young women participated in the study: the FHA group (N = 25), the organic anovulation group (N = 21) and the eumenorrheic group with regular menstrual cycle (N = 20). Questionnaires on multidimensional perfectionism, self-control methods, eating attitudes and behaviours and perception of parental behaviour were administered. A clinical interview (SCID) was conducted with each participant.Results: The FHA group had higher levels of perfectionism traits, i.e. higher levels of concerns over mistakes and personal standards, compared to control groups. The FHA group did not engage in disordered eating behaviours more often in comparison with control groups, but reported more prevalent history of anorexia nervosa. The FHA group did not differ from controls in perception of parental rejection, emotional warmth or overprotection.Conclusion: The findings suggest that FHA can be characterised by the subtle psychological differences in personality traits, so the patients need to be diagnosed carefully.

Links between relational aggression, parenting and personality among adolescents

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to examine the mediating role of behavioral inhibition system, referring to the inhibition of behavior, and behavioral activation system (BAS), related to impulsivity, in the association between perceived parenting behaviors and relational aggression. It simultaneously investigated the moderating effects of callous-unemotional (CU) traits in this association in a sample of 261 (127 girls) Greek junior high school students who completed a self-report questionnaire. Results of the mediation analyses revealed that BAS was a partial mediator in the relationship between low parental psychological autonomy and relational aggression, as well as between low parental behavioral control and relational aggression. The effect of low parental psychological autonomy on relationally aggressive behavior was also significantly stronger when CU traits were present (moderator). The results emphasize that both individual and interpersonal factors should be taken into consideration when studying relational aggression.

The Effects of Parenting Behaviors on Dispositional Gratitude of Adolescents

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between perceived parenting behaviors and dispositional gratitude of adolescent children in Korea. Participants consisted of 403 high school students from the Seoul and Gyeonggi areas. Dispositional gratitude of adolescents and parenting behaviors (including respect, lessons, attention, and lack of trust) were reported by adolescents. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson’s correlations, and multiple regression analyses. The results were as follows. First, the average levels of parental lack of trust and maternal attention were different as a function of gender. Second, girls showed higher levels of dispositional gratitude than boys. Third, greater parental respect, lessons, and attention were linked to higher levels of dispositional gratitude of adolescent children; whereas lack of trust was linked to lower levels of dispositional gratitude. Fourth, paternal lessons was the most meaningful factor in explaining the level of dispositional gratitude in boys while maternal attention was the most meaningful factor in girls. These results suggest that parents play an important role in the development of dispositional gratitude in adolescents. Differential parental roles were discussed to promote the level of dispositional gratitude for adolescents. Keywords: adolescent, parenting behaviors, dispositional gratitude

Parental rearing practices from the perspective of adolescents

This paper discusses the phenomenon of parenting in families with adolescents. Special emphasis is placed on the exploration of the concept of parenting rearing practices through the dimensions of parental emotional warmth, control and monitoring. Based on that, starting from the standpoint about the importance of child's perception of parental behaviour, this paper presents the results of the research aimed at examining adolescents' view of parental rearing practices. The instrument used in the research consisted of three subscales (emotional warmth, monitoring, control), as well as the questions about socio-demographic variables. The sample included 154 second grade students of secondary school, i.e. adolescents. The findings have shown that adolescents perceived parental warmth as the most present and parental monitoring and control as less present parental rearing practice. Mother's parental rearing practices were perceived as significantly more present compared to those of the father. Also, it was found that the gender of respondents is a significant variable in the perception of parental rearing practices, while family characteristics (family social status, family structure, parent's educational level and the number of children in the family) have not been proved as statistically significant variables. The concluding part emphasizes the need for further research of the factors that determine father's role in the family with adolescents, and the need to develop parent's awareness of the benefits related to adolescent's self-disclosure in the process of parental monitoring.

Emerging Adults with Type 1 Diabetes during the First Year Post-High School: Perceptions of Parental Behaviors.

Among 182 emerging adults with type 1 diabetes (93% White and 57% female), changes during the year post-high school were examined in perceptions of diabetes-specific conflict with parents, parent-youth shared responsibility, parental tangible aid, and parental autonomy support, as well as the moderating effects of living situation, gender, years with diabetes, and glycemic control. A linear mixed effects model, controlling for baseline values, tested the changes in and relationships among these variables over time. Changes over time in parent-youth conflict were moderated by living independently of parents; autonomy support and shared responsibility were moderated by years with diabetes; and tangible aid was moderated by glycemic control. Future longitudinal research needs to examine whether changes in parental behaviors lead to positive or negative diabetes outcomes among these emerging adults with diabetes.

