Light Perception Research Articles

Far-red light perception by the shoot influences root growth and development in cereal-legume crop mixtures

Abstract Background and aims Above- and below-ground signals for and responses to competition in mixed-species stands have mostly been studied separately. This leaves unclear if aboveground signals specific to mixed stands have consequences for how plants respond and compete belowground. This study investigated the effect of an aboveground signal, the ratio of red to far-red light (R/FR), on plant biomass allocation and root architecture and morphology when plants grow with different species. Methods A greenhouse experiment with a mixture of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and faba bean (Vicia faba) and their respective mono stands was carried out in deep pots (22.6 L, 72 cm in depth) for 52 days of growth. Light-emitting diode (LED) lights were used to enrich FR levels (i.e., reduce the R/FR) of the light environment. Results Exposure of the shoots to FR-enriched light predominantly affected adventitious roots, with species-specific effects. Especially in species mixtures, increased FR caused wheat to produce more adventitious roots per tiller, while adventitious root mass of faba bean decreased. The influence of FR on rooting depth (D75, i.e. depth of 75% of root biomass) was species specific, with higher FR levels causing a reduction in D75 in wheat, but a greater D75 in faba bean. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate the plasticity of adventitious roots; they are highly responsive to the R/FR level to which the shoot is exposed and to whether neighboring plants are of the same or a different species. This highlights the complexity of plants' responses to environmental cues and how they modify interspecific interactions.

Pre-term Familial Exudative Vitreoretinopathy: A Novel Nonsense LRP5 Mutation.

This case report details the diagnosis and management of a pre-term infant with aggressive bilateral retinal pathology. A 4-week-old preterm baby girl, born at 28 weeks and 6 days to consanguineous parents, was referred for suspected aggressive posterior retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). She had a family history of bilateral retinal detachments and intellectual disability in an older sister. Clinical assessment included retinal examination, fluorescein angiography, optical coherence tomography, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), and genetic testing. The genetic testing involved sequence analysis and copy number variation analysis of 25 genes related to vitreoretinopathy. Retinal examination and fluorescein angiography revealed extensive non-perfusion and telangiectatic vessels in both eyes, and a macula-involving tractional retinal detachment in the left eye. Despite treatment with intravitreal bevacizumab and laser photocoagulation, they progressed to total retinal detachment and no light perception in both eyes. Genetic testing revealed a pathogenic homozygous nonsense mutation in the LRP5 gene (c.3259C>T, p.(Gln1087*)), a mutation not previously reported in association with familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR). At 10 months of age, DEXA demonstrated normal bone density, diverging from the typical presentation of osteoporosis pseudoglioma syndrome associated with LRP5 mutations. This case describes a novel mutation in a complex retinal disease and underscores the necessity of considering pre-term FEVR in the differential diagnosis of atypical or aggressive ROP in preterm infants. The overlap in clinical features between ROP and FEVR highlights the complexity of diagnosis and management and the importance of genetic testing in preterm infants with retinal vascular abnormalities.

Molecular dialogue between light and temperature signaling in plants: From perception to thermotolerance.

Light and temperature are the two most variable environmental signals, which significantly regulate plant growth and development. Plants in the natural environment usually encounter warmer temperatures during the day and cooler temperatures at night, suggesting both light and temperature are closely linked signals. Due to global warming, it has become important to understand how light and temperature signaling pathways converge, and regulate plant development. This review outlines diverse mechanisms of light and temperature perception and downstream signaling, with an emphasis on their integration and interconnection. The recent research has highlighted the regulation of thermomorphogenesis by photoreceptors and their downstream light signaling proteins under different light conditions, and circadian clock components at warm temperatures. We have made an attempt to comprehensively describe these studies and demonstrate their connection with plant developmental responses. We have also explained how gene signaling pathways of light and thermomorphogenesis, are interconnected with HSR-mediated thermotolerance, which reveals new avenues to manipulate plants for climate resilience. In addition, the role of sugars as signaling molecules between light and temperature is also highlighted. Thus, we envisage that such detailed knowledge will enhance the understanding of how plants perceive light and temperature cues simultaneously and bring about responses that help in their adaptation.

