Perceptions Of Judges Research Articles

Judicial leadership matters (yet again): the association between judge and public trust for artificial intelligence in courts

Artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly expanding in myriad industries and systems. This study sought to investigate public trust in using AI in the criminal court process. While previous research has identified factors that influence trust in AI, such as perceived accuracy and transparency of algorithms, less is known about the role of influential leaders—such as judges—in shaping public trust in new technology. This study examined the relationship between locus of control, anthropomorphism, cultural values, and perceived trust in AI. Participants completed a survey assessing their perceptions of trust in AI in determining bail eligibility, bail fines and fees, sentencing length, sentencing fines and fees, and writing legal documents (e.g., findings and disposition). Participants were more likely to trust AI performing financial calculations rather than determining bail eligibility, sentence length, or drafting legal documents. Participants’ comfort with AI in decision-making also depended on their perceptions of judges’ trust in AI, and they expressed concerns about AI perpetuating bias and the need for extensive testing to ensure accuracy. Interestingly, no significant association was found with other participant characteristics (e.g., locus of control, anthropomorphism, or cultural values). This study contributes to the literature by highlighting the role of judges as influential leaders in shaping public trust in AI and examining the influence of individual differences on trust in AI. The findings also help inform the development of recommended practices and ethical guidelines for the responsible use of AI in the courts.

The Perception of Judges in the Religious Court of Parepare Regarding the Increase in Marriage Age in Law Number 16 of 2019

This research aims to find out the things that are considered to increase the age limit for marriage and The social impact caused by changes in the legal age limit for marriage.This type of research is qualitative research using an empirical juridical approach, namely an approach carried out directly in the field to find out the actual problems that occur, then it will be connected to the applicable laws and regulations and the theory used.
 The results of this research show that: 1) there are several things that encourage and are considerations for increasing the marriage age limit in Law Number 16 of 2019, namely first, to reduce early marriage, especially for women. Second, based on the consideration of school age factors to protect children's rights from fulfilling their educational rights. Third, to protect children's rights from fulfilling reproductive health rights. Fourth, consider the age of maturity from a psychological perspective. 2) The revision of the Marriage Law has more or less had an impact on society, both positive and negative and has an impact on its implementation which is inversely proportional to the hopes and objectives of the Law.

The Legal Double Standard: Gender, Personality Information, and the Evaluation of Supreme Court Nominees

In the last several decades a wide literature has developed around gendered perceptions of political leaders. However, to date, the lion’s share of this literature has examined elected officials. Here we argue that a similar effect can be found in perceptions of judges and judging. Using two survey experiments, we argue that the core quality by which judges are evaluated, “judiciousness,” is gendered masculine. In essence, when individuals are asked to evaluate nominees, personality and character information is used differently depending on the gender of the nominee. In particular, female nominees face a double standard, failing to benefit equally from positive personality information while male nominees enjoy greater support. Thus, even if female nominees are successful in obtaining Senate confirmation, they face a steeper hill to climb with how people perceive their judiciousness than a similarly qualified male nominee would.

태권도 시범경연대회 격파 채점기준에 관한 심판의 인식 -2019 태권도원 경연대회 시범부문을 중심으로-

본 연구는 태권도 유관기관의 시범경연대회와 태권도원 경연대회 시범부문 격파 채점기준에 대한 심판의 인식을 분석하는데 연구의 목적이 있다. 이러한 목적을 달성하기 위해 태권도 4대 유관기관에서 주최·승인한 시범경연대회의 현황과 대회규정을 분석하였으며, 2019년 11월 9일부터 10일까지 무주 태권도원에서 열린 2019태권도원 경연대회 시범부문의 심판 5명을 대상으로 반 구조화된 면담을 실시하여 다음과 같은 결론을 도출하였다. 먼저 태권도 4대 유관기관에서 주최·승인한 시범경연대회 모두 경기규정에 대한 설명이 부족한 것으로 나타났다. 또한 2019태권도원 경연대회 시범부문의 격파 채점기준에 대한 심판의 인식을 분석한 결과 첫째, 평가항목에 대한 구체적인 설명을 제시해야 한다. 둘째, 평가항목에 대한 구체적인 채점기준을 제시해야 한다. 셋째, 평가항목에 대한 정량적 평가방법을 제시해야 한다. 즉 시범경연대회가 공정한 스포츠로 거듭날 수 있도록 명확하고 구체적인 경기규정이 마련되어야 할 것이다.