A Study of Influence of Gender differences of the Children of Working & Non-Working Mothers in Perception of Parental Behaviour

An attempt has been made to investigate the influence of gender differences of the children of the working and non-working mothers in perception of parental behaviour. The sample consisted of 180 boys and girls studying in the institutions of Dehradun District, Uttarakand. The perception of parental behaviour(mother's behaviour) was assesses with the help of PCRQ developed by Dr. R.A. Sing (1981). The data were analysed by Mean, S.D. and 't' ratio. The results indicate that parental behaviour (mother's behaviour) changes with respect to gender. It was found that influence of gender difference of the children of working and non-working mothers different. However, significant difference was observed in non-working mothers behaviour on dominating, rejecting and disciplining variables for boys and girls. It was also found that girls perceived their working and non-working mothers more loving than boys. I. Introduction The most characteristic feature of all close relationship is interdependence , an interpersonal association in which two people consistently and reciprocally influence one anothers lives and focus their thoughts and emotions on one another. And all these close interdependent relationship begin in the family. Family is one of the basic social institutions plays a pivotal role in shaping the personality structure of an individual. A person is socialized in the family. Therefore, naturally plays a significant role in determining the behaviour pattern which child will exhibit. Researches show that home and child rearing practices influence the personality development of the child (Hurlock, 1959 ; Mccord et al. 1992 ; Schaefer, 1969 and Desousa, 1970). Child rearing practices are influenced by culture of the community and hence these vary from culture to culture. An individual is obviously both a biological and social fact . Biological predispositions interact with the impact of social experiences which in turn shape the psychological make up of the person. The amount of interaction between parent and young child does not consistently depend upon the gender of the child. The kind of family in which children are grown up and its effect on their development can be determined by the kind of relationship child has with his mother Because a women plays an important role in family. The role of female in the society has been remarkably changed after the technical and cultural changes in the society. Two earner families are now very much prevalent due to increase in the number of employed mother (Hayghe, 1982) .It is the result of employment of both husband and wife that family roles of men and women are also changing (Pleck, 1985). It is therefore reasonable to expect that home environment in dual and single earner families will differ. Working women feel satisfied by doing work but face special challenges as she try to balance work and family responsibilities. Non-working mothers stay at home for most of the time and interfere with the life of their children. This might be cause of family conflict. Owing to competitiveness in academics children need the presence and help of their parents. Maternal employment can have both kinda of effects, positive or negative on the family environment. In view of the above, the present study has been undertaken to find out the influence of gender differences of the children of working and non- working women in perception of parental behaviour. Parental behaviour changes to according to conditions of working and non- working situations of mother. According to the official documents released to mark the SAARC that discriminative practices are adopted for female gender in India. Culture of the community and attitude towards gender influences parental behaviour and there by the development of the child. Moreover, how children of working and non-working women perceive their parental behaviour is more important, accurate and trustworthy than parents perceive about with their children. Justification of study Present study has more behavioural importance. The study will be useful to develop the personality pattern of of the individual. Leosa and Brophy (1972) reported that girls perceived their mothers to more affectionate and more accepting. Two earner families are now very much prevalent due to increase in the

Perceptions of parental behavior with regard to parents’ gender and respondents’ age and gender

The findings of the research into the perceived parental behavior provide contrasting data as to the existence and the nature of differences in the perception of parental behavior based on parents? gender and respondents? gender. The purpose of the present study is to examine the differences in the perceived parental behavior in adolescents with regard to parents? gender and respondents? age and gender. The study included 466 respondents (262 girls and 204 boys), in middle to late adolescence, divided into four sub-groups according to their age. The respondents were asked to fill in the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) questionnaire which measures the care and overprotection in mothers and fathers respectively. The obtained findings show the existence of significant difference based on the parents? gender for both subscales: both maternal care and maternal overprotection were estimated as higher. Observing the differences by respondents? gender on the whole sample, only one significant difference is found: paternal overprotection was estimated as higher by girls. The differences by age as observed within gender groups are completely disparate for girl and boy groups. The best insight into the differences is obtained through analysis by gender, for groups relatively homogenous in terms of their age (for the first three groups the only significant difference appears in the paternal overprotection subscale; the difference disappears in the subgroup of the oldest respondents?, while the differences between the perception of maternal and paternal care are of significance here). One particularly important finding for future research into rearing behavior is the fact that the perception of parental behavior changes over the period of adolescence differently for boys and girls; therefore, the analysis including perceived parental behavior should be performed for subgroups by gender, which are as homogenous as possible in terms of their age.

