Sight Research Articles

How do design factors of stacked directional signs affect their visual cognition?

Stacked directional signs are widely used on Chinese roads, but research on them is relatively scarce. This study aimed to investigate the effects of the Language used, Layout format, Amount of information, and use of Separating lines on the visual cognition of stacked directional signs. A visual cognition experiment involving thirty-two drivers was conducted, and the reaction time and response accuracy were recorded. The results revealed that a greater Amount of information was correlated with increased visual cognition reaction times. Bilingual signs exhibited significantly greater reaction times compared to monolingual counterparts, while a simpler Layout format resulted in shorter reaction times. The Language used, Amount of information, Layout format, and use of Separating lines were in decreasing order of importance for visual cognition reaction time, with a high Amount of information having the greatest effect. The implications of these findings can be applied to the design and optimisation of stacked directional signs.

Visual body size estimation in adolescent anorexia nervosa: Behavioural and neurophysiological data suggest intact visual perception and biased emotional attention

Body image disturbance is a key symptom of anorexia nervosa (AN). AN patients report body dissatisfaction and overestimate their own body size in several tasks. This study aimed to clarify whether this overestimation arises from deficits in visual perception. To this end, 36 adolescent restrictive-type AN patients and 42 matched healthy controls performed metric and depictive body size estimation (BSE) tasks. Magneto- and electroencephalography were measured during the size estimation of 66 computer-generated body pictures varying in size from underweight to overweight. AN patients versus controls showed overestimation across self-referential metric and depictive BSE tasks, but similar performance in a depictive BSE task without self-reference and similar early neurophysiological responses. Starting mid-latency (200 ms), AN patients showed relatively more neural activity in response to underweight body pictures and less neural activity in response to higher-weight body pictures in distributed brain regions. A secondary comparison of AN patients with slight vs. distinct overestimation during self-referential BSE uncovered relatively stronger neural responses to body pictures corresponding to the estimated body mass index. These results suggest that body image disturbances in adolescent restrictive-type AN patients depend on self-reference and do not represent a deficit of visual perception, but rather biased emotional attention.

Visual imagination can influence visual perception - towards an experimental paradigm to measure imagination.

During visual imagination, a perceptual representation is activated in the absence of sensory input. This is sometimes described as seeing with the mind's eye. A number of physiological studies indicate that the brain uses more or less the same neural resources for visual perception of sensory information and visual imagination. The intensity of visual imagination is typically assessed with questionnaires, while more objective measures are missing. Aim of the present study was, to test a new experimental paradigm that may allow to objectively quantify imagination. For this, we used priming and adaptation effects during observation of ambiguous figures. Our perception of an ambiguous stimulus is unstable and alternates spontaneously between two possible interpretations. If we first observe an unambiguous stimulus variant (the conditioning stimulus), the subsequently presented ambiguous stimulus can either be perceived in the same way as the test stimulus (priming effect) or in the opposite way (adaptation effect) as a function of the conditioning time. We tested for these conditioning effects (priming and adaptation) using an ambiguous Necker Cube and an ambiguous Letter /Number stimulus as test stimuli and unambiguous variants thereof as conditioning stimuli. In a second experimental condition, we tested whether the previous imagination of an unambiguous conditioning stimulus variant - instead of its observation - can have similar conditioning effects on the subsequent test stimulus. We found no systematic conditioning effect on the group level, neither for the two stimulus types (Necker Cube stimuli and Letter /Number stimuli) nor for the two conditions (Real and Imaginary). However, significant correlations between effects of Real and Imaginary Condition were observed for both stimulus types. The absence of conditioning effects at the group level may be explained by using only one conditioning time, which may fit with individual priming and adaptation constants of some of our participants but not of others. Our strong correlation results indicate that observers with clear conditioning effects have about the same type (priming or adaptation) and intensity of imaginary conditioning effects. As a consequence, not only past perceptual experiences but also past imaginations can influence our current percepts. This is further confirmation that the mechanisms underlying perception and imagination are similar. Our post-hoc qualitative observations from three self-defined aphantasic observers indicate that our paradigm may be a promising objective measure to identify aphantasia.