Infrared and Harsh Light Visible Image Fusion Using an Environmental Light Perception Network.

The complementary combination of emphasizing target objects in infrared images and rich texture details in visible images can effectively enhance the information entropy of fused images, thereby providing substantial assistance for downstream composite high-level vision tasks, such as nighttime vehicle intelligent driving. However, mainstream fusion algorithms lack specific research on the contradiction between the low information entropy and high pixel intensity of visible images under harsh light nighttime road environments. As a result, fusion algorithms that perform well in normal conditions can only produce low information entropy fusion images similar to the information distribution of visible images under harsh light interference. In response to these problems, we designed an image fusion network resilient to harsh light environment interference, incorporating entropy and information theory principles to enhance robustness and information retention. Specifically, an edge feature extraction module was designed to extract key edge features of salient targets to optimize fusion information entropy. Additionally, a harsh light environment aware (HLEA) module was proposed to avoid the decrease in fusion image quality caused by the contradiction between low information entropy and high pixel intensity based on the information distribution characteristics of harsh light visible images. Finally, an edge-guided hierarchical fusion (EGHF) module was designed to achieve robust feature fusion, minimizing irrelevant noise entropy and maximizing useful information entropy. Extensive experiments demonstrate that, compared to other advanced algorithms, the method proposed fusion results contain more useful information and have significant advantages in high-level vision tasks under harsh nighttime lighting conditions.

Orbital Apex Syndrome Caused by Invasive Fungal Sinusitis due to Candida glabrata: A Case Report

Purpose: To report a case of orbital apex syndrome resulting from invasive fungal sinusitis attributed to the unusual <i>Candida glabrata</i> species.Case summary: A 76-year-old patient presented with persistent left-sided orbital pain, headaches, and blurred vision for 3 weeks. The patient had a history of uncontrolled diabetes, chronic kidney failure, and angina, and was treated for a COVID-19 infection 1 month prior to admission. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography scans revealed extensive bilateral sinusitis affecting the left optic nerve. The patient underwent endoscopic sinus surgery, which included nasal cavity biopsy, conducted by an otorhinolaryngologist. Histopathological analysis using Gömöri methenamine silver stains identified <i>Candida</i>. Cultures from sinus specimens later grew <i>Candida glabrata</i>. Treatment involved daily IV amphotericin B followed by oral itraconazole. After 6 months, the patient fully recovered from fungal sinusitis but continued to experience negative light perception in the left eye and progressed to complete ophthalmoplegia, consistent with orbital apex syndrome.Conclusions: Reports of invasive fungal sinusitis caused by <i>Candida</i> infections are rare globally. This report marks the first occurrence in this country. Effective management requires careful assessment and appropriate treatment tailored to the specific species, especially considering the risk of orbital extension of the inflammatory lesion.

CRY1 is involved in the take-off behaviour of migratory Cnaphalocrocis medinalis individuals

BackgroundNumerous insect species undertake long-distance migrations on an enormous scale, with great implications for ecosystems. Given that take-off is the point where it all starts, whether and how the external light and internal circadian rhythm are involved in regulating the take-off behaviour remains largely unknown. Herein, we explore this issue in a migratory pest, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, via behavioural observations and RNAi experiments.ResultsThe results showed that C. medinalis moths took off under conditions where the light intensity gradually weakened to 0.1 lx during the afternoon or evening, and the take-off proportions under full spectrum or blue light were significantly higher than that under red and green light. The ultraviolet-A/blue light–sensitive type 1 cryptochrome gene (Cmedcry1) was significantly higher in take-off moths than that of non-take-off moths. In contrast, the expression of the light-insensitive CRY2 (Cmedcry2) and circadian genes (Cmedtim and Cmedper) showed no significant differences. After silencing Cmedcry1, the take-off proportion significantly decreased. Thus, Cmedcry1 is involved in the decrease in light intensity induced take-off behaviour in C. medinalis.ConclusionsThis study can help further explain the molecular mechanisms behind insect migration, especially light perception and signal transmission during take-off phases.

