Percentage Of Waste Research Articles

Design of a Green Corridor and the Revitalization of the Huatanay River, City of Cuzco, Peru—2024

Population growth in the last 30 years has generated an energy shortage and excessive consumption of products, generating a large percentage of solid waste. Urban expansion has led to a significant impact on the biodiversity of both flora and fauna. In this context, the objective of this research is to develop a design for a green corridor that optimizes ecological energy efficiency and contributes to the revaluation of the Huatanay River in Cuzco. The methodology used in this study is articulated in four stages: literature analysis; analysis of the environment through supporting data such as Climate consultant, SIGRID, and GEO Peru; results where the proposed project is carried out; and finally, the conclusions and discussions where they are contrasted with a similar bibliography. The design of the green corridor efficiently takes advantage of the natural resources available in the area, which has 70% green areas and 30% public spaces, where 13 kWh/day of energy is generated, according to the calculations made in sector 2 of the botanical garden that will later be replicated in the other sectors, derived from biodigesters for the lighting of spaces of the botanical garden. The corridor, in turn, aims to recover the ecological function of the river through the restoration of its course, the reforestation of its banks, and the creation of recreational areas. In conclusion, the green corridor aims to revitalize the Huatanay River through different elements, among which the botanical garden stands out.

Glass fiber waste as a potential bitumen modifier and stabilizing agent in asphalt mixture.

The deterioration of Malaysia's flexible road pavements due to rutting and moisture damage presents a critical problem. Meanwhile, disposing of glass fiber wastes from manufacturing process further worsens environmental concerns. This research explores the feasibility of using glass fiber wastes as bitumen modifiers and stabilizers in stone mastic asphalt (SMA). The performance of SMA14 incorporating glass fiber waste using wet method and dry method were compared in this study. Bitumen 60/70 PEN was modified with varying percentages of glass fiber waste namely, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.0% by weight of bitumen. The SMA14 mixture was modified with glass fiber waste at 0.3% by the weight of total mixture. The physical and rheological characteristic of modified bitumen binder were assessed using penetration, softening point, storage stability, viscosity, and dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) tests. The Marshall properties and performance of the SMA14 mixture incorporating glass fiber waste were evaluated. The findings demonstrate that glass fiber waste-modified bitumen exhibits enhanced penetration, softening point, viscosity, and rutting resistance compared to the unmodified sample. Adding glass fiber waste using dry method shows significant resistance to abrasion and rutting and demonstrates higher indirect tensile strength and TSR value.

Experimental and numerical investigation of heat transfer modes on pot surfaces in a power range of a cooking porous burner

The investigation of convective and radiative heat transfers to a cooking pot in a porous burner, coupled with an analysis of the pot's bottom and side contributions to total heat transfer, remains an underexplored area of research. In this study, we adopt a comprehensive approach, combining experimental measurements and 3D numerical models, to explore the practical application of a Silicon carbide porous burner fueled with natural gas in cooking pots with power ranging from 12.15 kW to 31.04 kW. Three primary aspects are examined: differentiating between radiative and convective heat transfer contributions, investigating porous mixing characteristics, and analyzing the burner's thermal and combustion efficiencies. To facilitate this investigation, a dedicated test bench is meticulously designed and constructed, equipped with state-of-the-art measuring instruments to effectively monitor the thermal behavior of the heating process. The results reveal that the higher Damköhler number at higher power, driven by the dominance of chemical time over mixing time, accentuates the importance of chemical reactions in heat transfer to the pot. Moreover, increasing the power leads to a reduction in the burner's overall thermal efficiency, from 29.2% to 18.8%, due to a higher energy waste percentage, escalating from 45.12% at P = 12.15 kW to 65.31% at P = 31.04 kW. This increase in power also strengthens the downward movement of the flame and its detachment from the pot surface. The pot's bottom contribution to total heat transfer ranged from 76.7% to 95.5%, with convection alone accounting for over 98% in all cases. Consequently, optimizing the pot bottom geometry for the purpose of enhancing convection presents promising avenues for significantly boosting thermal efficiency. These findings highlight the potential of the investigated porous burner for efficient and clean combustion in cooking appliances.