POI VizNet: New QGIS Tool to construct Visibility Networks in Cities

Abstract. Network science and graph theory offer attractive models to describe urban phenomena and examine cases of urban planning and design. However, none of the existing network analysis tools consider simultaneously human visual perception and locations of urban activities. In this paper we introduce POI VizNet, a new QGIS plug-in that constructs various 2-dimentianal undirected graphs of unobstructed lines of sight. The plug-in integrates an increasing amount of available GIS-based data of Point Of Interest (POI) and visibility into one readily accessible analytical framework. Graphs are created between two types of decision points during urban travel – street intersections and POIs, origins, and destinations of travel, by connecting these potential observer’s decision locations in an open space between buildings. In addition, POI VizNet provides advanced options to build graphs using a predefined viewing distance and perceptual perspective. Visibility graphs are constructed and visualised as new layers in QGIS and delivered as network files suitable for further exploration, analysis, and visualisation in various network software packages.

Combining style generative adversarial networks with particle swarm optimisation-support vector regression to design affective social robot for public health intervention

In order to improve the attractiveness of social robot serving health interventions in public workspace, we propose a product design method with the combination of Style-generative adversarial network (StyleGAN) model and particle swarm optimisation-support vector regression (PSO-SVR). This paper aims to explore the modelling generation method of social robots for health intervention based on artificial intelligence generated content (AIGC) and a mapping model between the shape characteristics and users’ visual perception based on Kansei Engineering (KE). Firstly, to address the defects of typical KE over-reliance on existing samples, we introduce the StyleGAN model in AIGC to learn and train existing robots’ shape samples and generate new robots’ shape sample images. Secondly, the morphological deconstruction method is used to deconstruct the shape features of the new robot sample. Factor analysis (FA) is also used to reduce dimension and cluster emotional words and establish a Likert scale between the shape features of robots and users’ emotional vocabulary. Finally, particle swarm optimisation-support vector regression (PSO-SVR) is used to establish a mapping model between the shape features of social robots and the emotional images of users, thus obtaining the most attractive shape combination scheme. The research results showed that the StyleGAN model in AIGC can be used to assist industrial designers in creative expression and provide rich sample sources for KE; and the PSO-SVR of machine learning can be used to build a mapping model among users’ visual feelings, emotional images and shape features. In the end, we designed an attractive social robot for public health intervention.

Assessing the factors associated with body image perception and quality of life of Palestinian women undergoing breast cancer treatment: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundWorldwide, breast cancer has replaced lung cancer and has become the most commonly diagnosed malignancy. Breast cancer poses a significant burden on the health and quality of life of women and can lead to substantial physical burdens and significant psychological problems, including distress, anxiety, depression, and sexuality-related issues, including negative body image. This study was conducted to assess how women diagnosed with, treated, and/or receiving treatment for breast cancer perceived their body image.MethodsA cross-sectional study design was used to assess body image perceptions among Palestinian women diagnosed with breast cancer. The study was conducted in four different hospitals located in the West Bank of Palestine where women with breast cancer received their treatments or visited for follow-up care in the period between November 2023 and March 2024. An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect the data. Body perception was assessed using the body image self-rating questionnaire for breast cancer (BISQ-BC).ResultsIn this study, 376 women with breast cancer completed the interviewer-administered questionnaire (response rate = 75.2%. The mean age of the women was 44.0 ± 5.3 years. Of the women, 74.7% agreed or strongly agreed that they cared about their body image. On the other hand, 43.1% of the women were not satisfied with their body image and 58.8% did not think that their body image was attractive. Multiple linear regression showed that younger age, employment status, living in cities, marital status, educational level, presence of comorbidities, and longer time passes since diagnosis with breast cancer were associated with the different aspects of body image perception and behavior.ConclusionThe findings of this study indicated that Palestinian women with breast cancer were concerned about their body image. The findings also indicated that breast cancer and its treatment posed a significant burden on the physical and psychosocial well-being of the affected women and impacted the different dimensions of their lives, including their perceptions of their body image. Patients with significant physical and body image changes might benefit from reconstructive surgeries, psychosocial support, cognitive behavioral therapy, and nutritional, and physical activity interventions.

Health impact of environmental and industrial noise - a narrative review.