Ocular and adnexal injuries after two major earthquakes in Turkey on February 6, 2023.

This study aimed to determine the forms of ocular and adnexal injuries and to examine the treatment modalities applied after two major earthquakes in Turkey on February 6, 2023. Following the earthquakes, the medical records of 34 patients admitted with emergency ophthalmic complaints to Hatay Training and Research Field Hospital and Etlik City Hospital were retrospectively reviewed. Of these patients, 35 eyes of 34 individuals diagnosed with earthquake-related ocular and adnexal injuries were included in the study. Demographic characteristics were recorded, including ocular and adnexal findings, treatment modalities, and postoperative complications. Of the patients, 16 (47.1%) were female, and 18 (52.9%) were male. The mean age was 37.38 ± 17.3 years. The mean time from the earthquake to the first admission to the hospital was 3.82 ± 1.78 days. Initial and final best-corrected visual acuities (BCVA) were 0.54 ± 0.66 logMAR and 0.22 ± 0.41 logMAR, respectively (p = 0.0003). The initial and final BCVA of 2 eyes was no light perception. The most common forms of ocular/periocular injury associated with earthquakes were eyelid laceration (n:25, 71.4%) and orbital fracture (n:17, 48.6%). The most common accompanied systemic trauma was extremity/rib fractures (38.2). The most frequently performed surgery was the primary repair of the eyelid/canalicular (n:17, 48.6%). While earthquake-related ocular and adnexal traumas are relatively uncommon, understanding the specific injury types, promptly identifying cases requiring urgent intervention, and mastering effective treatment modalities are essential for minimizing the risk of severe permanent visual impairment in these patients.

Plant Circadian Clocks: Unravelling the Molecular Rhythms of Nature

The circadian clock is a fundamental biological mechanism that allows organisms to synchronize their internal processes with the external environment, thereby optimizing growth, development, and physiology. In plants, circadian rhythms govern various aspects of their life cycle, including germination, leaf movement, flowering, and responses to environmental cues such as light and temperature. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying plant circadian clocks is essential not only for elucidating fundamental principles of plant biology but also for applications in agriculture and biotechnology. This review delves into the intricate molecular networks that comprise plant circadian clocks, focusing on key components and their interactions. At the core of these clocks are transcription-translation feedback loops (TTFLs) involving a set of clock genes. The central oscillator, composed of genes such as CIRCADIAN CLOCK ASSOCIATED 1 (CCA1), LATE ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL (LHY), TIMING OF CAB EXPRESSION 1 (TOC1), and PSEUDO-RESPONSE REGULATOR (PRR) genes, drives rhythmic expression of downstream clock-controlled genes (CCGs). The interplay between positive and negative regulators within the TTFLs generates robust oscillations with a period of approximately 24 hours. Additionally, post-translational modifications, protein-protein interactions, and chromatin remodeling contribute to fine-tuning the circadian system, allowing plants to adapt to changing environmental conditions. Light perception through photoreceptors such as phytochromes and cryptochromes plays a crucial role in entraining the circadian clock to external cues, ensuring synchronization with the day-night cycle. Furthermore, recent advancements in omics technologies, including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, have provided unprecedented insights into the complexity and plasticity of plant circadian clocks. Integration of multi-omics data has facilitated the construction of comprehensive regulatory networks and computational models, enabling predictive understanding of clock function and behavior under diverse conditions. Overall, unraveling the molecular rhythms of plant circadian clocks not only enhances our knowledge of fundamental biological processes but also holds promise for improving crop productivity, stress resilience, and sustainability in agriculture through targeted manipulation of clock components and their associated pathways. Future research endeavors will undoubtedly continue to unveil the intricacies of these fascinating timekeeping mechanisms, further enriching our understanding of the molecular rhythms of nature.