Political Judging and Judicial Restraint: The Case of Learned and Augustus Hand

Abstract In recent decades, accusations of partisanship by the U.S. judiciary have intensified. A consequence has been the erroneous framing of judges within the conventional, and sometimes epithetical, political binary of liberalism and conservatism. This article argues that the application of such labels has distorted the full thrust of the complex individuals who have constituted the American judiciary and proposes reframing our perception of judges, both past and present, by seeking more viable standards for measuring judicial performance. To do so, it draws on the early twentieth-century examples of Learned and Augustus Hand of the Second Circuit Court of Appeals. Despite being praised as symbols of judicial independence, scholars have often framed the judges in political terms. This article draws on the Hands’ public speeches, publications, and private correspondence to argue that they adopted a non-partisan view of judging that transcended political affiliations and displayed a much deeper consideration about their roles as judges than conventional political labels suggest. By inserting greater nuance into our historical understanding of the delicate relationship between politics and law, we can yet save courts from the threat that politically charged language poses to their legitimacy.

Should Ties Be Broken in Commercial Wine Competitions? When Yes, What Method Is Practical and Defensible?

AbstractTies in the averages of scores that commercial wine competitions employ to grant awards are common, and these ties make it difficult for competition officials to differentiate between wines, they erode the perception of judges’ expertise, and they can make compliance with competition rules arithmetically impossible. Responding to requests from competition officials, this article presents and evaluates six methods for breaking ties in averages of scores. Results show that using an Olympic Average, the mean excluding the highest and lowest scores, is easy to calculate, easy to communicate, effective, unbiased, and it is not inconsistent with the implications of a method of aggregating scores that is not prone to ties. (JEL Classifications: A10, C00, C10, C12, D12)

Researching judicial ethical codes, or: how to eat a mille-feuille?

Judicial ethical codes have become increasingly important in member states of the European Union as a point of reference for judges and as a means of securing public trust in judiciaries. In the ENCJ’s survey on the independence, accountability, and quality of judicial systems in Europe, sub-indicators were included to measure the existence of judicial ethical codes and relating training and supervision. This survey and the critical scholarly discussion about it provide valuable lessons for further empirical research on the perceptions of judges in EU member states relating to professional-ethical codes and standards. This article explores the most important lessons for this envisaged research. The main methodological considerations which come to the fore are: 1) to clearly delineate the research aims and central terms which are used in the survey; 2) to avoid insularity by including a representative and diverse group of respondents; 3) to validate and contextualise the results through a multi-method approach and critical debates with scholars and stakeholders.

A study on the perception of judges of international ad awards toward ambiguous Advertising: In creative perspective

A study on the perception of judges of international ad awards toward ambiguous Advertising: In creative perspective

Perception of District Judges and Lawyers Towards Medico-legal Reports, Medical Certificates and Medical Expert Opinion

The medico legal reports and certificates prepared by doctors can be used as valuable documentary evidence in the court of law. The study was designed with objectives to explore the perception of judges and lawyers about the quality of medico legal reports prepared by the doctors and their competence in providing the expert evidence in the court. It is a questionnaire based cross sectional study conducted among the district judges and government attorneys of 75 districts of Nepal from March to May 2016. The data obtained was analysed by SPSS version 16.0. Among a total of 78 participants who responded the questionnaire, 40 (51.3%) were district judges and 38 (48.7%) district attorneys. Most of them graded that the reports prepared by the doctors were just average. Among them, 49 (63.6%) strongly agreed and 28 (36.4%) partially agreed that the reports were useful in deciding the cases. A total of 44 (56.4%) respondents strongly agreed and 34 (43.6%) partially agreed that expert opinion of the doctors in the courts were useful to decide the cases. Seventy one (92.2%) of them rated general doctors as moderately competent. The medical reports prepared by the Nepalese doctors were just average as perceived by judges and lawyers and the competency in presenting the evidence in courts was moderate as rated by them.

A Study on Ways to Improve the System of Family Court Probation Officers: With a Focus on the Perception of Judges and Family Court Probation Officers

A Study on Ways to Improve the System of Family Court Probation Officers: With a Focus on the Perception of Judges and Family Court Probation Officers

Legal implications of mobile shorelines in Great Britain

This paper highlights the three legally defined property areas that lie in the coastal zone in Great Britain (land, foreshore and seabed), and considers the mechanisms used by the two legal systems that operate on the mainland (Scots and English law) to cope with natural processes of erosion and accretion. The two legal systems are shown to be slightly different in how they accommodate erosion and accretion. However, they both have difficulty in coherently addressing the issues of coastal mobility and land ownership, which raises important questions of social justice, as they are based on the perceptions of judges in historic cases.