Regulated Medical Waste Reduction in the Dermatology Clinic.

The disposal of regulated medical waste (RMW) in the healthcare setting can be both costly and environmentally harmful. Prior studies have found large amounts of waste disposed of in RMW containers are inappropriately placed. Few studies to date have investigated the efficacy of waste reduction practices in the dermatology setting. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a practice-wide intervention in reducing RMW in the outpatient dermatology setting. By performing daily waste audits and two concurrent educational interventions, the amount of RMW produced and percent of appropriately placed RMW will be measured. Further analysis will occur by comparing pre-intervention values to post-intervention values. The percentage of waste properly placed in RMW containers prior to any intervention was 11%. Following both educational interventions, the percentage of waste properly placed in RMW containers increased by 56.1% (CI 43.7-68.5%) and the percentage of total waste produced that was identified and disposed of as RMW decreased by 6.0% (95% CI 1.2-10.8%). Our study provides practical data for dermatology providers to make small changes which can result in significant reductions of regulated medical waste, potentially providing benefits to the environment and cost-savings.

A Final Study: The Role of Plastic-Modified Bitumen in Enhancing Durability and Sustainability in Road Construction

Abstract: This study systematically evaluates the influence of integrating varying percentages of plastic waste into bitumen on the mechanical properties and performance characteristics of bituminous pavements. Experimental results indicate that the incorporation of plastic waste enhances the performance of bitumen up to an optimal threshold of 8% by weight; exceeding this concentration results in negligible improvements or deterioration in performance. Rigorous laboratory assessments, including Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) analyses, demonstrate that plastic-modified bitumen exhibits a significantly elevated complex modulus (G*) and a reduced phase angle (δ) in comparison to unmodified bitumen, with the 8% modification yielding the most favourable outcomes. Enhanced Marshall Stability, improved flow values, reduced penetration, and increased softening points further signify superior resistance to load and thermal variations. The elevated viscosity of plastic-modified bitumen contributes to enhanced pavement strength and durability. Future investigations should encompass additional evaluations, such as ductility, elastic recovery, and flash/fire point tests utilizing the wet process, alongside an exploration of the dry process involving the coating of aggregates with shredded plastic. The findings substantiate that the incorporation of plastic waste into bitumen not only augments pavement performance but also presents a viable eco-friendly solution for plastic waste management, thereby fostering sustainable construction methodologies. The findings confirm that using plastic waste in bitumen improves pavement quality and offers an eco-friendly solution for plastic waste management, promoting sustainable construction practices.

Studies on particleboard production using Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) waste as a binder for construction applications

This study explored the potential of using EPS waste as a substitute for synthetic resin in particleboard production. The objectives were to assess the impact of various processing parameters, including board density, EPS waste percentage, and pressing temperature, on the properties of the board. For this purpose, lab-scale particleboards were fabricated by combining kelempayan wood particles with EPS waste powders. Subsequently, the physical, mechanical, and thermal stability properties of the board were assessed. The results indicated that the board density, EPS waste percentage, and pressing temperature influenced the physical, mechanical, and thermal stability properties of the board. The bending properties, internal bond (IB) strength, and thickness swelling (TS) of the board exhibited an upward trend with increasing board density. At the same time, the TS decreased while bending properties and IB strength increased with rising EPS waste percentages and pressing temperatures. Notably, the board fabricated with a target density of 0.70 g/cm3, comprising 20 % EPS waste and pressed at 180°C, met the standard requirements for particleboard designated for construction purposes, except the modulus of rupture (MOR), which is slightly lower than the standard requirement. In addition, the thermal stability of the board increased with higher pressing temperatures. Conversely, increasing the density and EPS waste percentage to 40 % appeared to decrease the thermal stability of the board. These findings underscore the significant potential of EPS waste as a binder in particleboard production.

