Genuine Perception Research Articles

Exploring the Voice of Inbound Tourists: A Study on the Perceived Image of Ethnic-Minority Village Tourism with Impact on Satisfaction

ABSTRACT The opinions and emotions expressed by tourists were the genuine perception of the destination image. To listen to the voice of inbound tourists, this research introduces a new analytical framework through two studies to explore the perceived destination image of ethnic-minority village tourism. Study 1 employed content and sentiment analyses to reveal the cognitive and affective images. Study 2 quantitatively assesses image dimensions’ impact on satisfaction using online reviews through regression analysis. Findings underscore that (1) the perceived destination image includes four dimensions: natural landscape, cultural attraction, tourism environment and touristic service, as well as infrastructure and facility. Eight themes were identified, namely old, local, park, minority, crowd, season, rice, platform. And the affective image tends to be positive; (2) there is a significant positive correlation between the overall perceived destination image and the satisfaction level of inbound tourists visiting ethnic-minority villages, and tourism environment and touristic service exerts the most pronounced impact on satisfaction. This research innovatively transformed textual data into numerical data. It enriches the literature on inbound tourism in China’s ethnic regions, providing practical insights for improving the international competitiveness of ethnic-minority villages in the post-COVID-19 era.

Unconscious Perception, Action, and the Problem of Attribution

AbstractAccording to Phillips, (1) genuine perception is attributable to the individual (i.e. it is a personal state/event, as opposed to sub-personal states/events in the individual’s brain); (2) since unconscious perceptual representations are ill-suited to guide action, there is no good reason to attribute them to the individual; (3) not being attributable to the individual, they do not instantiate genuine perception, thereby failing to support the hypothesis that genuine perception can occur unconsciously. I argue that this reasoning is flawed and cannot be easily fixed. Phillips contends that unconscious perceptual representations do not guide action because they fail to meet certain conditions that are sufficient for action guidance. But those conditions may not be necessary for action guidance. Consequently, unconscious perceptual representations may guide action even if they do not meet Phillips’ conditions. Furthermore, due to his commitment to the distinction between personal and sub-personal states/events, Phillips is not in a position to argue that his conditions are necessary for action guidance. For the distinction applies to action as well as to perception, and when genuine action is identified by personal-level criteria, Phillips’ conditions turn out unnecessary for action guidance.

Autistic traits are associated with differences in the perception of genuineness and approachability in emotional facial expressions, independently of alexithymia.

People with autism and higher levels of autistic traits often have difficulty interpreting facial emotion. Research has commonly investigated the association between autistic traits and expression labeling ability. Here, we investigated the association between two relatively understudied abilities, namely, judging whether expressions reflect genuine emotion, and using expressions to make social approach judgements, in a nonclinical sample of undergraduates at an Australian university (N = 149; data collected during 2018). Autistic traits were associated with more difficulty discriminating genuineness and less typical social approach judgements. Importantly, we also investigated whether these associations could be explained by the co-occurring personality trait alexithymia, which describes a difficulty interpreting one's own emotions. Alexithymia is hypothesized to be the source of many emotional difficulties experienced by autistic people and often accounts for expression labeling difficulties associated with autism and autistic traits. In contrast, the current results provided no evidence that alexithymia is associated with differences in genuineness discrimination and social approach judgements. Rather, differences varied as a function of individual differences in specific domains of autistic traits. More autistic-like social skills and communication predicted greater difficulty in genuineness discrimination, and more autistic-like social skills and attention to details and patterns predicted differences in approach judgements. These findings suggest that difficulties in these areas are likely to be better understood as features of the autism phenotype than of alexithymia. Finally, results highlight the importance of considering the authenticity of emotional expressions, with associations between differences in approach judgements being more pronounced for genuine emotional expressions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

The experiences of the families of patients admitted to the intensive care unit

BackgroundThe admission of close family members to intensive care units can cause significant stress and anxiety for both patients and their families. The sudden and unexpected nature of such admissions often leaves families feeling worried, confused, and shocked. This study aimed to explore the experiences of families with loved ones admitted to the intensive care unit.MethodThe current qualitative study used conventional content analysis. The researchers purposefully selected 11 close family members of patients admitted to the intensive care unit. Semi-structured in-depth face-to-face interviews were conducted with the participants. These interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed the data.FindingsAfter reviewing and analyzing the data, three themes and nine categories emerged. These themes included the search for support resources, psychological consequences within the family, and the presence of various needs within the families.ConclusionThe study findings revealed that families, when present in the intensive care unit, actively sought support resources due to their fear of their loved one’s mortality. The interactions with the healthcare team and the fulfillment of their needs could significantly affect their sense of hope and confidence in the patient’s condition. It is recommended that nurse managers, who possess a genuine perception of the family’s needs, implement family-oriented measures and interventions to provide the necessary support.