Perceived History of Anaphylaxis and Parental Overprotection, Autonomy, Anxiety, and Depression in Food Allergic Young Adults

This study examined autonomy, anxiety, depression, and perceptions of parental behavior in 86 food allergic young adults and 344 healthy young adults between the ages of 18 and 22. Participants completed an online survey measuring self-reported autonomy, anxiety, depression, and perceptions of parental behavior. Results indicated that, as a group, food allergic young adults did not differ from healthy peers. However, food allergic young adults who reported having experienced an anaphylactic reaction described their disease as more severe, reported more worry about their disease, and rated their parents as more overprotective than food allergic young adults who reported never having experienced anaphylaxis. The experience of anaphylaxis may be a reliable indicator of food allergic individuals who are at risk for psychological distress.

Parenting and Adolescent Self-Esteem in Latino Intact Families, Stepfather Families, and Single-Mother Families

This study examined the relationships between perceived parenting behaviors (i.e., support, monitoring, punitiveness, and psychological control) and youth self-esteem in Latinos from three different types of family structures. S elf-report data were collected from 807 Latino youth from three high schools in Los Angeles. Correlations, multiple regressions, and dominance analyses were used, and separate analyses were conducted for both the mothers' and fathers' behaviors across the three family forms (i.e., intact, single-mother families, and stepfather families). Three primary findings emerged. First, parental psychological control and support contributed more to Latino youth self-esteem than monitoring and punitiveness in all three family forms. Next, the perceived parenting behaviors accounted for more variance in self-esteem in the intact families than the single-mother or stepfather families. And third, the parenting behaviors by the stepfather accounted for the least amount of variance in self-esteem. Finally, implications for future research and programmatic efforts are presented.

Perceived parenting behaviors may predict young adolescents’ body fatness

The prevalence of overweight among children and adolescents has been increasing. Not only individual but also environmental factors are important in the etiology of overweight or obesity. Of the environmental factors, parents have been considered to be the greatest influence on a child's dietary behavior and body weight status. Parenting styles and their relevant dimensions have long been found to be associated with adolescents’ developmental outcomes, but little is known about associations between perceived parenting behaviors and adolescents’ body fatness. The present study examined adolescents’ perceptions of parenting behaviors and measures of body fatness. The randomly selected study sample consisted of 106 13–15 year olds from Houston MSA. Parenting style variables were created statistically including by cluster analysis and factor analysis. Indicators of body fatness included body weight, waist circumference, skinfold thickness and body mass index (BMI). A two-cluster solution for both maternal and paternal parenting style represented authoritative versus non-authoritative parenting. Two parenting factors derived were maternal/paternal nurturing and control. Maternal authoritative parenting style was associated with having adolescents who are less fat. Maternal control was positively associated with adolescents’ body weight, waist, subscapular skinfold, BMI and the tendency to be overweight. Maternal nurturing was related to BMI in the “normal” category. None of paternal parenting styles or dimensions appeared to be significantly related to adolescents’ body fatness.

Parenting Behaviors, Association with Deviant Peers, and Delinquency in African American Adolescents: A Mediated-Moderation Model

The aim of the present study was to examine a model positing that association with deviant peers mediates the relation between adolescent perceived parenting behaviors (maternal monitoring and involvement), the interaction of these parenting behaviors, and delinquency in a sample of 135 urban African American adolescents (13–19 years of age). Regression analyses revealed a monitoring by involvement interaction among African American females, suggesting that maternal monitoring may effectively reduce delinquency among African American female adolescents, and that this reduction may be enhanced by increased maternal involvement. Among African American males, only the relation between association with deviant peers and delinquency was supported, suggesting that maternal parenting behaviors may, in isolation, be insufficient in the prevention of delinquent behaviors in African American male adolescents. The results suggest that the pathways from parenting to association with deviant peers and delinquency may differ in males and females, and the salience of certain parenting behaviors may differ across gender.