Therapeutic diet plate waste and satisfaction among adult patients

Introduction: There are limited studies on plate waste and satisfaction levels among adult patients receiving therapeutic diets in hospitals, particularly in the local context. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the percentage of plate waste and the level of satisfaction among adult patients receiving therapeutic diets, as well as the contributing factors. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at a university hospital during lunch and dinner hours on eleven types of therapeutic diets. Food weighing and photography-assisted visual estimation by the Comstock scale were used to measure plate waste. Interviews were conducted with patients using the Acute Care Hospital Foodservice Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire (ACHFPSQ) to collect information about their satisfaction towards food quality and service. Results: Mean overall plate waste rate for 96 patients receiving therapeutic diets was 43.6% (40.0% for lunch, 47.3% for dinner), with the highest rate of wastage in a combined diet low in fat and salt. Overall score for patient satisfaction was 3.7 out of 5. Patients had higher satisfaction levels with staff and food service (4.0) compared to food quality (3.4). Food quality negatively contributed to the rate of plate waste in terms of taste (r=-0.107, p=0.035), presentation (r=-0.078, p=0.043), and texture (r=-0.052, p=0.020). Conclusion: Therapeutic diet plate waste among adult patients in this study was high and primarily attributable to food quality. Efforts to minimise therapeutic diet plate waste should be made by improving food quality for the best possible outcomes for patients.

Evaluation of Medical Waste Generated from Government Hospitals and Healthcare Centers in the City of Hodeidah, Yemen

In the present study, the current status of medical waste management in the city of Hodeidah was presented in terms of its definition, components, sources, and threats that may result from improper handling. This investi-gation aims to study the potential environmental and health impacts of existing medical waste produced by the government hospitals and healthcare entities in Hodeidah City, in addition to comparing the applied methods and procedures with the methods and procedures that are applied in developed countries. The research study was carried out from January 2022 until January 2023, and targeted ten government hospitals and healthcare institutions in Hodeidah City. It relied on descriptive and analytical scientific methods, which aim to describe and analyze medical solid waste generated from the selected institutions. The result of the study showed that the total quantities of waste produced in all studied government health facilities amounted to approximately 599,038 kg/year. The percentage of non-hazardous waste was about 67% against hazardous waste which was 33%. Hospitals that receive more patients and have more beds as well as a multiplicity of their specialties generate larger medical wastes. The present research investigation revealed that government hospitals and healthcare centers in the city of Al-Hodeidah have low levels of health and safety conditions. They do not meet the local and international standards and requirements in the Medical Waste Management Guides and Recommendations. The poor management situation of medical waste could expose Yemeni citizens to danger. The healthcare insti-tutions should be supervised and controlled and ensure management of medical waste following environmental regulations and laws.

Low temperature pyrolysis of waste cooking oil using marble waste for bio-jet fuel production

Limestone powder, a by-product of top-down marble processing, exhibited high thermal stability and functionality as catalysts for the low-temperature pyrolysis of waste cooking oil (WCO) into biofuel. The marble waste (MW) contains calcite, dolomite, and quartz composites (CaCO3/MgCO3/SiO2) as non-uniform microcrystallites. Pyrolysis at 380 °C in 1 h increased the hydrocarbon composition of biofuel and reduced carboxylic acid. The biofuel composition contains 80 % hydrocarbon within the jet fuel C8-16 ranges. MW reduced the carboxylic acid concentration from 49 % in catalyst-free pyrolysis to less than 4 %. The optimum condition was obtained at 3 % MW, yielding 43.55 % linear hydrocarbon, 11.1 % cyclic hydrocarbon, and 1.02 % aromatic compounds that satisfied the bio-jet fuel classification. The incorporation of varying percentages of marble waste demonstrates a significant enhancement in the cyclic compounds, elevating the yield from ∼3 % in catalyst-free pyrolysis to an impressive ∼35 %. The hydrocarbon yield is higher when using 3%MW > 1%MW > 6%MW > 9%MW. Dolomite and calcite mixture in MW catalyzed triglyceride conversion to hydrocarbon by adsorbing carbonate in triglycerides to drive C–O bond dissociation. These studies provide a roadmap for the utilization of abundant resources locally available in Indonesia to sustain local energy demand.