Industrial noise sources are among the environmental noise sources that are ranked second among the causes of ill health in Europe by the World Health Organization. The aim of this paper is to summarize and review of published information focusing on noise annoyance from industrial activities and mining. A search for articles was performed using the bibliographic databases platforms. The epidemiological evidence shows that environmental noise may be associated with cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, impaired cognitive development in children, mental health, post-irritability, and sleep disturbances. As a result of efforts to minimize the effects of industrial noise on human health, the New South Wales Environment Protection Authority published A Guide to the Noise Policy for Industry in 2017, which sets out recommended noise levels, methods, and procedures for noise management based on the latest scientific evidence. Social networks can be used to assess the population's noise annoyance and to verify the effectiveness of the measures. The industrial noise sources are typically defined by low-frequency noise. Low-frequency noise has very low attenuation and is only slightly affected by obstacles, therefore it can be a major cause of night noise annoyance. An association was confirmed between exposure to low-frequency noise and sleep disturbance, psychological problems, cognitive impairment, increased social conflicts, anxiety, emotional instability, nervousness, and reduced mental performance - concentration, and visual perception. In view of the long tradition of mining and industry, the assessment of noise from these activities from the perspective of its impacts on human health is an inherent part of legislative processes. Med Pr Work Health Saf. 2024;75(5).

Perceived Greenwashing and Its Impact on the Green Image of Brands

In contemporary society, the growing attention paid to environmental protection and sustainable development has led to an increasing demand for green products. To meet this demand, companies have widely adopt green marketing strategies aimed at attracting consumers through environmental attributes. However, the phenomenon of “greenwashing”, where companies exaggerate or mislead the public about their environmental actions, undermines consumer trust and damages brand reputation. This study explores the impact of brands’ green marketing strategies on consumers’ perception of greenwashing and green brand image through in-depth interviews and surveys. Initially, four key dimensions of brand green marketing were identified through interviews with 40 experts and industry stakeholders: products and services, communication, relationships and interaction, and commitment and values. Subsequently, data from 325 valid survey responses were collected online, and the hypotheses were tested using factor analysis and structural equation modeling. The results indicate that communication, relationships and interaction, and commitment and values effectively reduce greenwashing perception and, through this mediation, influence green brand image. This finding underscores the importance of brands avoiding false advertising in green marketing and ensuring the authenticity of their environmental information to maintain and enhance their green image.

Diagnostic Accuracy of Neurocognitive and Executive Functions to Discriminate Women With and Without Fibromyalgia Syndrome: A Secondary Analysis.

Objective: The aim of the current study was to determine the capability of neurocognitive variables and executive functions to differentiate women with and without fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS). Methods: A secondary diagnostic accuracy analysis was conducted. A battery of neurocognitive and executive function tests (the D2 Attention test, the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure for visual perception, "Digits D/R/I" tests of the WAIS-IV battery for working memory, the 5-Digit test for mental inhibition, the Symbol Search for processing speed, and the Zoo Test for planning/decision-making) were collected in 129 women with FMS and 111 without FMS. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, optimal cut-off point, sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative likelihood ratios (LR) for each variable were calculated. Results: Between-group differences were identified in ROCF_Copy (p = 0.043), ROCF_Recall (p = 0.004), d2_TR (p = 0.019), d2_TA (p = 0.007), d2_TOT (p = 0.005), d2_CON (p = 0.004), d2_C (p = 0.042), Symbol Search (p = 0.008), Decoding _FDT (p = 0.001), Retrieving_FDT (p = 0.001), and Inhibiting_FDT (p = 0.024). The result showed that FDT-based outcomes (Retrieving_FDT: ROC 0.739, sensitivity 85.3%, specificity 48.6%; Decoding_FDT: ROC 0.724, sensitivity 50.4%, specificity 16.2%; Inhibiting_FDT: ROC 0.708, sensitivity 56.6%, specificity 22.5%) were the variables able to differentiate between women with and without FMS. Conclusions: Although women with FMS exhibited deficits in attention, long-term visual memory, processing speed, and mental inhibition when compared with women without FMS, only mental inhibition scores showed moderate diagnostic accuracy to discriminate between women with and without FMS. Future studies investigating these results in clinical settings are needed to identify the clinical relevance of these findings.