Mexican Adolescents' Perceptions of Parental Behaviors and Authority as Predictors of Their Self-Esteem and Sense of Familism

The influences of adolescents' perceptions of parental behaviors and authority on the development of their self-esteem and sense of familism were examined among 534 youth living in Mexico. Results of hierarchical regression analyses suggest that boys' perceptions of their mothers and fathers were similar in relation to their development of self-esteem and familism. Males tended to have higher self-esteem when they perceived their parents as monitoring their behavior, granting behavioral autonomy, and having the right to exercise influence over them. For boys' sense of familism, parental influences tended to be less direct, with maternal and paternal education serving as negative predictors, while perceptions that mothers and fathers served as legitimate sources of guidance and advice were positive predictors of familism. For girls, significant predictors of familism and self-esteem varied in relation to mothers and fathers. Girls experienced higher levels of self-esteem when they perceived their mothers and fathers as facilitating connection, monitoring their behaviors, and as having the right to influence their behaviors and feelings. In addition, girls' perceptions of their fathers' expert authority also functioned as a significant predictor of their self-esteem. Mexican girls who perceived their mothers and fathers as having legitimate authority and as facilitating connection reported higher levels of familism. Additionally, age of adolescent, maternal education, and paternal education were significant predictors of familism for both boys and girls.

Adolescent Perceptions of Their Family System, Parents' Behavior, Self-Esteem, and Family Life Satisfaction in Relation to Their Substance Use

ABSTRACT A path model was utilized to determine the relationship of demographic, family system, adolescent perceptions of parental behavior, and youth characteristics to adolescent substance abuse. Self-report questionnaire data were collected from 214 high school students at two high schools in a southwestern state. Results showed direct positive relationships of adolescent reports of parental substance use and adolescent reports of parental support with adolescent reports of substance use. Indirect relationships were found for school, gender of the adolescent, family hardiness, family coherence and parental substance use to perceived parental support to adolescent substance use. Implications are presented for prevention and intervention at multiple levels of the family system in relation to adolescent substance use.

Parents' and Children's Perceptions of Parental Behavior: Associations with Children's Psychosocial Adjustment in the Classroom

Objective. We examined correspondence in parents' and children's perceptions of parenting and associations between these perceptions and children's social adjustment in the classroom. Design. The sample included 214 children (M age = 9) from third to fifth grades and their parents. Children and parents reported on parenting behavior. Results. Parents' self-reports and children's reports about parents showed systematic differences, with parents perceiving themselves as more supportive than children perceived them to be. Direction of discrepancy between child and parent reports appeared to be more important than size of discrepancy in predicting child outcomes. Hierarchical regression analyses showed that parents' self-perceptions of parenting and children's perceptions of parenting were predictive of different measures of child psychosocial adjustment. Conclusions. The results of this study support the assumption that parents' self-perceptions and children's perceptions of parenting provide unique views of the family and unique relations to children's psychosocial adjustment.

Adolescents’ Perceptions of Parental Behaviors as Predictors of Adolescent Self–Esteem in Mainland China

Parents’ child–rearing behaviors have been identified as major sources of influence on the self–esteem of adolescents from Western societies and Chinese adolescents in Hong Kong. The pattern of relationships found in samples of Hong Kong adolescents has been similar to the pattern found among samples of U.S. adolescents, but contrary to what might be expected in collectivistic societies such as mainland China. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to test specific dimensions of parenting behaviors as possible predictors of adolescents’ self–esteem in mainland China. Self–report data were acquired for this study from 480 adolescents who attended secondary schools located in Beijing. Results indicated that patterns of socialization between parents and adolescents in mainland China were similar to those found in the United States, although explanations for these results may differ from those characteristic of the United States and other Western societies. Reasoning, monitoring, and autonomy–granting behavior by Chinese parents were positive predictors, whereas punitiveness was a negative predictor of Chinese adolescents’ self–esteem (both males and females). Contrasting with patterns commonly found in the United States was the finding that parental support was not a predictor of Chinese adolescents’ self–esteem.

Procrastination, generalized or specific, in college students and their parents

Fifty-two Israeli university students (81% women) reported their current academic and life routine procrastination. Their parents reported on their own academic procrastination when they were in school, and their own current life routine procrastination. Both students and parents reported on the parents' involvement in academic and life routine tasks when the students were younger. Findings confirm that avoidant procrastination is a generalized behavioral disposition to postpone doing things across academic assignments and non-academic life routines, and are consistent with an appraisal-anxiety-avoidance model of procrastination. Parents were more involved in regulating their children's behavior at home than at school. Mothers were more involved than fathers and their involvement was associated with their adult children procrastinating less in life routines. The absence of any relationship between parental involvement scores reported by parents and their adult children raises serious questions about research studies that assume equivalence of children's perceptions of parental behavior and the behavior in question.