Production of paver blocks from polyethylene terephthalate solid waste as partial replacement of sand

Plastic waste management is an international concern. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic waste is present everywhere in Addis Ababa relative to other types of plastic waste and it is an international concern regarding environmental problems. The amount of plastic trash produced globally is increasing at a rapid rate, and this pollution is caused by improper disposal, the waste’s non-biodegradability, and the harmful gases released during incineration pose a hazard to human health. Because it’s used in so many commonplace items, such as bottles and containers for the food and beverage sectors, polyethylene terephthalate, or PET, is one of the most widely used consumer polymers. Because of its many characteristics, including its inability to biodegrade and the gasses it releases when burned, it has grown to be a significant environmental problem. Waste made of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) must therefore be recycled and used efficiently. The purpose of this study was to produce paver blocks by partially replacing sand with waste Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) material. Preparing the raw materials, mixing, vibrating, molding, curing, testing the flexural and compressive strengths, and curing are the steps in the production process. . The mixing proportion of paver blocks implemented for this study was 1:2:3, which is a predictable volume basis-mixing ratio of cement, aggregate, and sand correspondingly. Design-Expert 13.0.0 Three-level three factor Box–Behnken design was used for experimental design and statistical analysis of results based on the outcome and discussion. A total of 17 trials were carried out with the following parameters: 10, 20, and 30% of polyethylene terephthalate; 0.52, 0.55, and 0.58 as the water-to-cement ratio; and 7, 14, and 28 days for the curing period. The interaction effects were examined based on the examination of the experimental data. The physio-mechanical properties of Paver Blocks, including water absorption, compressive strength, and flexural strength, were examined. At a water-to-cement ratio of 0.55, obtained maximum flexural and compressive strength which is 4.92 MPa, and 29.74 MP respectively, and when PET plastic waste percentage increased, both flexural and compressive strength decreased but we got a good flexural and compressive strength value at 10% PET. And also water absorption rates were increased as PET plastic waste increased. The ideal process variables for polyethylene terephthalate percentage were 10 and 28. The paver blocks average and maximum water absorption rates were 3.39% and 3.95%, respectively. Compared to regular blocks, the resultant Paver Blocks are lighter and have superior physical and mechanical qualities. These are excellent illustrations of planned paver applications that can make use of prefabricated paver blocks.

Investigating the Operational Feasibility of Waste Management at Integrated Waste Management Sites in Balikpapan City

Referring to the Balikpapan City Medium-Term Development Plan for 2021-2026, the percentage of waste transported to the Final Waste Processing Site (FWPS) is 75.45%, which is higher than the percentage of waste management. As of now, there are 2 Integrated Waste Management Sites (IWMS) in Balikpapan, namely MRF and ITF. Based on data from 2019, waste management at MRF decreased by 51.14%. Meanwhile, ITF only utilizes 25.98% - 31.31% of total incoming waste, with the remainder being sent to Manggar FWPS. This decline in performance is also related to the deteriorating condition of approximately 62% of waste management infrastructure in Balikpapan, so evaluation of the operational aspects of waste management becomes a crucial factor in addressing this issue. In addition, the ideal condition of waste management according to standards serves as the main indicator in assessing the performance of waste management. This research aims to evaluate operational aspects of waste management at Balikpapan IWMS by applicable regulations. Analysis methods used are mass balance analysis and operational performance analysis. Research findings show that waste management at IWMS Balikpapan City can reduce the volume of waste in Balikpapan City. However, the operational performance of MRF did not meet established standards, especially in terms of waste removal and processing systems, with a score of 19. On the other hand, ITF is considered sufficient by provisions of PUPR Minister Regulation Number 03 of 2013 and Indonesian National Standard 19-2454-2002 with a score of 23.