Estimating Australian Population Utilities for Inherited Retinal Disease Using Time Trade-Off.

Inherited retinal disease (IRD) causes progressive loss of visual function, degenerating towards complete blindness. Economic evaluation of gene therapies for rare forms of genetic IRDs have had to rely on health-related quality of life (HR-QoL) estimates from other diseases because there is limited data available for such a rare condition. This study aimed to estimate Australian societal-based utility values for IRD health states that can be used in cost-utility analyses (CUA) using a time trade-off (TTO) protocol adapted from a UK study. The EuroQol Valuation Technology (EQVT) protocol composite TTO (cTTO) framework was followed, which includes worse-than-death (WTD) states and quality control (QC) measures. Preferences were collected from a general population sample of 110 Australian adult participants. Five health state vignettes from the UK study which had been validated with patients and clinicians were presented randomly to participants during videoconferencing (VC) interviews with one of four interviewers. Technical and protocol feasibility were assessed in a pilot of 10 interviews. QC measures were used to monitor interviewers' performance during the study. One participant withdrew consent. The final analysis was conducted on 109 respondents (including 4 non-traders). The average time to complete the interview was 44.2 minutes (SD 8.7). Participants reported mean visual analogue scale (VAS) scores between 63.15 for 'moderate impairment' and 17.98 for 'hand motion' to 'no light perception'. Mean health state utilities (HSU) varied between 0.76 (SD 0.26) in 'moderate impairment', and 0.20 (SD 0.58) in 'hand motion' to 'no light perception'. Of all HSU evaluations, 14% were considered WTD which most commonly occurred in the most severe visually impaired health state. This study provides valuable information on HSUs across a range of IRD health states from the Australian general population perspective. The utilities obtained in this study can be used as inputs into CUA of IRD therapies.

Efficacy and Safety of Diode Laser Transscleral Cyclophotocoagulation in Patients with Glaucoma.

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of transscleral diode cyclophotocoagulation (TSCPC) at 2 years of follow up. This is a retrospective review of the records of all adult patients who underwent their first TSCPC treatment between 2014 and 2019 at Unidade Local de Saúde de São João, Porto, Portugal. Data regarding intraocular pressure (IOP), best corrected visual acuity, number of IOP-lowering medications, use of oral acetazolamide, retreatments and complications during a 2-year period following TSCPC were registered. The primary outcome was overall success at 2 years, defined as IOP≥ 6 and ≤21 mmHg, with at least 20% IOP reduction from baseline, with or without IOP-lowering medications (qualified and complete success, respectively), without the development of phthisis bulbi or loss of light perception due to glaucoma and no further glaucoma procedures except TSCPC retreatment. Ninety-six eyes from 96 patients were included, mean age was 63 (±14) years. Mean IOP at baseline was 39.1 (±13.3) mmHg. Mean IOP reduction at 2 years was 18.5 (42.9%) mmHg (±16.0, min -16.0, max 56.0) (p < 0.001) and a significant reduction in the number of IOP-lowering medications and use of oral acetazolamide was observed. IOP reduction at 2 years was positively correlated with baseline IOP (r=0.682; p < 0.001). Overall success (including complete and qualified) was achieved in 42 patients (43.8%), with 34 (35.4%) presenting qualified success. Neovascular glaucoma (NVG) was the predominant diagnosis (n = 30, 31.3%), with a higher mean baseline IOP of 46.3 mmHg (±11.8, min 21.0, max 70.0) and a larger mean IOP reduction at 2 years of 24.7 (51.0%) mmHg (±16.4, min -2.0, max 55.0). Thirteen patients (13.5%) developed persistent hypotony, eight of which converted to phthisis bulbi, of which half had NVG. TSCPC can be an effective IOP-lowering procedure, demonstrating a stronger effect when the preoperative IOP is highest. However, there is a wide variability in the effect (specially in eyes with NVG) and some relevant complications, including 8.3% of patients developing phthisis bulbi after 2 years of follow up.