Supplemental Material for Autistic Traits Are Associated With Differences in the Perception of Genuineness and Approachability in Emotional Facial Expressions, Independently of Alexithymia

Supplemental Material for Autistic Traits Are Associated With Differences in the Perception of Genuineness and Approachability in Emotional Facial Expressions, Independently of Alexithymia

Does a diagnosis of depression influence observer ratings of pain severity? The mediating role of causal attributions of pain and pain genuineness.

Researchers have been increasingly investigating observer and patient characteristics that may influence the assessment of pain in others. While rates of psychiatric conditions are high in chronic pain populations, surprisingly little attention has been given to if (and why) a comorbid psychiatric diagnosis may influence the estimation of pain in others. Using an experimental vignette paradigm, the current study examined whether a diagnostic label of major depressive disorder (MDD) would impact observer pain estimates of a woman with chronic pain, and whether causal attributions of pain and pain genuineness might help explain these effects. Participants (n = 188) were given a vignette describing a female patient with chronic pain (who either had MDD or no mental health concerns), viewed a brief video clip of the patient, and then were asked to provide a variety of ratings about the woman's pain. Results of a serial multiple mediation analysis revealed that participants in the MDD condition made greater psychological attributions for the woman's pain, which was associated with lower perceptions of pain genuineness, which was then associated with lower estimates of pain intensity. These findings suggest that a diagnosis of depression may indirectly influence observer estimates of another person's pain by heightening psychological attributions of pain, and making their pain seem less genuine. Further research is needed to elucidate the complex processes underlying pain estimation, including patient and observer characteristics, biases, and heuristics, in order to improve quality of care for those living with persistent pain.'

'Connection, community, and convenience': A case study of a Facebook group for fathers navigating parenthood.

Fathers remain less likely to participate in parenting interventions which can limit their ability to receive support and build their parenting capacity. The advent of social media has engendered novel opportunities for fathers to connect with, and support, one another in the form of online peer support. Growth of these online communities exemplifies the demand from fathers to relate to other fathers who are navigating parenthood. However, the benefits of membership to these communities remain unclear. This study evaluated the perceived benefits of members of an online father-to-father, community-created and moderated Facebook group designed for Australian fathers in both rural and metropolitan regions. One-hundred and forty-five Australian fathers (aged 23 - 72 years) who were members of the same online fathering community completed an online survey where they qualitatively described their experiences as members of this community. Content analysis of open-ended survey questions revealed that fathers identified a series of unique and important personal and familial benefits, which were largely attributed to their ability to connect with fellow fathers. Specifically, the opportunity to have convenient access to a safe space for fathers to connect was highly valued, providing fathers with opportunities to support, discuss, and normalize parenting experiences. Online father-to-father connection is a highly valued resource for fathers who are navigating parenthood. SO WHAT?: Online, community-led groups for fathers contribute to perceptions of genuineness and ownership by its members and provide a unique opportunity to connect and seek support for parenting.

Оппозиционный аутентизм Ли Чжи: альтернатива концептуальной контрадикторности

The article presents and provides argumentation to the relevancy of definition of Neo-Confucian thinker Li Zhi (1527–1602) philosophical views as “oppositional authentism”, the core feature of which is the perception of genuineness as the highest value. This genuineness is defined through making the opposition of genuine and non-genuine. The research is mostly based on 73 essays from Li Zhi’s opus magnum “A Book to Burn” (Fen-shu) and proved with quotations from such works as «Interpretation of Child-like Heart» (Tong-xin shuo), «Inter­pretation of Diverse [Plays]» (Za-shuo), «Discourse on He Xinyin» (He Xinyin lun), «Preface to the “Analysis of the ‘[Treatise of Teacher] Lao’” by Ziyou» (Ziyou jie-Lao xu), «Discussions on Behalf of Statues of Three Mahasattvas» (San da-shi xiang-yi), «Interpretation of Voidness and Fullness» (Xu-shi shuo). It is noted that Li criticizes as inauthentic both concepts that diverge from reality, and elements of reality that do not correspond to the concepts he shares: which can be seen, in particular, on the example of essays «Discourse on Ghosts and Spirits» (Gui-shen lun) and «Interpretation of the Four Don’ts» (Si wu shuo). Also, the article criticizes some statements of prominent contemporary scholars of the field (R. Handler-Spitz, Li Wai-yee), which are connected with the percep­tion of Li Zhi’s views as consciously contradictional, precisely with Li’s attitude to Confucian canons, emotions and feelings and their manifestations in various spheres of life, filial piety and martyrdom. It is suggested that the tendency to as­certain Li Zhi as conceptually contradictory thinker which is frequently seen in contemporary researches can be explained by the insufficient volume of Li’s texts analyzed by scholars, following stereotypical assessments of the past, as well as the desire to exoticize thinker's views or to endow them with importance for the modern world.