Predictive Analysis of Ceramic Waste Modified Concrete Properties Ising ANN and Linear Regression Algorithm

In this study, concrete modified with ceramic waste was modelled. The ceramic waste percentage ranged from 2.5% to 5% to 10% to 12.5% to 15% to 17.5% to 20%. Modelling was done for the concrete's tensile strength and compressive strength. Regression modelling and artificial neural networks were used as prediction methods for concrete strength. The models developed in this study to predict the mechanical properties of concrete were evaluated using Mean absolute error, coefficient of determination and root mean square error. The R2 value for the ANN model was determined to be 0.97, compared to 0.95 for the linear regression model. For the one-week, two-week, and four-week prediction models, RMSE values were 1.1 MPa, 1.15 MPa, and 1.05 MPa for the ANN model for one-week, two-week and four-week, respectively, while the linear regression model displayed the RMSE values of 1.08 MPa, 1.22 MPa, and 1.25 MPa. The R2 values for ANN and LR models were estimated to be 0.87 and 0.7, respectively, for predicting split tensile strength. This study will conclude that the artificial neural network model has high accuracy. It can be employed in modelling the mechanical properties of ceramic-modified concrete.

Integrating Plastic Waste into Concrete: Sustainable Solutions for the Environment.

Plastic waste management has received significant attention in recent decades due to the urgent global environmental crisis caused by plastic pollution. The versatile and durable nature of plastic has led to its widespread usage across various sectors. However, its nonbiodegradable nature contributes to unsustainable production practices, leading to extensive landfill usage and posing threats to marine ecosystems and the food chain. To address these environmental concerns, numerous challenges have been recently addressed through investigating alternative approaches for disposing of plastic waste, with the construction sector emerging as a promising option. Incorporating plastic waste materials into concrete not only offers economic benefits but also provides a valid alternative to conventional disposal methods. This paper presents the results of different experimental studies, some of them available in the literature and others new, discussing the feasibility of integrating plastic waste into concrete and its impact on mechanical properties. The influence of different sizes, natures, treatments, and percentages of plastic waste in the concrete mixtures is dealt with in order to provide further data for helping to understand the nonunivocal results in the literature, under the conviction that only further observations can help to understand the mechanics of concrete with plastic aggregates. The experimental investigation highlighted that one parameter that is better than others and can be considered to compare different experimental investigations is the variation in weight (due to the effective volume of plastics in the mix), determining a sort of increasing of porosity that degrades the mechanical characteristics. However, this seems inconsistent in some cases. Therefore, the need for further research is highlighted to refine production methods and optimize mix designs.

Effects of different cocoon-stifling methods on the reeling and quality characteristics of raw silk

In this study, we evaluated the effects of five stifling methods on the reeling parameters and raw silk characteristics of double hybrid cocoons. The methods were open sun drying, sun drying under a black cloth, drying in the SKUAST-K-fabricated solar cocoon dryer, multifuel hot air drying, and hot air drying. Our findings showed that hot air drying produced the best results in terms of reeling parameters, i.e. average filament length (805.750 m), average non-breakable filament length (800.750 m), average denier (2.777), renditta (2.805), silk waste percentage (15.17), raw silk percentage (30.382), reelability percentage (80.982), and degumming loss percentage (16.285). The method also yielded superior results for raw silk characteristics, such as winding (0.000 breaks), evenness first (1.000 count), evenness second (0.000 count), neatness percentage (95.000), cleanness percentage (96.500), tenacity (4.032 g/denier), elongation percentage (23.000), and cohesion (68.250 strokes). The SKUAST-K-fabricated solar cocoon dryer produced the second-best results.

Study of Characteristics of Bitumen and Aggregate with Use of Plastic Waste

Plastic is everywhere, and its use in different forms is increasing day by day despite discouragement from the government. Plastic waste disposal is a global issue since they are non-biodegradable and toxic in burning. Plastic pollution threatens food quality, human health, sanitation, and the ecosystem and contributes to climate change. The usage of plastic waste in elements (bitumen and aggregate) used in road construction was the main objective of this study. With use of appropriate plastic waste in building of road would not only reduce material cost but also contributes in solving plastic waste management issue. Nepal being a developing country with low Gross Domestic Product (GDP) where most of the districts are still deprived of good flexible pavement networks, plastic modified roads could be a value engineering and economic solution. The paper highlights by which method plastic waste can be used effectively in road construction by performing different experimental tests reflecting the characteristics of bitumen and aggregate on addition of plastic. The study has determined the penetration, softening point, ductility values of bitumen and impact and abrasion values of aggregate in addition to different percentage of plastic waste. According to the study, bitumen's penetration and ductility value drop with increasing plastic content, making it better suited for usage in warmer climates, but its softening point rises, ensuring a stronger resistance to flow in services. Comparably, when in aggregate plastic content rises, both its AIV value and its LA abrasion value fall, enhancing the aggregate's toughness and ability to endure greater wear and tear.