Special Commentary: Reporting Clinical Endpoints in Studies of Minimally Invasive Glaucoma Surgery

Minimally invasive glaucoma surgery (MIGS) refers to a group of procedures generally characterized by an ab interno approach, minimal trauma to ocular tissue, moderate efficacy, an excellent safety profile, and rapid recovery. The number of MIGS procedures continues to increase, and their use has become widespread among glaucoma and cataract specialists. Standardization of the methodology and reporting of clinical endpoints in MIGS investigations enhances interpretation and comparison across different studies. The assessment of surgical interventions not only should consider statistical significance, but also whether the outcome is meaningful to patients. Minimal clinically important difference (MCID) is defined as the smallest change in a treatment outcome that is considered beneficial for an individual patient and prompts a change in their clinical management. Expert consensus is an accepted approach to determine the MCID. The American Academy of Ophthalmology's Glaucoma Preferred Practice Pattern® Committee is an expert panel that develops guidelines identifying characteristics and components of quality eye care. The Committee recommends that the cumulative probability of surgical success at 2 years with Kaplan-Meier survival analysis be used as the primary efficacy endpoint in MIGS studies. The Committee suggests that surgical success for standalone MIGS be defined as intraocular pressure (IOP) of 21 mmHg or less and reduced by 20% or more from baseline without an increase in glaucoma medications, additional laser or incisional glaucoma surgery, loss of light perception vision, or hypotony. The proposed MCID for the cumulative probability of success of standalone MIGS at 2 years is 50%. The panel recommends that surgical success for MIGS combined with cataract extraction with intraocular lens implantation (CE-IOL) be defined as a decrease in glaucoma medical therapy of 1 medication or more from baseline without an increase in IOP or IOP of 21 mmHg or less and reduced by 20% or more from baseline without an increase in glaucoma medications, additional laser or incisional glaucoma surgery, loss of light perception vision, or hypotony. The suggested MCID for the cumulative probability of success for MIGS combined with CE-IOL at 2 years is 65%. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE(S): Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article.

Vision: A specialized pathway for pigment regeneration in cones

Vision relies on two types of photoreceptor cells, rods and cones. Rods outnumber cones in the retinas of humans and most other vertebrate species, yet the contribution of cones to our vision is far more impactful than rods. A new study reveals an elegant enzymatic mechanism that favors light perception by cones under daylight conditions when rods are saturated by light and contribute little to useful vision.

Clinical and genetic features in autosomal recessive bestrophinopathy in Chinese cohort

PurposeTo provide a genotype and phenotype characterization of the BEST1 mutation in Chinese patients with autosomal recessive bestrophinopathy (ARB) through multimodal imaging and next-generation sequencing (NGS).MethodsSeventeen patients from 17 unrelated families of Chinese origin with ARB were included in a retrospective cohort study. Phenotypic characteristics, including anterior segment features, were assessed by multimodal imaging. Multigene panel testing, involving 586 ophthalmic disease-associated genes, and Sanger sequencing were performed to identify disease-causing variants.ResultsAmong 17 ARB patients, the mean follow-up was 15.65 months and average onset age was 30.53 years (range: 9–68). Best corrected visual acuity ranged from light perception to 0.8. EOG recordings showed a typically decreased Arden ratio in 12 patients, and a normal or slightly decreased Arden ratio in two patients. Anterior features included shallow anterior chambers (16/17), ciliary pronation (16/17), iris bombe (13/17), iridoschisis (2/17), iris plateau (1/17), narrow angles (16/17) and reduced axial lengths (16/17). Sixteen patients had multiple bilateral small, round, yellow vitelliform deposits distributed throughout the posterior pole, surrounding the optic disc. Initial diagnoses included angle-closure glaucoma (four patients), Best disease (three patients), and central serous chorioretinopathy secondary to choroidal neovascularization (CNV) (one patient), with the remainder diagnosed with ARB. Fourteen patients underwent preventive laser peripheral iridotomy, four of whom also received combined trabeculectomy and iridotomy in both eyes for uncontrolled intraocular pressure. One patient received intravitreal conbercept for CNV. Overall, 15 distinct disease-causing variants of BEST1 were identified, with 14 (82.35%) patients having missense mutations. Common mutations included p. Arg255-256 and p. Ala195Val (both 23.68%), with the most frequent sites in exons 7 and 5.ConclusionsThis study provides a comprehensive characterization of anterior segment and genetic features in ARB, with a wide array of morphological abnormalities. Findings are relevant for refining clinical practices and genetic counseling and advancing pathogenesis research.