Does Attention to One’s Own Emotion Relate to the Emotional Interpretation of Other People’s Faces?

Do individual differences in attention to one’s own emotion relate to the way individuals interpret emotion in other people? For example, although the accuracy has been debated, people’s facial expressions are often perceived as providing information about their emotional state. Previous research on individual differences in attention to emotion has mostly looked at how individuals categorize the emotions they believe other people to have or to the extent to which individuals have dysregulated attention to emotional information. However, less is known about other facets of emotional interpretation such as perceptions of emotional intensity and genuineness. One hypothesis, suggested by previous literature on categorization, is that higher attention to one’s own emotion may result in greater differentiation of the cues perceived to relate to emotional intensity and genuineness. On the other hand, previous research on dysregulated attention to emotion suggests a second possibility: higher attention to emotion might instead result in heightened weighting of facial expressions which tend to be perceived to indicate emotional intensity and genuineness. Across two studies, participants rated their perception of emotional intensity in facial expressions and their perception of genuineness in Duchenne and non-Duchenne smiles. Contrary to both hypotheses, attention to emotion did not significantly relate to perceived emotional intensity or genuineness (Study 1). Furthermore, whereas an exploratory test suggested a significant relation between attention to emotion and the average perceived intensity of different emotion categories (Study 1), the relation was not significant in a conceptual replication study (Study 2). The current research highlights the possibility that future research may benefit from explorations of an expanded range of biased perceptions of facial expressions in relation to individual differences in attention to emotion.

True Motives: Prosocial and Instrumental Justifications for Behavioral Change in Organizations

When organizations want their employees to adopt behaviors that advance prosocial and instrumental aims, which motive should they express? A groundswell of recent work suggests that highlighting prosocial actions inspires and motivates employees. Building on this work, we embed a field experiment in the context of an organizational change initiative (Study 1). A large university sought to change the behavior of administrative employees who purchase office supplies, encouraging them to place orders of at least $50, referred to as “bundling.” We exploit the fact that the organization could justify the same behavior in contrasting ways. We randomly assign employees to view either a prosocial (“limiting pollution”), instrumental (“limiting costs”), or mixed motive (“limiting pollution and limiting costs”) for caring about bundling each time they access the organization’s procurement system. We then evaluate changes in employees’ behavior by comparing a six-month baseline to a six-month experimental period, covering 10,169 purchases in 556 offices. Contrary to expectations from related research, the instrumental motive was most effective for changing behavior, leading to significantly more bundling than the prosocial motive. Two follow-up vignette experiments probe theoretical mechanisms. They indicate that an instrumental motive seems more genuine (i.e., reflecting the organization’s true motive) than a prosocial motive (Study 2) and that seeming genuine increases individuals’ intention to bundle (Study 3). This research reveals that prosocial justifications can be less effective than instrumental ones and suggests that perceptions of genuineness may shape the effectiveness of behavioral change efforts in organizations. This paper was accepted by Yuval Rottenstreich, decision analysis.

The 3D Printing in Material Research and Medical Physics Education and Its Accuracy Study

This study aims to construct prototypes using three-dimensional (3D) printing technology as a research apparatus and a physics education instrument, particularly in medical physics education. Two main designs of prototypes have been arranged. Two foam NaCl templates are drawn using computer-aided design (CAD) software. Image processing techniques achieve a 3D model of a thoracic vertebra. All 3D model data are printed using polylactic acid (PLA) filament. The prints of foam NaCl templates are utilized for holding the NaCl powder. The prototype of a human vertebra is used for visualization of the real condition of the human bone anatomy. The results of the prototypes are analyzed to investigate the similarity between the model and the prints. This investigation is done using a Vernier Caliper and CT Scan. The measurement using Caliper shows a higher percentage in likeness than the CT-Scan. All the accuracy study shows they have more than 83% in similarity. It can be concluded that all built prototypes have prominent exactitude and can support the material research using the printed NaCl templates. Hereafter, a bone mock-up’s genuine perception can function for further application, such as implant or surgery planning.