The role of visual perception and executive functions on writing skills with learning disabilities: The case of Turkish‐speaking children

The role of visual perception and executive functions on writing skills with learning disabilities: The case of Turkish‐speaking children

Cross-sectional Assessment of Body Image Perception, Image Satisfaction, Body Image Discrepancy and Dietary Habits in Medical Students of Ujjain

Background: Being judgmental about self-body image and satisfaction or dissatisfaction with one’s own body is a natural phenomenon. If perceived incorrectly can lead to dissatisfaction and negative social, emotional, psychological and physical consequences. Methods: A cross-sectional study was planned and the data was collected with the help of a semi-structured proforma. Body image perception, image satisfaction, and associated dietary modification were inquired about, and Body Mass Index (BMI) and Body Image Discrepancy Score (BIDS) were calculated. The body image perception of participants was collected with the help of the Figure Rating Scale (FRS). Results: χ2 test, kappa statistics, Mann–Whitney test, multinominal regression, and Z-standardization were applied. Few 10% of participants perceived themselves as underweight, 48% as normal weight and 42% as overweight or obese. About 48%, 19%, and 33% of participants were satisfied, neutral and dissatisfied respectively by their perceived body image, and 43% of the participants had modified their diet. A statistically significant association was found between body image perception, image satisfaction, body image discrepancy and gender. Conclusion: There was a huge disagreement between perceived and actual body image. Overestimation and underestimation of body image were common in males and females respectively. Misperception of body image might lead to unnecessary dietary modifications resulting in malnutrition and somatoform disorders.

Research into the Influence Mechanisms of Visual-Comfort and Landscape Indicators of Urban Green Spaces

Urban green spaces play a crucial role in providing social services and enhancing residents’ mental health. It is essential for sustainable urban planning to explore the relationship between urban green spaces and human perceptions, particularly their visual comfort. However, most current research has analyzed green spaces using two-dimensional indicators (remote sensing), which often overlook human visual perceptions. This study combined two-dimensional and three-dimensional methods to evaluate urban green spaces. Additionally, the study employed machine learning to quantify residents’ visual comfort in green-space environments and explored the relationship between green spaces and human visual perceptions. The results indicated that Kitakyushu exhibited a moderate FCV and an extremely low Green View Index (GVI). Yahatanishi-ku was characterized as having the highest visual comfort. Tobata-ku demonstrated the lowest visual comfort. Natural, GVI, openness, enclosure, vegetation diversity, landscape diversity, and NDBI were positively correlated with visual comfort. FCV and ENVI were negatively correlated with visual comfort. Vegetation diversity had the most impact on improving visual comfort. By integrating remote sensing and street-view data, this study introduces a methodology to ensure a more holistic assessment of green spaces. Urban planners could use it to better identify areas with insufficient green space or areas that require improvement in terms of green-space quality. Meanwhile, it could be helpful in providing valuable input for formulating more effective green-space policies and improving overall urban environmental quality. The study provides a scientific foundation for urban planners to improve the planning and construction of healthy and sustainable cities.

Modelling tourists’ travel intention: Role of tourism destination image, perceived value and situational involvement

Promoting travelling intention within social media is significant for stakeholders to grasp a new tourism market and cultivate a new model for development of tourism industry. This study aims to understand path of destination image affecting travelling intention, and to investigate the mediation role of perceived value, furthermore, to uncover the role of moderator of situational involvement. This paper conducts a survey on tourists visiting Guilin, collecting 435 questionnaires, and uses the structural equation modeling method to explore how the image of the tourism destination affects tourists’ willingness to travel. The research results indicate that cognitive image, emotional image, and projected image all have a significant positive impact on perceived value, perceived value as a significant mediator to bridge the relationship among the destination image and tourists’ travel intention. Furthermore, situational involvement plays a negative moderating role in the mediating effect of emotional value. This study endeavor will serve to enrich the understanding of perceived value theory, destination image theory, and tourism consumer behavior theory. It will also provide theoretical foundations and policy recommendations for guiding tourism consumer behavior, analyzing destination image perception, and destination marketing.

CORRER UMA VISTA DE OLHOS, GLISSER UNE OEILLADE, TO SHOOT A LOOK: LEXICAL VARIATION IN THE SLOT OF SUPPORT VERB IN COMPLEX PREDICATES OF VISUAL PERCEPTION IN PORTUGUESE, FRENCH AND ENGLISH