An Unavoidable Mind-Set Reversal: Consciousness in Vision Science.

In recent decades, the debate on consciousness has been conditioned by the idea of bottom-up emergence, which has influenced scientific research and raised a few obstacles to any attempt to bridge the explanatory gap. The analysis and explanation of vision conducted according to the accredited methodologies of scientific research in terms of physical stimuli, objectivity, methods, and explanation has encountered the resistance of subjective experience. Moreover, original Gestalt research into vision has generally been merged with cognitive neuroscience. Experimental phenomenology, building on the legacy of Gestalt psychology, has obtained new results in the fields of amodal contours and color stratifications, light perception, figurality, space, so-called perceptual illusions, and subjective space and time. Notwithstanding the outcomes and the impulse given to neuroscientific analyses, the research carried out around these phenomena has never directly confronted the issue of what it means to be conscious or, in other words, the nature of consciousness as self-referentiality. Research has tended to focus on the percept. Therefore, explaining the non-detachability of parts in subjective experience risks becoming a sort of impossible achievement, similar to that of Baron Munchausen, who succeeds in escaping unharmed from this quicksand by pulling himself out by his hair. This paper addresses how to analyze seeing as an undivided whole by discussing several basic dimensions of phenomenal consciousness on an experimental basis and suggesting an alternative way of escaping this quicksand. This mind-set reversal also sheds light on the organization and dependence relationships between phenomenology, psychophysics, and neuroscience.

Morphological and functional abnormalities of ophthalmic artery in patients with ophthalmic vascular accidents.

By observing and comparing the morphological and functional differences of the ophthalmic artery (OA) in patients with ocular vascular accidents (OVAs) due to iatrogenic embolism or non-iatrogenic occlusion, we propose a classification system based on the characteristics of OA on invasive digital subtraction angiography (DSA). All patients undergoing ophthalmic arterial DSA within 1 week after the OVAs between January 2017 and December 2021 were enrolled and divided into different types, and the differences between iatrogenic embolism and non-iatrogenic occlusion categories were compared. A total of 27 eyes of 27 patients were included in this study. Based on the results of carotid/intracranial arterial DSA, the morphological and functional abnormalities of OA with OVAs can be divided into five types. The proportion of males (7.14%), ocular ischemic syndrome (OIS) (0.00%) and neovascular glaucoma (NVG) (0.00%) in the iatrogenic embolism category was significantly lower than that (84.62, 61.54, and 69.23%, respectively) of the non-iatrogenic occlusion category (p < 0.001, p = 0.001, p < 0.001, respectively). However, the proportion of no light perception (NLP) (100%), anterior segment ischemia (ASI) (71.43%), and orbital involvement (ophthalmoplegia and ptosis, 42.86%) eventually occurring in the former was significantly greater than that in the latter (23.08, 0.00, 0.00%, respectively) (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p = 0.010, respectively). Ocular vascular accidents can be divided into five types based on the characteristics of OA on DSA.