CRIMINAL JUSTICE PRACTITIONERS’ PERCEPTIONS OF THEMSELVES, EACH OTHER, AND SELECTED CRIMINAL JUSTICE PRACTICES

ABSTRACT This study describes the perceptions of judges, prosecutors, police officers, and probation officers of themselves, each other, and selected criminal justice practices. Judges and police officers perceived themselves more positively than they perceived the other criminal justice practitioners while probation officers and prosecutors did not see themselves as the most positive group. Police officers were the most negatively perceived, and judges the most positively. The police group indicated the strongest opposition to early parole of offenders and Supreme Court rulings, while judges and probation officers were generally more favorable toward such criminal justice practices. All groups indicated that communication and cooperation between criminal justice components is inadequate. The research suggests that inadequate communication and cooperation between practitioners and components can be the result of negative attitudes based on misperceptions.

Youths' Perceptions of Race, Class, and Language Bias in the Courts

The number of young people who have experience with the court system has increased significantly over the last few years. There is, however, a scarcity of research on young people's attitudes toward the court system. The purpose of this research, therefore, was to examine young people's perception of race, class, and language bias in the court system. One hundred thirty-nine young people from diverse racial/ethnic backgrounds who were detained at either the training school or enrolled in a community program completed a survey booklet containing questions about the court system. Minority youth were more negative in their perceptions of judges and court workers than nonminority youth. In addition, training school youth were more negative than community teens. Educational implications of the research findings are discussed. In our society, youth is present only when its presence is a problem, or is regarded as a problem-- disinterested tracts emanating from the social sciences at those times when young people make their presence felt by going out of bounds, by resisting through rituals, dressing strangely, striking bizarre attitudes, breaking rules, breaking bottles, windows, heads, issuing rhetorical challenges to the law. (Hebdige, 1988) Over the past few years, a great deal of media attention has focused on the legal system in the United States. This attention has ranged from increased public reporting of trials by the media to an increase in the number of national and state surveys on the topic. This was especially evident in the 1990s during the wave of lethal school shootings like the one at Columbine High School. The public outcry over these incidents suggested that the presence of youth and their juvenile delinquent activities had indeed become a problem. Consequently, a widespread overhaul of the juvenile justice system occurred in the United States. This led to an increase in the number of youth who were transferred from juvenile court and sentenced in adult courts and, if convicted, sent to adult prisons. In addition, the number of young people sentenced to prison for life (juvenile lifers) increased. These changes support Hebdige's (1988) contention that youth are perceived as a problem when they make their presence known. Although a great deal of research on juvenile crime statistics has been done, there is a paucity of research on youth's perception of the court system. This is important in light of youth's increasing participation in the court system for such things as rape, murder, armed robbery, and assault. The increased media attention has also focused attention, in part, on controversial issues like racial profiling, and the disproportionate number of minority adult and juvenile detainees currently in the system. Taken together, these incidents have raised several questions as to the fairness and effectiveness of the criminal justice system and have thus resulted in a change in the American public's perception of the courts (Rottman & Tomkins, 1999). More specifically, these perceptions appear to have separated along racial lines. Political Involvement and Attitudes of Youth Research suggests that members of Generation X and Generation Y are less engaged politically than any other previous generation (Soule, 2001).1 This disengagement might be due to relative disinterest in social and political issues. It might also be indicative of a certain degree of confidence in how the political and social systems operate. According to data compiled by the Department of Justice (Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics, 2000), 28% of 18-29 year olds have a great deal of confidence in the criminal justice system in the United States while 32% report that they have little to no confidence. These findings are supported by a poll (cited in Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics, 2000) taken of high school seniors in the graduating class of 2000. It was found that while 29.5% of Whites in this age group express positive attitudes towards the courts, only 22. …

Assessing Musical Performance

The arts pose some particular problems in the field of assessment. In the study reported here, we examined some of the problems performance presents to assessors especially in the context of the GCSE examination, and with reference to the model for assessment given in the APU Report on Aesthetic Development.A small-scale experiment was devised with the aim of investigating the reliability and different perceptions of judges of musical performances. As well as assessment by professional musicians, we investigated self assessment and assessment by peer-group members. There was a generally high measure of agreement between judges, both in terms of their individual comments and the rank order they each devised. This suggests that there were some objective criteria at work in their assessments. Self-assessments proved very realistic, although those of the peer-group were slightly less so.