In order to describe complex predicates of visual perception with a support verb, we focus, at the formal pole of the construction, on the lexical variation around the verbal slot, without losing sight of its combination with predicating nominal elements. We intend to analyze whether there are predicating nominal elements of visual perception more or less strongly linked to each verb in the construction. Therefore, we aim to verify possibilities for perspectivizing the visual perception event. To do so, we compared data from two varieties of Portuguese (from Brazil and from Portugal), in comparison to French and English. We adopted the theoretical approach of Construction Grammar (GOLDBERG, 1995; 2006), taking into account its articulation with Sociolinguistics, which results in a socio-constructionist bias (MACHADO VIEIRA; WIEDEMER, 2019). We collect construction incidents via the Sketch Engine platform and we use the Word Sketch tool to check collocations. After selecting only the data that interests us, we arrive at 967 occurrences for Portuguese and 750 occurrences for French and 769 occurrences for English. We analyzed the data using quantitative and qualitative methodology. Results (AUTHOR, YEAR) showed that, in the use of the construction in question, Portuguese and French are similar in the sense that they both present prototypical support verbs (dar/ ‘to give’ and jeter/ ‘to throw’) that reflect the focus of the action on something external. English, on the other hand, presents a strong tendency to use the prototypical support verb take in the construction in focus, so that movement or the action, even if figurative, is in the sense of the participant's field of reference. These results confirmed our hypotheses that the most frequent support verbs in the construction of complex predicates of visual perception in Portuguese, French and English would be, respectively, dar (‘to give’), jeter (‘to throw’) and take.

Mathematical and neuro-mathematical connections activated by a teacher and his student in the geometric problems-solving: A view of networking of theories

The research goal is twofold: to articulate neuro-mathematics with the extended theory of mathematical connections that uses onto-semiotic approach tools and to explore the connections established by a teacher and his student when solving a problem about the volume of two boxes, one of toothpaste and the other of tomato. This research was developed in two stages: the theories were articulated assuming concordances and complementarities, highlighting the notion of connection, and a context of reflection was considered carried out in three phases where the participants were selected, participant observation was carried out in the classroom during solving a problem and then analyzing the data with the new tool to explore mathematical and neuro-mathematical connections. The findings present the mathematical connections established by the teacher and the student of meaning, feature, procedural, different representations (alternate, equivalent, and from a horizontal mathematization view), and part-whole, as well as neuro-mathematical connections of: recognition of terms and symbols; visual perception, spatial skills and motor coordination; association of mathematical concepts and formulas; intermediate calculations and unit conversion; solve operations step by step and understand the process; verification and conclusion, activated in the brain areas linked to each mathematical practice sequentially.

SENSORY INTEGRATION AS AN INNOVATIVE METHOD OF WORKING WITH CHILDREN WITH SPECIAL EDUCATIONAL NEEDS

The method of sensory integration is very relevant in modern science and practice, especially in the context of child development and correctional pedagogy. More and more children have difficulties in processing sensory information, which affects their behaviour, learning and socialisation, and more and more studies confirm the effectiveness of this method in working with children with autism, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), cerebral palsy and other neurological disorders. Purpose. To analyse and systematise sensory integration as an innovative method of working with children with special educational needs. Materials and methods. To achieve the objectives of the study, the scientific literature was analysed and information was systematised using electronic databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar and others Research results. Sensory integration is the organisation of sensations that will be used in some way. Williamson and Anzalone have identified five interrelated components that help explain how sensory integration occurs: sensory registration, orientation, interpretation, organisation of the response, and execution (carrying out) of the response. Sensory registration occurs when a person first becomes aware of a sensory event. Sensory orientation helps to pay attention to new sensory information. A person can determine which sensory information requires attention and which can be ignored. The ability to interpret sensory information helps to choose what to respond to and what not to respond to. A person compares new sensory experiences with old ones. To organise a response, the human brain determines whether a response to a sensory stimulus is required and chooses a response option. Making a motor, cognitive or emotional response to a sensory message is the final stage of the sensory integration process. The following sensory systems are distinguished: tactile (sensation of temperature, humidity, texture of the environment and objects), vestibular (perception of body position in space, interpretation of the feeling of gravity, balance), proprioceptive (feeling of muscles, joints), visual (perception of visual information), auditory (perception of auditory information), olfactory (taste and smell). Disorders in sensory integration refer to difficulties in processing and organising sensory information received by the brain. These disorders can affect various aspects of a child's development, including motor, emotional, cognitive and social skills. The disorders are manifested in the form of hypersensitivity or hyposensitivity. Hypersensitivity (or sensory hypersensitivity) occurs when a person has an unusually high response to sensory stimuli. This means that even small or ordinary stimuli can cause discomfort or even pain. Hypersensitivity (or sensory insufficiency) means that a person needs stronger or more pronounced sensory stimuli to notice or react to them. These disorders can occur in any sensory system. Conclusions. Sensory integration is the ordering of sensations that will be used in some way. When sensory integration is impaired, hypersensitivity and hypersensitivity occur in a particular sensory system. Research in this area shows that sensory impairments can also be observed in children with general development, but in children with special educational needs it is more pronounced. The inclusion of sensory integration in the correctional process significantly improves the studied indicators and contributes to a more successful adaptation of the child and his or her integration into society.