The Relationship between Australian Students' Perceptions of Parental Behavior, School Policies, and Sun Protection Behaviors

Abstract A large sample of students (N = 3,655) in grades seven, nine, and 11 from a cross-sectional sample of 55 Queensland (Australia) schools were surveyed in 1991 about their knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors in relation to protection from the sun. Students' self-reported sun protective behaviors on schooldays and Saturdays were compared to student reported sun protective behaviors of both their parents (or equivalent parent figure) for each grade level. Results from a logistic regression analysis indicated significant associations between student reports of their sun protective behavior (hat use and sunscreen use) and grade level, gender, day of the week, and mother's sun protective behavior. The relation between student reports of parental behavior, school environment, and student sun protective behavior is discussed. Support for this work was provided by the Cancer Prevention Research Program of the Queensland Health Department to the Cancer Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, and is...

Visible but unreported: A case for the “not serious enough” cases of child maltreatment

This study examined the psychosocial characteristics of cases of child maltreatment labelled as “not serious enough.” The sample consisted of cases of suspected physical abuse ( N = 48), neglect ( N = 13), and psychological maltreatment ( N = 8) identified by teachers, and a nonabused comparison group ( N = 283). Characteristics of children and their parents were evaluated at three ecological levels: individual, family, and social. Results indicated a poor personal and social adjustment of the children in the maltreatment groups, and suggest that the definition of cases of maltreatment as not serious enough does not represent the psychological reality of these children. Discriminant analysis indicated that the most important variables for discriminating between all maltreatment groups and the nonabuse group were parents and children's perceptions of parental behavior, children's behavioral problems and personal adjustment, parents integration and satisfaction in the community, and the importance and direction of personal growth emphasized in the family. The importance of other variables such as socioeconomic status, stress, psychological symptoms or number of children appeared to be a function of the different types of child maltreatment. The importance of prevention and intervention efforts before the maltreatment reaches a serious stage is discussed.

A Cross-Validation of the Parent Perception Inventory

The Parent Perception Inventory (PPI; Hazzard & Christensen, no date; Hazzard, Christensen, & Margolin, 1983) was developed as a measure of children's perceptions of parental behavior, particularly for use in behavioral family treatment outcome studies. In the present cross-validation study, the PPI was administered to children in 12 physically abusive families, 15 child problem behavior families (clinic-referred for child behavior problems) and 16 nondistressed families. All of these families were single parent, mother-headed, and impoverished. Data were gathered in the families' homes. Data from the present sample were compared with data from the original sample of Hazzard et al. (1983). Children from nondistressed families in the present study viewed their mothers' behavior more negatively than those in Hazard et al.'s original sample. It seems that how children perceive their mothers may be affected by the extent of the mother's child-rearing burden and by the general disadvantage of the family, e.g., low socioeconomic status. Small but significant correlations between child report of parent behavior on the PPI and parent report of child behavior offer some convergent validity for the instrument.

Identity development and perceived parental behavior as sources of adolescent egocentrism

Adolescent egocentrism involves heightened self-consciousness and feelings of uniqueness (O. Elkind [1967], “Egocentrism in Adolescence,” Child Development, Vol. 38, pp. 1025–1034). Some studies have found that adolescent egocentrism is associated with identity development, and other studies have found that egocentrism is associated with perceptions of parental behavior. The purposes of this investigation were to simultaneously examine the associations between these variables (1) to determine whether identity development and perceived parental behavior display separate or overlapping associations with adolescent egocentrism, and (2) to clarify the directions of the relationships between these variables. Four hundred eighteen subjects from 12 to 21 years of age completed established measures of identity development, perceived parental behavior, and egocentrism. Identity development was more strongly and consistently related to egocentrism (egocentric adolescents tended to be identity achieved or to be experiencing an identity crisis), whereas perceived parental behavior accounted for little additional variance. The results also clarify differences between the two primary measures of adolescent egocentrism (the Adolescent Egocentrism Scale and Imaginary Audience Scale).