Compressive Strength of Paver Block Using Rubber Tyre Waste and Bamboo Fibre Under Extreme Conditions

The utilisation of by-products in paver block production has gained significant attention due to its potential in environmental condition. This research investigates the effect of incorporating rubber tyre waste and bamboo fibre into the fabrication of paver block on compressive strength, water absorption, density and ultrasonic pulse velocity tests. This research comprises two batches of paver blocks fabrications following a 1:2:3 ratio(cement: fine aggregate: coarse aggregate). Batch 1 involves the fabrication of paver blocks by incorporating varying percentages of rubber tyre waste (0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50%), which replace a portion of the sand (referred to as rubber paver block). In Batch 2, various dosages of bamboo fibre, used as a reinforcement material were added to the paver block containing 40% rubber tyre waste, which are referred to as rubber-bamboo fibre paver blocks. Nevertheless, the compressive strength of the rubber-bamboo fibre paver blocks was further examined under two simulated environmental conditions: (1) air and dry cycle, and (2) wet and dry conditions. These conditions aim to assess the block’s resistance to temperature fluctuations, moisture effects, and theiroverall durability. The strength of the paver blocks decreases with the additional inclusion of rubber tyre waste. While the utilisation of 0.3% bamboo fibre has shown improvement in its strength performance compared to 0.2% and 0.4%. It suitable to used for non-loading structural applications that require strength below 25 kPa. This study was able to promote sustainable and green construction materials for paving applications through the efficient recycling of waste materials. It aligns with Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 9 (Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure) and 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities).

Impact of new type of plastic as aggregate on fresh and hardened, microstructure properties of concrete

The goal of this work is to reuse plastic waste as a result of the production of valves on gas bottles into concrete. In this way, one can reduce and consume that waste and at the same time reuse it in concrete and study its effects on its properties to decide which best content. This kind of plastic waste was used in different quantities (5%, 7.5%, 10%, 12.5%, and 15%) to replace fine natural aggregate (sand) partially. The effects of these ratios on the fresh concrete's slump factor, the density of hardened concrete, compressive strength, absorption, microstructure, and ultrasonic pulse speed were studied and compared with a reference mixture free of plastic waste. The ANOVA analysis was used to analyze the results of the fresh and hardened tests, and it was concluded that 5% was the ideal percentage of the percentages used, as it had less negative influence on the properties of concrete. From laboratory work, it was concluded that increasing the percentage of plastic waste has a negative impact on the properties of concrete, such as reducing compressive strength, flexural strength, spitting tensile strength, and increasing absorption.

Conversion of Waste Agricultural Biomass from Straw into Useful Bioproducts—Wheat Fibers and Biofuels