Assessing Urban Street Vitality Through Visual and Auditory Perception:

Assessing Urban Street Vitality Through Visual and Auditory Perception:

Image Analysis in Histopathology and Cytopathology: From Early Days to Current Perspectives.

Both pathology and cytopathology still rely on recognizing microscopical morphologic features, and image analysis plays a crucial role, enabling the identification, categorization, and characterization of different tissue types, cell populations, and disease states within microscopic images. Historically, manual methods have been the primary approach, relying on expert knowledge and experience of pathologists to interpret microscopic tissue samples. Early image analysis methods were often constrained by computational power and the complexity of biological samples. The advent of computers and digital imaging technologies challenged the exclusivity of human eye vision and brain computational skills, transforming the diagnostic process in these fields. The increasing digitization of pathological images has led to the application of more objective and efficient computer-aided analysis techniques. Significant advancements were brought about by the integration of digital pathology, machine learning, and advanced imaging technologies. The continuous progress in machine learning and the increasing availability of digital pathology data offer exciting opportunities for the future. Furthermore, artificial intelligence has revolutionized this field, enabling predictive models that assist in diagnostic decision making. The future of pathology and cytopathology is predicted to be marked by advancements in computer-aided image analysis. The future of image analysis is promising, and the increasing availability of digital pathology data will invariably lead to enhanced diagnostic accuracy and improved prognostic predictions that shape personalized treatment strategies, ultimately leading to better patient outcomes.

Inspiration from Visual Ecology for Advancing Multifunctional Robotic Vision Systems: Bio-inspired Electronic Eyes and Neuromorphic Image Sensors.

In robotics, particularly for autonomous navigation and human-robot collaboration, the significance of unconventional imaging techniques and efficient data processing capabilities is paramount. The unstructured environments encountered by robots, coupled with complex missions assigned to them, present numerous challenges necessitating diverse visual functionalities, and consequently, the development of multifunctional robotic vision systems has become indispensable. Meanwhile, rich diversity inherent in animal vision systems, honed over evolutionary epochs to meet their survival demands across varied habitats, serves as a profound source of inspirations. Here, recent advancements in multifunctional robotic vision systems drawing inspiration from natural ocular structures and their visual perception mechanisms are delineated. First, unique imaging functionalities of natural eyes across terrestrial, aerial, and aquatic habitats and visual signal processing mechanism of humans are explored. Then, designs and functionalities of bio-inspired electronic eyes are explored, engineered to mimic key components and underlying optical principles of natural eyes. Furthermore, neuromorphic image sensors are discussed, emulating functional properties of synapses, neurons, and retinas and thereby enhancing accuracy and efficiency of robotic vision tasks. Next, integration examples of electronic eyes with mobile robotic/biological systems are introduced. Finally, a forward-looking outlook on the development of bio-inspired electronic eyes and neuromorphic image sensors is provided.

Impact of Illuminant Metamerism on Colour Fidelity in Graphic Reproduction of Artistic Images

The aim of the research was to to evaluate the quality of illuminant metamerism by using Colour rendering index through similar paintings and half-tone reproduction images within the graphic industry. Employing the methodology of visual perception and testing conducted by standard observers, the study scrutinises how different colour techniques of paintings respond to diverse light sources under standardised conditions. This investigation is pivotal for understanding the chromatic fidelity and consistency of paintings and their reproduction with half-tone colours, by measuring the grey balance field, for all images. To find the most suitable light source and to complete the colour quality, the Osram LED light at 3000 K, 4000 K, and 6500 K is used. The resulting index could be deceptive in cases of significant disparities. The American IES TM-30-18 colour rendering index (CRI) metric, quantifies illumination metamerism's ability to faithfully depict natural colours. At every stage (R1–R15), the average colour reproduction CRI must be more than 90.