Contextualising Smiles: Is Perception of Smile Genuineness Influenced by Situation and Culture?

Considerable evidence for contextual effects in emotion perception has been reported, but little is known about how contexts influence the perception of smiles, a rich source of social information. We investigated whether the perceived genuineness of a smile depends on the valence of the situation accompanying the smile, and whether such contextual effects depend on culture. Seventy-two North Americans and 83 mainland Chinese rated the genuineness of smiles displayed by Caucasians and East Asians in three situational contexts (positive, negative, and in isolation). Smiles in a negative situation were considered less genuine than the same smiles rated in isolation; this effect was observed for both groups of observers but stronger for North Americans, a finding at odds with the notion that East Asians are more likely to engage in holistic perceptual processes. Our study demonstrates contextual effects in assessment of smile genuineness, contributing new insights into the perception of affective information.

Perceptions of Prosocial Behavior: Understanding the Self-Presentation of Hardships Incurred During Altruistic Acts

Promoting one's altruistic motives may be an important means by which people can present themselves favorably to others. Still, promoting one's altruistic acts can be risky, as observers tend to be sensitive to factors that indicate that an altruistic act is motivated by self-interest, rather than genuine prosocial motives. Research focused on martyrdom (Olivola & Shafir, 2013; Schaumberg & Mullen, 2017) has suggested that highlighting the hardships involved in an altruistic act can enhance perceptions of prosocial motivation (the martyrdom hypothesis). However, research on bragging (Berman et al., 2015; Sezer et al., 2018) has suggest that first-person statements that highlight hardships may be perceived as self-motivated complaints, rather than genuine (the complaint hypothesis). The current study used a 2 (statement content: accomplishment versus hardship) x 2 (presentation strategy: direct statement or humblebrag) within-groups design (N = 82) to examine if self-promotional statements related to altruistic hardship increased or decreased perceptions of genuineness and prosocial motivation. Consistent with the complaint hypothesis, first-person statements focused on an altruistic hardship were perceived more as complaints (p < .001, η2 = .512) and less as prosocial acts (p = .001, η2 = .132) than first-person statements that focused on an altruistic accomplishment. These results suggest that there may be a penalty for emphasizing personal sacrifice as a means of self-promoting altruistic acts.

Teaching beyond words: ‘silence’ and its pedagogical implications discoursed in the early classical texts of Confucianism, Daoism and Zen Buddhism

In traditional Chinese philosophy, silence occupies a pivotal position by not being merely treated as the absence of speech, but also as the transcendence of it. Silence in early Confucianism implies the timing, subjects and issues to which one should not teach and talk about, and in depth it also refers to the manifestation of utmost sincerity rooted in the nature of both human and Heaven. For early philosophical Daoism, silence nicely represents the ineffable nature and spontaneous status of the Dao, the mother of myriad things and the principle by which they were ordered. The Daoist enthusiastically proclaims teaching without the use of words and governance without unreasonable interference. The Daoist silence is also based on the clear realization of the inescapable deviation amongst words, thought and truth, and such stance was further stressed by Zen Buddhism which reveals in nature the sunyata (emptiness) of all existences and thus enlightens the way of direct perception beyond words. In result, silence comes as a significant pedagogical method and an ideal realm to be reached; it implies not only silence in speech but also stillness in action and limpidity in mind. It also suggests that in the pursuit of true meaning the preoccupied goals and methods should be finally rested on silence, only by which can genuine perception emerge naturally. Silence in traditional Chinese philosophy has inspired abundant negative–like yet positive–targeting discourses and practices; a comprehensive discussion on them can deepen our understanding of the nature of knowledge, learning and teaching.

Unconscious perception and phenomenal coherence

Abstract It is an orthodoxy in cognitive science that perception can occur unconsciously. Recently, Hakwan Lau, Megan Peters and Ian Phillips have argued that this orthodoxy may be mistaken. They argue that many purported cases of unconscious perception fail to rule out low degrees of conscious awareness while others fail to establish genuine perception. This paper presents a case of unconscious perception that avoids these problems. It also advances a general principle of ‘phenomenal coherence’ that can insulate some forms of evidence for unconscious perception from the methodological critiques of Lau, Peters and Phillips.