Straw, the primary agricultural waste, constitutes approximately 20% of the total biomass in the EU. Only a small fraction of the material is applied in various products, e.g., animal bedding, mulch, building, and composite materials, while a significantly larger portion is often burned in the field. This practice, while prohibited for several reasons, including the increased risk of fire and the release of carbon dioxide contributing to global warming, is still prevalent. Given the increasingly evident effects of climate change, EU legislation aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions as much as possible. One of the strategies includes applying the cascade principle in the circular economy. This principle aims to use the entire raw material, in this case, cereal crops, such that the products with the highest added value, like cellulose fibers from cereal straw, are extracted first. The vast potential for utilizing lignocellulosic agro-waste sustainably arises from its status as the most abundant organic compound on Earth. Its significant presence, renewability, and biodegradability make it a desirable source for producing materials in numerous industries. This study examines the potential of wheat fibers, isolated from the straw of two distinct cultivars (Srpanjka represents an old variety, and Kraljica represents the new variety) primarily for application in technical textiles. The following testing methods were applied: determination of wheat fibers and residues yield, fibers tensile properties, length, moisture content/regain, density, morphology, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The yield of isolated fibers relies on the wheat variety and the climatic conditions affecting plant growth, resulting in fiber yields from 10.91% to 15.34%. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis indicates reduced peak intensity, which is related to hemicellulose and lignin content, suggesting their improved deposition following the process of chemical maceration. Wheat fiber quality was found to be comparable to cotton fibers regarding its density. However, they showed a significant difference in higher moisture regain (9.72–11.40%). The vast majority of the scientific papers related to wheat fibers did not indicate the length of the individual fibers obtained by chemical maceration nor their strength. Therefore, this paper indicated that both varieties demonstrated sufficient fiber tenacity (greater than 10 cN/tex) and fiber length (2–3 cm), stressing the spinning potential of these fibers into yarns and extending their use to the apparel industry. Moreover, our research underscores the feasibility of adhering to the zero-waste principle. A high percentage of solid waste remaining after fiber extraction (25.3–39.5%) was successfully used for biofuel production, thus closing the loop in the circular economy.

The Planning of Reduced, Reuse, and Recycle-Based Temporary Disposal Site

Abstract The community-based waste management methods through reduce, reuse and recycle-based temporary disposal sites (3R-TDS) was one of the possible municipal solid waste management strategies for reducing the volume of waste. The aims of this studied were to planned and design 3R-TDS in densely populated areas by combining various 3Rbased waste management methods for obtaining a reducing volume of municipal solid waste to FDS. This studied was conducted into five main steps, that were collected primary data, calculated the density and composition of municipal solid waste, designed the 3R-TDS to determine the appropriate space based on functional processing. The results had identified the waste generation 4,454.72 kg/day or 0.431 kg/person/day, and it was predicted up to 8,930 kg/day within 10 years. The highest percentage of municipal solid waste was organic food waste 58%, and the lowest composition was leather 0.2%. Design of 3R-TDS could been applied to managed municipal solid waste had been the concept of 3R-TDS leads to arrange 973 m2, which provided area for in ordered to facilitate dropping, separating, sorting, waste processing for plastic, inorganic, organic, residue, leachate, and supporting area.

Augmentation in the thermoelectric performance by integrating the natural minerals with synthetic tetrahedrite compounds

Thermoelectric (TE) materials-based devices are useful in converting heat into electricity. The cost of thermoelectric materials is mainly incurred from the purified pure metals used to make the efficient TE device. In the current study, tetrahedrite materials are considered due to their low cost, as these materials are abundant in mining waste of copper ores and also the most extensive sulfosalt on earth. Hence, to add value addition to mine waste materials, the composite approach has been employed to integrate the natural tetrahedrite (mine waste/tailings product) materials with synthetically developed tetrahedrite materials in the lab for the current investigation. Further, the optimum quantity of mine waste addition is optimized by the systematic investigation of TE performance with varying the mine waste percentage addition to the synthetic tetrahedrite. The p-type synthetic Cu10FeZnSb4S13 (Sample-A) tetrahedrite compound and 70 (Cu10FeZnSb4S13) + 30 (natural/mine waste) (Sample-B) have been synthesized employing hot-press at 773 K along with the pristine (Cu10Fe2Sb4S13) tetrahedrite compound. Moreover, the Seebeck coefficient is increased by 36 % (220 μV/K to 300 μV/K) for Sample-B, as compared to sample A and it is ∿ 2 times higher as compared to the pristine compound. The power factor is increased by ∿ 3 times that of the Sample-A (0.05 mW/mK2 to 0.15 mW/mK2). In addition, the thermal conductivity of Sample-B compound was further reduced by 30 % than Sample-A (0.98 W/mK to 0.69W/mK) and ∿ 44 % more than the pristine compound. Finally, the zT of Sample-B increased to almost 3 times than Sample-A (0.05–0.15).