COVID-19-associated rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis: a single center prospective study of 264 patients

ABSTRACT Purpose Outbreaks of mucormycosis were reported worldwide throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. We report clinical outcomes of a treatment protocol for COVID-19-associated rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis (ROCM). Methods Patients with biopsy-proven mucormycosis and COVID-19 were included. All received intravenous amphotericin B deoxycholate 1 mg/kg and surgical endoscopic sinus debridement (FESS). Those with rhino-orbital or cerebral disease limited to the cavernous sinus were eligible for transcutaneous retrobulbar amphotericin B (TRAMB). Patients were followed with weekly imaging, endoscopic examinations, and serial debridement as necessary. Patients were discharged on oral posaconazole for 6 months. Results In total, 264 patients were followed for a mean of 2.5 months. On presentation, 163 patients (174 eyes) had eye involvement. Of these, 141 eyes (81.0%) had light perception or worse vision. By the last follow-up, 163 patients (176 eyes) were affected, and of these, 96 eyes (54.5%) had no light perception. Twenty-one patients (8%) died and 3 orbits (0.5%) were exenterated. There was no change in mortality (p = 0.38) or exenteration (p = 0.38) in the 55 patients who received TRAMB compared to patients with rhino-orbital or cerebral disease limited to the cavernous sinus who did not. Asymptomatic COVID-19 was associated with higher mortality than symptomatic COVID-19 (p = 0.025). Uncontrolled diabetes was a risk factor for death (p = 0.022). New diabetes was associated with increased mortality versus pre-existing diabetes (p = 0.005). Conclusion A multidisciplinary approach is crucial to manage COVID-19-ROCM. In our cohort, TRAMB therapy did not increase mortality or exenteration rates. While poor vision on presentation was profound, some vision recovery was noted with treatment. COVID-19 immune dysregulation may predispose patients to ROCM, particularly those with asymptomatic disease.

A case of prolonged corneal sulfur foreign bodies and review of literature

BackgroundThis case mainly describes a relatively rare case of an old mineral-like corneal foreign body that existed for up to 20 years, and did not significantly affect the visual quality of the patient.Case presentationA 56-year-old male miner complained of right eye vision loss for 3 years, swollen and painful for 4 months. Admission examination: Best corrected visual acuity was no light perception in the right eye and 20/20 in the left eye. Anterior segment examination: A large number of spot-like grayish-brown mineral foreign bodies in the conjunctiva of the nasal conjunctiva, emulsified silicone oil floating in the anterior chamber, Corneal foreign bodies in the right eye were widely distributed in the upper cortex and the proelastic layer. There were fewer foreign bodies in the left cornea. Previous medical history, 20 years ago due to forging and burning sulphur mine explosion, resulting in a large number of ore foreign bodies in the conjunctiva of both eyes. As these corneal foreign bodies did not affect the visual quality of the patient, we adopted a conservative treatment plan, did not remove these foreign bodies, and only carried out symptomatic treatment for the patient’s secondary ocular hypertension. The patient was followed up normally in the outpatient department, and no cornea-related complications occurred up to now.ConclusionsFirst of all, it is necessary to understand the source and nature of the foreign body in patients with corneal and conjunctival foreign body injuries. In the second, for the old corneal metal foreign body, when the patient’s visual acuity is stable and there are no symptoms of corneal irritation and inflammatory reaction, it can be Conservative treatment or outpatient follow-up observation. In the end, corneal Optical coherence tomography imaging should not be ignored, which is very important for determining the depth of embedding and the location of the corneal foreign body.

"Filler-Associated Acute Stroke Syndrome": Classification, Predictive Modelling of Hyaluronidase Efficacy, and Updated Case Review on Neurological and Visual Complications.