Laminar Organization of Working Memory Signals in Human Visual Cortex

The human primary visual cortex (V1) is not only activated by incoming visual information but is also engaged by top-down cognitive processes, such as visual working memory, even in the absence of visual input [1-3]. This feedback may be critical to our ability to visualize specific visual features, as higher-orderregions lack the selectivity to represent such information [4]. Clearly, such internally generated signals do not trigger genuine perception of the remembered stimulus, meaning they must be organized in a manner that is different to bottom-up-driven signals. Internally generated signals may be kept separate from incoming sensory data by virtue of the laminar organization of inter-area cortical connections. Namely, bottom-up driving connections target layer 4, located in the middle of the cortical column, and feedback connections target deep and superficial layers and avoid layer 4 [5-7]. Using lamina-resolved fMRI, we simultaneously measured the activity in three early visual cortical areas (V1-V3) that are recruited to represent stimulus information during visual working memory [8]. We observed item-specific working memory signals in early visual cortex. In V1, this item-specific activity was selectively present at deep and superficial cortical depths, avoiding the middle layers, and working-memory-related activity was present at all depths in V2 and V3. These results show for the first time the laminar organization of internally generated signals during visual working memory in the human visual system and provide new insights into how bottom-up and top-down signals in visual cortex are deployed.

Role of authenticity in massively multiplayer online role playing games (MMORPGs): Determinants of virtual item purchase intention

This study presents a conceptual model of how aesthetic design, avatar identification, and player co-creation behavior enhance the players' perceived authenticity of massively multiplayer online role playing games (MMORPGs), thereby increasing both the players' willingness to play and their virtual item purchase intention. In our model, authenticity is defined as the perception of genuineness that causes players to perceive people, and objects as real, and is considered a driving force of pleasurable game experience. Structural equation modeling was used to estimate the model based on survey data from 393 MMORPG players. The findings show that aesthetic design, players' avatar identification, and player co-creation behavior all influence play intention and virtual item purchase intention. The empirical results indicate that players' perceived authenticity increases players' intentions to play and purchase virtual items. This study contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of how perceived authenticity affects players' participation and purchase intention in MMORPGs.

Student Perception of Teacher Empathy, High Regard and Genuineness and the Impact on Student Engagement

Student Perception of Teacher Empathy, High Regard and Genuineness and the Impact on Student Engagement

Актуальные проблемы интерпретации и имплементации теории разделения властей на примере Российской Федерации и Соединенных Штатов Америки

Fundamental bases of modern democracies can be traced back to the ideas of prominent philosophers of XVII—XVIII centuries. One of such basic elements is the principle of separation of powers, which is firmly rooted in state institution design and became
 an indispensable aspect of any democratic regime. Differences of Montesque’s theory interpretation and its further implementation as the principle of separation of powers are considered in this article. The main focus of the article is not on the practical aspects of operation of governments but on analyzing the difference in genuine perception among people about the basic features of the principle in the United States (where separation of powers was implemented for the first time in history as a pivotal part of a new government) and in Russia (where the principle was included into state’s institutional structure more than 200 years later). Thenature of the power, a role and status of a head of state, historically inherited notion of “state power” in the Russian legal doctrine, — all these issues have been the key distinguishing factors of two diverse models of the principle of separation of powers and closely connected to its system of checks and balances in Russia and the United States. The US model tends to reflect a more classical type of the theory of separation of powers’ interpretation, while in Russia due to the Russian legal legacy the essence of the theory is considered in the context of the division of a single unified state power into three independent branches of power. Is it possible that one of the separation of powers models can be considered universal or every pattern is unique and effective in fact only within its own state system?

Transcendental Kantianism, Naturalized Kantianism, and the Bounds of Psychology

Are there sensory states (“perceptions”) that, unlike mere sensory registrations, require an explanatory framework (“psychology”) that goes beyond biology? Based on a reconstruction of Kant’s a priori, transcendental psychology, contemporary Kantians answer this question in the positive but dramatically limit the scope of psychology. In contrast, naturalistically oriented deflationists answer it in the negative, thereby not giving psychology any explanatory role whatsoever. In his recent monumental book Origins of Objectivity, Burge argues against both of these approaches and seeks to develop an intermediate approach between them. This he does by embedding Kantian transcendental psychology in contemporary science of perception, thereby naturalizing the former and considerably broadening the scope of psychology. In this paper I critically examine Burge’s naturalized Kantianism, thereby defending transcendental Kantianism. To this end, I first outline Kantian transcendental psychology of perception, highlighting the features that distinguish it from biology. I then show how Burge naturalizes this psychology by embedding its most fundamental notions in contemporary science of perception. Based on all this, I conclude the paper by arguing for two closely related claims. First, that transformed into empirical psychology, Kantian transcendental psychology loses the features that distinguish it from biology. Second, that genuine perception starts at the high cognitive level for which transcendental psychology accounts and not at the rather low or elementary level on which Burge focuses.