The rising use of soft tissue fillers for aesthetic procedures has seen an increase in complications, including vascular occlusions and neurological symptoms that resemble stroke. This study synthesizes information on central nervous system (CNS) complications post-filler injections and evaluates the effectiveness of hyaluronidase (HYAL) treatment. A thorough search of multiple databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Cochrane, focused on publications from January 2014 to January 2024. Criteria for inclusion covered reviews and case reports that documented CNS complications related to soft tissue fillers. Advanced statistical and computational techniques, including logistic regression, machine learning, and Bayesian analysis, were utilized to dissect the factors influencing therapeutic outcomes. The analysis integrated findings from 20 reviews and systematic analyses, with 379 cases reported since 2018. Hyaluronic acid (HA) was the most commonly used filler, particularly in nasal region injections. The average age of patients was 38, with a notable increase in case reports in 2020. Initial presentation data revealed that 60.9% of patients experienced no light perception, while ptosis and ophthalmoplegia were present in 54.3 and 42.7% of cases, respectively. The statistical and machine learning analyses did not establish a significant linkage between the HYAL dosage and patient recovery; however, the injection site emerged as a critical determinant. The study concludes that HYAL treatment, while vital for managing complications, varies in effectiveness based on the injection site and the timing of administration. The non-Newtonian characteristics of HA fillers may also affect the incidence of complications. The findings advocate for tailored treatment strategies incorporating individual patient variables, emphasizing prompt and precise intervention to mitigate the adverse effects of soft tissue fillers. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Three-year epidemiological analysis of penetrating ocular traumatic endophthalmitis.

The characteristics of patients with endophthalmitis due to penetrating ocular trauma are still limited. The aim of the study was to fill these gaps among Chinese population. This retrospective study included patients diagnosed as penetrating ocular traumatic endophthalmitis between January 2016 to December 2018. During the past 3-year period, a total of 201 patients with antecedent penetrating eye injuries were evaluated. Of which, 42 (20.9%) patients presented a clinical course compatible with acute infectious endophthalmitis. 39 (92.86%) patients were males, and 15 (35.71%) patients had mechanical injuries from intraocular foreign body (IOFB), the rate of endophthalmitis due to IOFB was 13.43%, higher to the rate among patients without IOFB (7.46%). The duration between injury occurrence and endophthalmitis onset was 1 day in 10 (23,80%) patients; 2 to 7 days in 31 (73.80%) patients, and 7 to 14 days in 1 (2.38%) patient. After 1 year follow-up, best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) better than 20/400 was observed in 15 (35.71%) patients, counting fingers and hand move in 17 (40.48%) patients, light perception in 5 (11.9%) patients and no light perception in 5 (11.9%) patients, respectively. Patients with promising outcomes had better initial BCVA at baseline (P < .001). Endophthalmitis is a severe ocular infectious condition that may lead to irreversible vision loss. A greater attention must be paid to penetrating eye injuries within males, who had poor BCVA at baseline, particularly with obvious IOFB.

In vivo identification of the retinal layer containing photopigments in OCT images through correlation with two-photon psychophysics

Two-photon vision enables near-infrared light perception in humans. We investigate the possibility to utilize this phenomenon as an indicator of the location of the outer segments of photoreceptor cells in the OCT images. Since two-photon vision is independent on OCT imaging, it could provide external to OCT reference relative to which positions of retinal layers visible in OCT imaging could be measured. We show coincidence between OCT imaging of outer retinal layers and two-photon light perception. The experiment utilizes an intrinsic nonlinear process in the retina, two-photon absorption of light by visual photopigments, which triggers perception of near-infrared light. By shifting the focus of the imaging/stimulus beam, we link the peak efficiency of two-photon vision with the visibility of outer segments of photoreceptor cells, which can be seen as in vivo identification of a retinal layer containing visual photopigments in OCT images. Determination of the in-focus retinal layer is achieved by analysis of en face OCT image contrast. We discuss experimental methods and experimental factors that may influence two-photon light perception and the accuracy of the results. The limits of resolution are discussed in analysis of the one-photon and two-photon point spread functions.